ACUMER™

WATER TREATMENT POLYMERS

ACUMER™ 5000
Multipolymer for Silica and
Magnesium Silicate Scale Control
Cooling water reuse is frequently limited by a ceiling proven by exacting pilot studies and field trials,
on the amount of tolerable silica in the recirculation allowing for greater water reuse than ever before.
water. Normally, if silica levels exceed about 180 ppm
ACUMER 5000 polymer prevents silica-based scale for-
SiO2, severe scaling can occur on heat transfer sur-
mation by dispersing colloidal silica and by preventing
faces. Moreover, the scale that forms is frequently dif-
magnesium silicate scale formation at the heat trans-
ficult or impossible to remove by conventional
fer surfaces. The unique features of ACUMER 5000
means. ACUMER 5000 silica control polymer has
polymer in the treatment of silica limited cooling
now raised that ceiling to at least 300 ppm SiO 2,
water are presented below.

Feature Your Benefit Your Customer's Benefit

as a Service Company

Maximum silica Increased cycles of concentration Increased water reuse. Reduction

dispersancy and in silica-limited water. Reduced in chemical use. Maintenance of
magnesium silicate blowdown. Maintenance of clean process efficacy.
scale inhibition. heat transfer surfaces.

Superior dispersant Complete fouling control with a Less risk of fouling due to changing
for particulates. single dispersant. Less inventory conditions.
required.

Effective corrosion No special formulating requirements. Longer plant lifetime.

control when used
with conventional
corrosion inhibitors.

Chemically and Usable in single-package formulation. Simplified feed and control.

thermally stable.

© 2005 Rohm and Haas Company

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

The typical physical properties of ACUMER 5000 poly- Colloidal silica, which forms when the solubility level
mer are listed in Table 1. of silica is exceeded, is difficult to measure under field
conditions, and a total silica mass balance cannot be
TABLE 1 achieved with a simple field test. The most effective
method of determining total silica is described in
TYPICAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
(these do not constitute specifications) Wastewater”, 17th edition (Method 4500-SiC). A sim-
pler method that converts other forms of silica to
Molecular Weight 5000
molybdate-reactive silica is described in Rohm and
Total Solids, % 44.5 to 45.5 sm
Haas Technical Bulletin FC-267, “ACUMER TST ,
Active Solids, % 42 Total Silica Test for High-Silica Waters”.
pH 2.1 to 2.6
Brookfield Viscosity, cp 700 max. As the colloidal silica passes into the Nernst diffusion
layer at the heat transfer surface, it dissolves and
Specific Gravity 1.2
acquires a negative (anionic) charge. Polyvalent
Bulk Density, lb/gal (g/cc) 10 (1.19)
cations, especially magnesium, tend to react with these
Lb (Kg) of 100% NaOH to anionic colloidal particles effectively “gluing” them
neutralize 1 lb (kg) of polymer 0.131
together and ultimately forming a hard, glassy magne-
sium silicate scale.
FORMATION OF SILICA-BASED SCALE
Figure 1 shows how colloidal silica can dissolve to
Silica forms particles with different structures depend- form silicate in the high temperature/high pH envi-
ing upon the pH, presence of other ions and process ronment near a corroding cathodic surface where dis-
by which the particles are formed. The three main solved oxygen is reduced to hydroxide ions. These
forms of silica encountered in cooling water are: freshly formed silicate anions, added to the dissolved
• Molybdate-reactive silica: frequently referred to as silica already present, can then form magnesium sili-
dissolved silica. cate scale (MgSiO3). In addition, colloidal silica
• Colloidal silica: polymerized silica particles of 0.1 alone can coprecipitate with magnesium hydroxide to
micron or less. form a scale of magnesium silicate having non-stoi-
• Silicate scale: primarily magnesium silicate, but chiometric ratios of magnesium to silicate.
may also be iron or calcium silicate.

– 2 –
 FIGURE 1. MAGNESIUM SILICATE SCALE FORMATION

HO OH
O O O iO
Si Si O S Si
O O O O
0.1 Micron

O O
Maximum

O
HO SiOSi O Si • • • • • • • • • • • • • Si O SiOSi OH
O O O O O O O
i O Si
Si OS O O
Si
OH
HO O

Bulk Water pH 8-9

Ca
OH

Mg Mg
Mg Mg Nernst Diffusion Layer
Mg Mg pH ~ 10

Mg Mg ~ 5 - 10 °C Higher Than Bulk

Ca
Mg
Mg

Fe+3
HO HO OH OH

Fe Fe Mg Fe Mg

Mg
Fe
Mg Mg
Fe Mg
Mg Mg

Mg Fe
OH HO
Mg
Fe Fe
HO OH
Composite Particle Fe
Mg/Ca/Fe/Silica
Mg Mg Mg
Ca
Mg -
OH
Mg Mg
Mg Fe
Mg
HO
Fe+3 OH
Fe
Fe+2 Anodic Area HO
Cathodic Area
MgSiO3 Scale

Fe0 Mild Steel Surface

– 3 –
Mechanism for Controlling Silica MAGNESIUM SILICATE SCALE
PREVENTION WITH ACUMER 5000
The remarkable properties of ACUMER 5000 polymer POLYMER
derive in large part from its three distinctive function-
alities. The weak acid (carboxylate) group provides a ACUMER 5000 Polymer Action in
means of attaching the polymer to metal ions in solu- Recirculating Water
tion and to the surfaces of particles or crystals. This Photomicrographs using cross-polarized lenses can
enables the polymer to act as a dispersant to prevent be used to study crystal structures. Figure 3 shows the
agglomeration and deposit formation as well as stabiliz- dispersed silica using ACUMER 5000 polymer in the
ing contaminants. The strong acid (sulfonate) con- recirculating water versus agglomerated silica parti-
tributes to this process by increasing the solubility and cles in Figure 2 without polymer.
charge density of the polymer which enhances electro-
static repulsion of particles.
FIGURE 2.
What sets ACUMER 5000 polymer apart, however, is a DRIED FILM OF AGGLOMERATED SILICA
unique third set of functionalities, based on balanced PARTICLES WITHOUT POLYMER AT pH 9
hydrophilicity and lipophilicity (hydrophobicity)1.
Where the other functionalities operate primarily
through charge-transfer, this so-called HLB functional-
ity promotes physical adsorption on the surfaces of
contaminant particles especially at higher tempera-
tures. By promoting adsorption, this third type of
functionality also contributes to the strength of the
energy barrier (or the net repulsive force) created by
the polymer around the silica particle.

ACUMER 5000 polymer adsorbed on the colloid sur-

faces provides an energy barrier that prevents precipi-
tation and agglomeration. Moreover, even if the silica
particles precipitate, they are spaced too far apart for Scale has large well-defined crystals typical of those found
magnesium or redissolved silicate anions to bind them on cooler surfaces in cooling towers.
together. As a result, the scale formed by these parti-
cles will be powdery and, thus, easier to remove.
FIGURE 3.
For additional information on these mechanisms DRIED FILM OF DISPERSED SILICA
please request the following reprints: PARTICLES WITH ACUMER 5000
POLYMER AT pH 9
Hann, W. M. and Robertson, S.T. , “Control of Iron
and Silica with Polymeric Dispersants”,
IWC Paper No.90-29 (1990).

Hann, W. M., Robertson, S.T. and Bardsley, J.H.,

“Recent Experience in Controlling Silica and
Magnesium Silicate Deposits with Polymeric
Dispersants”, IWC Paper No.93-59 (1993).

1The idea of enhancing adsorption by balancing

hydrophilic and lipophilic moieties is borrowed from sur-
factant chemists who use the term HLB (hydrophile/
lipophile balance) to describe surfactant solubility and
adsorption characteristics. Acumer 5000 polymer does not
actually have surfacant-like properties, but it behaves in an Smaller dispersed “crystals” of colloidal silica.
analogous way.

– 4 –
ACUMER 5000 Polymer Action at Heat PERFORMANCE OF ACUMER 5000
Transfer Surface POLYMER
ACUMER 5000 silica control polymer also prevents
Accelerated Pilot Cooling Tower Tests
formation of magnesium silicate under the condi-
A series of 3-day pilot cooling tower (PCT) tests were
tions found near a heat transfer surface, as shown in
run to compare the dispersing efficiency of
Figures 4 and 5.
ACUMER 5000 polymer with that of conventional
products. The water chemistry and operating para-
FIGURE 4. meters of the PCT in these studies are shown in
DRIED FILM OF MAGNESIUM SILICATE Tables 2 and 3.
SCALE WITHOUT POLYMER PRESENT
AT pH 10
TABLE 2 - MAKEUP WATER CHEMISTRY

Si, as SiO2 50 ppm

Ca, as CaCO3 60 ppm

Mg, as CaCO3 90 ppm

M-Alkalinity, as CaCO3 100 ppm

Fe+3, as Fe 0.05 ppm

TABLE 3 - AVERAGE OPERATING CONDITIONS

Crystals are smaller but more numerous than in Figure 2,
probably due to the presence of many small “magnesium sil- pH 9.0 ± 0.2
icate” particles.
Cycles of Concentration 4.5
(start-up)
Cycles of Concentration 6.8 to 7.5
FIGURE 5. ( after 3 days)
DRIED FILM UNDER SAME CONDITIONS
AS IN FIGURE 4, BUT WITH Heat Flux 31,520 W/m2
ACUMER 5000 POLYMER PRESENT Skin Temperature 105-120°F (41-49°C)
Bulk Water Temperature 100°F (38°C)

The treatment formulation used to evaluate polymer

efficacy consisted of 2 ppm tolyltriazole (TTA), 10 ppm
active polymer, and a 1/1 blend of 2-phosphonobu-
tane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTC) and 1-hydrox-
yethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) to give
5 ppm total active phosphonate. At start-up, the for-
mulation was fed into the system at three times the
normal strength to compensate for the high concen-
trations of silica, calcium and magnesium.
Crystals are very small and sparse due to polymer inhibi-
tion of magnesium silicate formation which seeds scale for-
mation.

– 5 –
In these accelerated tests, water passed over a series ACUMER 5000 polymer shows only a light dusting of
of four heat transfer rods in succession. Scale scale (Figure 6), considerably better than the other
formed on all four rods, with each developing more polymers tested (Figures 7 and 8). Within the limits of
scale than its immediate predecessor. This progres- experimental error, the scale compositions obtained
sive deposition was caused by the water becoming with all tests were approximately the same, >80% mag-
hotter as it passed over the rods in succession. As the nesium silicate (Table 5).
water temperature rose, the tendency for deposits to
form increased. In repeat tests, the amount of scale TABLE 5 - SCALE COMPOSITION (%)
fluctuated dramatically when the polymer was an ACCELERATED PCT TESTS
ineffective scale inhibitor.
Dispersant Polymaleic ACUMER 5000
TABLE 4 - ACCELERATED PILOT COOLING Acid POLYMER
TOWER TEST RESULTS Scale Component

Dispersant Polymer Scale Formation, mg Ca, as CaCO3 7.9 6.8

(total from 4 heat transfer rods) Mg, as CaCO3 52.2 50.8

ACUMER 5000 850 Si, as SiO2 34.0 37.2

Polymaleic Acid >2,500 Fe, Fe2O3 0.4 2.6

Commercial silica P, as phosphonate* 5.5 3.1

control polymer >2,500 Crystalline form amorphous amorphous
*expressed as 1/1 blend of HEDP/PBTC
Photographs of the heat transfer rods during trial
runs are shown in Figures 6 through 8. Each picture
shows the second heater in the series after two days
of the three-day experiment.

FIGURE 6. HEAT TRANSFER ROD AFTER 2 DAYS—ACUMER 5000 POLYMER

– 6 –
 FIGURE 7. HEAT TRANSFER ROD AFTER 2 DAYS—POLYMALEIC ACID

FIGURE 8. HEAT TRANSFER ROD AFTER 2 DAYS—

COMMERCIAL SILICA CONTROL POLYMER

Long-Term Pilot Cooling Tests

ACUMER 5000 polymer was compared to the two
polymers from the previous trials in longer tests;
1) to determine whether concentrating the water
too rapidly gave an artificial negative effect,
2) to analyze scale that might form in the cooler
parts of the PCT, and
3) to measure the impact of the polymer on corrosion.
These products were evaluated in the same water
under the same conditions employed in the accelerat-
ed PCT tests (Tables 2 and 3); only the cycling rate and
start-up conditions were different. In the long-term
trials, the water was started at 3 cycles of concentration
(COC), using 2.5 times the normal treatment level,
and then maintained at 5.5 COC (275 ppm SiO2) for
four days to allow any silicate salts or silica to form,
grow and precipitate. The water was then concentrat-
ed further to between 7.2 and 7.5 cycles of concentra-
tion over the next nine days of the test to reach a theo-
retical concentration of between 360 and 375 ppm
SiO2 (50 ppm X 7.5). This quantity is approximately
double the recommended maximum for cooling water.
The results of these tests are given in Table 6.

– 7 –
 TABLE 6 – SCALE AND CORROSION ANALYSES LONG-TERM PILOT COOLING TOWER TESTS

Dispersant Polymaleic Commercial Silica ACUMER

Acid Control Polymer 5000 Polymer

Total deposit weight, mg 1578.0 835.0 146.0

Corrosion rate, mpy 5.4 5.3 1.1
Approximate scale cold heat cold heat cold heat
composition, %* side exchanger side exchanger side exchanger
Si 25.1 52.0 0 47.5 0 60.4
Ca 6.5 16.1 1.1 16.5 1.5 16.8
Fe 47.5 17.9 98.9 27.6 98.5 10.3
P 7.4 6.5 0 4.3 0 9.1
Zn 0.4 2.8 0 0.3 0 0.4
S 10.5 1.0 0 0.9 0 0.3
Trace elements 2.6 3.7 0 2.9 0 0.7

*X-Ray fluorescence, excluding magnesium

Note: cold side temperature = 102°F (39°C); heat exchanger temperature = 120°F (49°C)

The results indicate that under the test conditions, ACUMER 5000 silica control polymer yields 10 times
less silica-based scale than conventional polymaleic acid chemistry and 5 to 6 times less scale than the
commercial silica control polymer. Moreover, the corrosion rate with ACUMER 5000 polymer is much
lower than with the two other polymers. The large difference in corrosion rates may be due to under-
deposit corrosion occurring with the less effective polymers.

FIELD PERFORMANCE
The benefits of ACUMER 5000 polymer have been substantiated by its performance in four field situ-
ations. In each instance, operators of the different facilities faced the problem of processing water
that contained high silica levels and all overcame their difficulties by using ACUMER 5000 polymer
in their cooling water treatment program.

Chiller System Achieves 80% Increase in COC Plus On-Line Cleaning

System Two 250-ton cooling water units with a recirculation rate of 580 gpm were used
Description: to cool a high school. The units were treated with a chromate program until 1990. In
March of 1990, the chromate treatment was replaced with molybdate/
zinc/phosphonate to comply with regulations against chromate. Deposits were con-
trolled using 7-8 ppm active ACUMER 2000 copolymer. The pH of the system was
maintained at 7.5 - 8.5.

Problem: Total hardness of the makeup water was typically about 140 ppm, with a Ca/Mg ratio
of about 1/1. The makeup water typically had about 45 ppm SiO2, and the system
could only achieve about 2.5 cycles of concentration using the molybdate/phospho-
nate/zinc copolymer treatment. The condenser was opened in 1991 and found to
have light scale containing about 25% silica with most of the balance being iron
oxide.

Solution: In one of the chiller systems, the copolymer was replaced with an equal concentration
of ACUMER 5000 polymer and blowdown was reduced; all other variables remained
the same. The other chiller system was maintained with the program containing
ACUMER 2000 copolymer.

– 8 –
Results: The system treated with ACUMER 5000 polymer achieved more than 4.5 cycles of con-
centration with no silica drop-out. Early in this trial, the chemical feed was stopped
accidentally; a subsequent drop in recirculating water SiO2 levels suggests that some
scaling probably occurred. When the chemical feed was re-established, SiO2 levels
temporarily increased to higher than expected levels, which leads to the conclusion
that the ACUMER 5000 polymer had removed some of the scale. This also suggests
that the dispersing action of the polymer, even when underfed, resulted in the forma-
tion of a powdery scale rather than the expected glassy magnesium silicate. The pow-
dery nature of the scale would explain its apparent on-line removal. Data showed that
over 200 ppm SiO2 had been attained in the recirculating water.

Winery Increases Silica in Cooling Water Past Vintage Levels of 150 ppm SiO2

System A northern California vineyard operates two 560-ton evaporative condensers using
Descripion: makeup water1 with high silica levels of 92 ppm SiO2. The cooling water system has a
capacity of 18 gallons per minute with water temperatures ranging between 75°F
(24°C) and 85°F (29°C).

Problem: Initially, a stabilized phosphate program containing HEDP, phosphoric acid, tolyltriazole
and an acrylate-type polymer was used. Scale formed on the evaporative condensers
when silica levels exceeded 150 ppm SiO2 in the recirculating water. This deposit was
found to contain high levels of silicon and magnesium.

Results: Our customer replaced the existing polymer in his formulation with
ACUMER 5000 polymer. This formulation was dosed into the system to maintain 13
ppm residual orthophosphate and 10-15 ppm active ACUMER 5000 polymer in the
recirculating water. The recirculating water contains 400 ppm M-Alkalinity and had a
pH between 8.5 and 8.7. The customer was able to increase cooling water cycles from
1.6 to 3 COC allowing up to 276 ppm SiO2 in the system.

Thorough visual inspections, after 2 and 5 months, condenser tubes were free of scale.
By switching to ACUMER 5000 polymer, this customer was able to cut his chemical
usage by almost half and save 4 million gallons of water per year.
1 Make-up water analysis: pH 7.8, 138 ppm T-Alkalinity, 92 ppm SiO , 35 ppm Ca as CaCO , 11 ppm Mg,
2 3
7.4 ppm SO4, 18 ppm Cl, <0.1 ppm Fe, <0.3 ppm Mn, 270 ppm TDS.

Cooling System Doubles COC in San Joaquin Valley, California

System Two evaporative condenser towers rated at 500 tons were used to cool a large computer
Description: computer facility. One tower was always kept as a backup to ensure continuous opera-
tion. The evaporative condensers consist of rows of tubes on the inside of the tower.
The tower water cascades downward to directly contact the condenser tubes leaving a
scale deposit if the water significantly exceeds the normal operating levels of about
180 ppm SiO2 and about 480 ppm (maximum) M-alkalinity. The original treatment
used HEDP, benzotriazole and polymaleic acid with a supplemental feed of poly-
acrylic acid.

Problem: The makeup water typically had 90-110 ppm SiO2, allowing only about 2 cycles of con-
centration. Due to severe drought conditions in this area for the previous 5 years,
water was not readily available and had to be reused to the maximum extent possible.

Solution: In 1991, the polymaleic acid and polyacrylic acid scale inhibitors used in the old treat-
ment were replaced with an equal weight of ACUMER 5000 polymer. The treatment
was fed to maintain the same levels as before, but the bleedoff was reduced.

– 9 –
Results: With ACUMER 5000 polymer, the system maintained up to about 4 cycles of concen-
tration without scale or corrosion. Recirculation water has up to 300 ppm total silica
and about 650 ppm M-alkalinity (maximum). Benefits of the reduction in bleedoff
include:
• A calculated 30% reduction in water usage under typical conditions.
• A calculated 30% reduction in chemical usage.
• An increase in holding time which allows the biocide to work more
effectively (since the makeup water has a high organism count).

Water Analysis: Cycles of

(at steady state) Makeup Recirculating Concentration

pH 7.8-8.1 8.9-9.0 —
Conductivity, µmho 330-360 1000-1030 2.9
M-Alkalinity, as CaCO3 154-180 536-540 3.2
Ca, as CaCO3 60-80 236-264 3.6
Mg, as CaCO3 56-80 260-268 3.9
Silica, as SiO2 60-70 265-300 4.2

Scale Problem Eliminated at Ice-Making Plant

System An ice-making plant with a refrigeration capacity of 270 tons had a history of
Description: scale problems, especially on the condenser coils. Silica levels in the makeup water
were 46 ppm SiO2. System temperature ranged between 83°F (28°C) and 91°F
(33°C).

Problem: The water was treated with an all-organic program which left heavy deposits of silica. A
thorough cleaning with ammonium bifluoride and hydrochloric acid was performed in
the summer of 1992 to remove the heavy deposits. Between August and November of
1992, the COC were maintained at low levels (less than 2) to prevent silica scale. Under
these conditions, CaCO3 still formed on the condenser coils, with head pressure on the
condenser side measuring approximately 230 psi.

Solution: ACUMER 5000 polymer was added to the system to maintain 15 ppm active polymer in
the recirculationg water, and COC were gradually increased to 6 to 9.

Results: By February of 1993, head pressure had dropped to the lowest level, 215 psi, indicat-
ing no scale. Theoretical silica levels approached 400 ppm SiO2. Ten months after
changing the formulation to one containing ACUMER 5000 polymer, the plant con-
tinued to operate without problems.

OTHER APPLICATIONS

Boilers
The superior hydrothermal stability of ACUMER 5000 polymer enables its use for controlling magnesium
silicate scale in boilers operating up to about 600 psig (42 kg/cm2). Above 600 psig, it is recommended
that the silica be removed from the feedwater by external treatment such as ion exchange.

Reverse Osmosis
The ability of ACUMER 5000 polymer to disperse colloidal silica as well as other particulates makes it suit-
able in formulations for fouling prevention in RO membranes used to treat high-silica water.

– 10 –
TOXICITY

Toxicity data on ACUMER 5000 silica control polymer are presented in Table 7.

TABLE 7

ANIMAL TOXICITY

Acute Oral (LD50), rats >5 g/kg

Acute Dermal (LD50), rabbits >2 g/kg
Eye Irritation, rabbits Inconsequential irritation
Skin Irritation, rabbits Practically non-irritating

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY

Algae, 72-hour EC50 72.4 mg/l

Daphnia magna, 48-hour EC50 1040 mg/l
Salmo gairdneri, 96-hour LC50 1100 mg/l
(Rainbow trout)

SAFE HANDLING INFORMATION

Caution: For Industrial Use Only! Keep Out of Reach of Children! Wear chemical splash
goggles and impervious gloves when handling. An approved respirator, suitable for the
concentrations encountered, should be worn.

FIRST AID INFORMATION

Skin Contact Wash affected skin area thoroughly with soap and water. Consult a physician if irritation
persists.
Eye Contact Flush eye immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Consult a physi-
cian if irritation persists.
Inhalation Move victim to fresh air.
Ingestion If victim is conscious, dilute product by giving 2 glasses of water to drink and then call a
physician. If victim is unconscious, call a physician immediately. Never give an uncon-
scious person anything to drink.

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS

Rohm and Haas Company maintains Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) on all of its products.
These contain important information that you may need to protect your employees and customers
against any known health and safety hazards associated with our products. We recommend you
obtain copies of MSDS for our products from your local Rohm and Haas technical representative or
the Rohm and Haas Company. In addition, we recommend you obtain copies of MSDS from your
suppliers of other raw materials used with our product.
Under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard, workers must have access to and understand
MSDS on all hazardous substances to which they are exposed. Thus, it is important that appropriate
training and information be provided to all employees and that MSDS be available on any hazardous
products in their workplace.
Rohm and Haas Company sends MSDS on non-OSHA hazardous as well as OSHA-hazardous prod-
ucts to both “bill-to” and “ship-to” locations of all our customers upon initial shipment (including
samples) of all of our products. Updated MSDS are sent upon revision to all customers of record. In
addition, MSDS are sent annually to all customers of record.

– 11 –
For additional information, a sample, a Material Safety Data Sheet or to have a technical representative call for
the nearest Rohm and Haas Office.

THE AMERICAS EUROPE ASIA/ PACIFIC

Corporate Headquarters France,Verneuil en Halatte Australia/ New Zealand

Rohm and Haas Company Phone: 33-3-44-61-78-78 Phone: 61-3-92724222
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Fax: 416-284-2982 Phone: 49-69-78996-0 Phone: 86-757-3363-3708
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Phone: 63-2-8925091/98
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http://www.acumer.com or www.rohmhaas.com
Phone: 66-2-6791030
Fax: 66-2-6791039

ACUMER is a trademark of Rohm and Haas Company, or of its subsidiaries or affiliates. The Company's policy is to
register its trademarks where products designated thereby are marketed by the Company, its subsidiaries or affiliates.

These suggestions and data are based on information we believe to be reliable.They are offered in good faith, but without guarantee, as conditions
and methods of use of our products are beyond our control. We recommend that the prospective user determine the suitability of our materials and
suggestions before adopting them on a commercial scale.

Suggestions for use of our products or the inclusion of descriptive material from patents and the citation of specific patents in this publication should
not be understood as recommending the use of our products in violation of any patent of the Rohm and Haas Company.

FC-199b(A4) October 2005 Printed in U.S.A.