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BESTLINK COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES-BULACAN, INC.

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Teenage pregnancy is not like any other issue in the whole world although it

seems to be a common concern, it does not seem to bother people that much. Not

until they are personally affected by the issue or until they finally realize that it had

been increasing in number of affected people that it has slowly reached an

abnormal stage or the point that it affected too many lives already and too many

aspects of living Teenage pregnancy is most unplanned and as a result people

react to the experience differently. It has been linked to an array of other social

issues, such as welfare dependency, child health and well-being, out of wedlock

births, fatherhood responsibility, child abuse and neglect, school drop-out and

workforce development. (Torivillas, The Philippine Star, 2013) It has been noted

and well documented that today’s teenagers face more sexual temptation than

previous generations. They seem to be more aware of sex and susceptible to the

dangers of illicit sex. Today’s society is more bombarded with sexually oriented

materials in the environment.

According to Albano (2001). In the Philippines, usually in a family, this category are

not taught family life education by their parents and schools because of the

sensitivity of the issue, this is contrary to the wide assumption that family life
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education is on. In practice, however, not much of sex education is taught in every

Filipino family. Existing government family planning programs have been directed

principally to married couples.The Philippine government through some of its

agencies like Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) and

Department of Education (DepEd), introduced some strategies to minimize the

increasing cases of pregnancy as observed after a decade in the Philippines. Sex

education is being incorporated to the subject matters in school. RH bill could be a

big help to let the teenagers know how to act about sex. Filipino families and

communities is properly informed about their responsibilities to their youngsters

with regards to sex. While teenagers wherever they are must be reached to

educate and be well informed how to counter early pregnancy.

Bestlink College of the Philippines is still a growing school, cases of

teenage pregnancy usually become a big issue to the students, friends and to the

whole community. The family of the victim was in trauma discovering that their

teenager was some months on her way already. Almost everybody is blaming the

pregnant teenager of the consequences of her misdeeds. They focused their

judgment to the victim but they did not bother to ask why and what were behind of

indulging sex at teens and got pregnant not at the right time.

The researchers have observed that some young mothers are not in a

position to go back to school after delivery as they are forced to look after their

children, their prioritize to look for a part time job to support their baby, and also

young mothers physical health conditions do not make it conducive for them to go

back to school because of their situation but some young mothers decided to
 3

goback to school to finish their study for the sake of their children. And also some

young mothers they feel ashamed inside their room due their pregnancy, and they

experienced also a very low self-esteem due their pregnancy. But their school has

strategies that for every senior high school student that got pregnant not at the

right time and experienced struggle to go back to school.

The school continues its support the studies of young mothers through Study

home or Study program. The researchers chose this problem because this

problem is very interesting and meaningful, for them to know the reason why there

are many victims of teenage pregnancy. The researchers of this paper hope that

after the study, they can impart some important strategies and information they

gained to the school community, to the teachers, school administrators, parents

and to the teen girls on how to avoid engage in early pregnancy

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BESTLINK COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES-BULACAN, INC.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aimed to determine the effects on the learning behavior of early

pregnancy among Senior High School students at Bestlink College of the

Philippines, Academic year 2018-2019.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1.How may the respondents be described as to:

1.1 age;

1.2 strand; and

1.3pregnancy status?

2. What are the causes of early pregnancy among respondents in terms of:

2.1 personal factors;

2.2 family factors;

2.3 environmental factors; and

2.4 economic factors?

3. What are the effects of early pregnancy in the learning behavior of respondents

and to what extent?

4.How may the findings be utilized in crafting a matrix on early pregnancy

awareness program?
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BESTLINK COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES-BULACAN, INC.

ASSUMPTIONS

The researchers are guided by the following assumption;

1. The data gathered are valid and reliable.

2. The respondents may be described as to gender, age and pregnancy status.

3. There are causes of early pregnancy among the students such as personal

factors, family factors, environmental factors and economic factors.

4. There are effects of early pregnancy in the learning behavior of the

respondents.

5. The findings may be utilized in crafting a matrix on early pregnancy awareness

program.
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BESTLINK COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES-BULACAN, INC.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study focused on the effects of early pregnancy on learning behavior

among Senior High School students of Bestlink College of the Philippines. This

study was conducted to find out the extent of effects of early pregnancy to the

learning behavior of the students among respondents at Bestlink College of the

Philippines Academic year 2018-2019.

STUDENTS.This study will benefit the students who are still studying at School

because ,this study will give them information about the effects of early pregnancy

in their educational development. This study will also guide them to focus their

attention on their study and become aware in the negative effects of unwanted

pregnancy rather than giving priority to their romantic affairs with their boyfriend.

PARENTS.This study may help parents to enable them to realize their great role in

educating their teenage child protecting and diverting them from unplanned

pregnancy especially without marriage.

TEACHERS.This study will serve as a guide to the teacher of how important is

education to the development of the students. This study will give them information

of how to approach or give especial care or attention to the students that have

experience early pregnancy.

SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS .The study will give them information about the
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causes and effects of early pregnancy, among teenage students, and also this will

provide an idea of how to lessenthe causes of early pregnancy.The school

administrator will Identify their role in solving this identified problem.

CURICULUM WRITERS.This study will give them information about the causes of

early pregnancy, so that they will have an idea in making a plan to address this

identify problem.

GUIDANCE COUNSELLORS.This study will also benefit guidance counsellor. It

would provide them information of the importance of knowing the major factors

behind early pregnancy and the possible effects on educational development of

teenagers. It’s one way that guidance will intensify sex education on their school,

improve the knowledge of their co faculties or teachers through seminars so that

they can deal well with students to avoid pregnancy at early age.

FUTURE RESEACHERS.For them to have a reference and guide for their future

studies, if they will write future research similar to this study.

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BESTLINK COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES-BULACAN, INC.

SCOPE AND THE DELIMITATION

This study delimited its problem on the Effects of early pregnancy among

Senior High School students at Bestlink College of the Philippines City of San Jose

Del Monte, Bulacan Academic Year 2018-2019. Fifteen(15) Students of Senior

High School are the respondents of this study using a purposive sampling method.
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BESTLINK COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES-BULACAN, INC.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms were defined operationally and conceptually to

understand better the study;

Abortionis the ending of pregnancy due to removing an embryo or fetus before it

can survive outside the uterus.

Curiositycan also be used to denote the behavior or emotion of being curious, in

regard to the desire to gain knowledge or information.

Personal factors are the individual factors to the consumers that strongly

influences their buying behaviors.

Economic factors is relating to an economy, economic or finance.

Environmental factors these factors influence a child both in positive ways that

can enhance their development and in negative ways that can compromise

developmental outcomes.

Family factors affecting child development.

Teenage pregnancy is defined as teenage girl usually within the ages of 13-19

carrying unborn baby within the body.

IYG – Tech was adapted from It’s Your Games….keep it real (IYG) an effective

HIV, STI and pregnancy prevention curriculum designed for middle school youth.

Safe Sex is a sexual activity in which people take precautions to protect

themselves against sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS.

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Self-esteem reflects an individual's overall subjective emotional evaluation of his

or her own worth. It is the decision made by an individual as an attitude towards the

self.

Sex education is a broad term used to describe education about human sexual

anatomy, sexual reproduction, sexual intercourse, and other aspects of human

sexual behavior.

Sexual Abusealso referred to as molestation, is usually undesired sexual

behavior by one person upon another. It is often perpetrated using force or by

taking advantage of another.

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BESTLINK COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES-BULACAN, INC.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This Chapter presents a review of related literature and studies from different

authors which the researchers relate to the present study.

Foreign Literature these are materials printed in other countries with information

related to the current study and are found in books, professional journals,

magazines and other publications.

Local Literature These are local materials usually printed and found in books,

professional journals magazines, newspapers and university publication published

by different colleges and universities in the Philippines.

Foreign Related Literature

Duncan (2010) Argues that policies focused on the consequences of

teenage motherhood only approach the wider issues of social disadvantage

obliquely, therefore policies need to be directed toward improving the

socio-economic conditions and circumstances of these young women.

Sullivanet in continuing Education Mitigates the negative consequences of

adolescent childbearing (2010) investigated whether continuing education could

help young mothers overcome the obstacles associated with an early pregnancy.
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With the increase of higher education students, 10% of this population are

parents or mothers who are hoping to give their children a better future and

attending to their needs through receiving a degree. These nontraditional students

are often Student Mothers and should be given special attention because aside

from their role as student they are also mothers and care givers at home. Many see

or consider their families a hindrance to their education which is wrong they should

see it as a motivator because primarily, Student mother go back to studying

because they want to provide for their child. (Wilsey, 2013)

As stated by Grohman (2009), student mothers depend on time management

to handle the many different tasks of a student mother. Another coping cited by

Grohman&Renelamn (2009) is managing tasks to handle the things needed to be

done as both student and a mother as well as emotional and physical support from

both the partner and parents of the student mother.

When pregnant students and student mothers are expected to subordinate

their needs and desires to those of their children and families, they are forced to

grapple with the conflicting roles of motherhood and studentship (Berg &Mamhute,

2013). Brown &Amankwaa, (2007) stated that parenting is a very stressful and

some women cannot handle all the tasks involved especially the first time mothers

and need help or assistance from the people around them. Although having

someone help the mother is good but the expectation of receiving support after

giving birth to a baby often causes Stressors that may lead to depression during

postpartum period. Many student mothers have expressed feelings of guilt, worry

and inadequacy in both as a student and as a mother.( Thompson, 2004)

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A study by Boutan (2012) shows the feeling of student mother in regards to

lifestyle she said that Gale (her participant) said she juggles multiple lifestyles as a

full-time student and a full-time mom. This does make her feel disconnected from

campus life.

According to Okeyo (2012), Their coping mechanisms included:

problem-focused, avoidance and emotion-focused strategies and the support they

received upon resuming studies were spiritual and social support.

It was argued that raising a child involves a great deal of financial, emotional,

and practical planning (Kidwell, 2004). it is necessary to make sure that there are

adequate child care resources available. This may be very difficult to do if the

student is going to school full-time. However, if the student decides to remain in

school and take care of the child it may be more possibleif she has a partner or

family member who will provide additional help to care for the child (Kidwell, 2004)

Local Related Literature

In the Philippines, the NSO 2013, data showed that 13-14 percent of all

registered marriage are among teenagers below 20 years old while data from

National Youth Commission show that the rate of teen pregnancy in the country is

among the highest in the ASEAN region and the only country where the rate is

increasing.

According to Benjamin de Leon, president of the Forum for Family Planning and

Development in the Philippines , an NGO working on adolescent health issues,

expressed alarm that almost 10 percent of all Filipino women aged 15- 19 have
 14

already given birth. This is reality that we must address, he said, There is an

urgency for all sectors to work together to help address adolescent reproductive

health issues and teen pregnancy because of health and economic implication to

the country, he said. A high rate of teen pregnancy also means a high risk for

maternal death among our young girls.

The Philippines joins the rest of the world in calling the attention of

Government and civil society groups to help address rising teen pregnancies

through better policies , improved education and information campaigns and

program that can reach our adolescents in schools, in communities or wherever

they may be, de Leon said. In here he points out that Filipino family, community,

church involvement and peers of teenagers has a great role on this.

Domini Torivillas (The Philippines Star) updated July 11, 2013. There is

evidence supporting the Reproductive Health Law that calls for sexuality education

among young students. Not that for teaching the kids to engage in safe sex, but

rather , for telling them why they should not engage in early sex, and yes , before

marriage. With regulated sexuality education, the young are informed about sex,

pregnancy unplanned and planned instead of through the internet or pornographic

magazines that somehow manage to reach them. Peep into their rooms and see

copies of playboy and pent house and other sexy publication tucked between the

bed sheet, and for adults only videos in the internet. When family disregard sex

education at home, might one way that teenagers will be innocent about sex

consequences and prone to early sex. The others one is when the family has poor
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values and can’t understand the need of teenagers economically , socially and

emotionally might one reason too of teenage pregnancy.

Discover Question in the Philippines , July 14, 2013 (Online survey) The factors

that triggers the increased of Teenage Pregnancy in the country are: Family

problems, broken family /complicated family, peer pressure/bad influence, Media /

Television, Movies Influential Trends (regarding sex) pornography , lack of

attention, love caring, lack of moral values , failure to nurture with good principle,

Curiosity, Lack of Information about sex, (sex education) use of illegal drugs, lack

of guidance , prostitution (involves poverty. unintelligent decision etc.

The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012

(Republic Act No. 10354), informally known as the Reproductive Health Law or RH

Law, is a law in the Philippines, which guarantees universal access to methods on

contraception, fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care.

While there is general agreement about its provisions on maternal and child

health, there is great debate on its mandate that the Philippine government and the

private sector will fund and undertake widespread distribution of family planning

devices such as condoms, birth control pills, and IUDs, as the government

continues to disseminate information on their use through all health care centers.

Passage of the legislation was controversial and highly divisive, with

tamabys, academics, religious institutions, and major political figures declaring

their support or opposition while it was pending in the legislature. Heated debates

and rallies both supporting and opposing the RH Bill took place nationwide.
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Recent (2014) data from the Philippine Statistical Authority (PSA) reveal

that every hour, 24 babies are delivered by teenage mothers. According to the

2014 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality (YAFS) study, around 14 percent of

Filipino girls aged 15 to 19 are either pregnant for the first time or are already

mothers—more than twice the rate recorded in 2002. Among six major economies

in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Philippines has the highest rate

of teenage pregnancies and is the only country where the rate is increasing, per

the United Nations Population Fund.

According to Josefina Natividad, YAFS coordinator and director of the

University of the Philippines Population Institute, young Filipinos have limited

access to sex education and ASRH services, especially if they are underage and

unmarried. Seventy-eight percent are not using any form of contraception or

protection against sexually transmitted diseases and infections when they are

having sex for the first time. While government programs aim to delay the

beginning of childbearing and hasten fertility decline, teenage pregnancies

continue to increase. Perhaps it is really time for a new and more collaborative

strategy?,Data show that pregnant teenagers in the Philippines are mostly 17 to 19

years old. They live with their mothers, parents, or relatives. The father of the child

is, in most cases, a teenage boy.

Reasons for becoming pregnant among teenagers include: unplanned

sexual encounters (“getting caught up in the moment”) and peer pressure; lack of

information on safe sex; breakdown of family life and lack of good female role

models in the family; and absence of accessible, adolescent-friendly clinics.

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Teenagers from poor backgrounds are disproportionately represented among

pregnant teenagers. However, experts have argued that teenage pregnancy

should be understood as a symptom of dire economic conditions rather than a

cause of it. Teenage pregnancy perpetuates the cycle of poverty and inequality

because most pregnant teenagers have no source of income and face greater

financial difficulties later in life. This is because they drop out of school and are less

likely to pursue further education or skills training.Alarmingly, while maternal

deaths are decreasing in the Philippines, teenage maternal deaths are increasing.

Ten percent of pregnant teenagers died in the last year, according to the PSA.

Data from the WHO also show a high and increasing incidence of fetal death in

Filipino mothers under 20.

At the end of the teenage pregnancy summit, the participants strongly

endorsed a comprehensive sexual education curriculum; forging a

“BatangIna”social movement; and establishing adolescent-friendly spaces. The

enactment of the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act was also

recognized as an important step to make ASRH services more accessible to those

in need.

We are implementing ASRH interventions in Southern Leyte and Eastern

Samar, where cases of teenage pregnancy are increasing. Youth-Friendly Spaces

are being established to provide peer education and counseling on ASRH and

rights. This is complemented by our response to eliminate gender-based violence

in communities by establishing Women-Friendly Spaces. These measures help

prevent teenage pregnancy by disseminating the right information about the risks
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and impacts of teenage pregnancy on the teen mom and the infant. An exploratory

study by Plan International on the rising incidence of teenage pregnancy in “

Foreign Related Studies

The researcher found that poor parenting is a major cause of teenage

pregnancy. it was revealed that 90% of the respondents agree to the fact that poor

parenting can lead to teenage pregnancy. This finding was consistent with Sarri&

Phillips’ (2004) findings that parents play a pivotal role in curbing teenage

pregnancy through proper parenting skills and parental attitudes.

Shows that majority of the respondents that is 94% agree to the fact that

poverty pushed them into early sex. It was evident that material deprivation made

most of them engaged in early sexual relationship for money and food which made

them victims of teenage pregnancy. Furthermore, it was evident from the study

that peer influence contributes greatly to teenagers’ involvement in early sex. It

was clear that 74% of the respondents agree that peer pressure is a major cause

of teenage pregnancy.

Nepal demands a special focus on ARH as Nepalese adolescents are

involving in high risk behaviors resulting in problems like unsafe abortion.

Adolescents are in urgent need of support and guidance to avoid high risk

behaviors. Hence, universal access to information, skills for enabling them makes

informed choices is required. The best intervention strategy to address SRH need

of adolescent is providing comprehensive sexuality education with broad range of

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topics and accessible, affordable, acceptable AFHS with sexuality counseling

targeting married, soon to be married and unmarried adolescents. For reduction of

TP, a comprehensive school, home, health facility, society’s interventions at large

is required. Because most direct determinant for sexual behavior in adolescent is

determined by environment he/she raised upon.

The findings of the study showed that the overwhelming majority of the

teenagers held a negative attitude toward teenage pregnancy with 77% of the

females and 85% of the males regarding it as wrong. Sixty seven percent indicated

that they considered teenage pregnancy wrong in terms of their culture. Regarding

perceptions pertaining to the causes of teenage pregnancy, that had the highest

rating were pressure by boys/men on girls to have sex (66%) and refusal by

boys/men to use condoms during sexual intercourse (65%). fewer teenagers

reported that teenage pregnancy was caused by teenage girls seeking to prove

that they could bear a child (23%) or the belief that occasional sex could not lead to

pregnancy (19%). As far as beliefs about consequences of teenage pregnancy is

concerned, the following results emerged: 69% of the respondents believed that

teenage pregnancy brought shamed on the teenager's family, while 68% reported

that a teenage mother faced more problems than an adult mother.

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Local Related Studies

The over-all proposition of the study evolves with the essence of ‘health

education’. This serves as an ‘eye opener’ to individuals to get involves in the

public awareness, planning, implementation, and evaluation of the programs that

would build sustainable development. Active involvement is a pre-requisite to

success. As early as possible, sex education should be incorporated in the

curriculum of the intermediate and secondary school to properly educate them

Responsible parenthood is a major key to prevent teenage pregnancy.

Consequently, being pregnant are only shouldered by the women especially when

they are still a student, and sometimes they were disowned by their family, since

being pregnant at young age is not a natural occurrences in the Philippines

(Ramiro, 2014). Also Ramiro (2014) added that these women are unable to

continue or finish school either because the school administration are not

accepting them back or of preoccupation in motherhood. Sometimes, women who

got pregnant decided to drop from school due to the fear of they will not be

admitted by the school.

Based on the findings of the study, it is clearly shown that respondents

perception on the causes of teenage pregnancy are the following: family; the

respondents agreed that their parents are not open about the using contraceptive

at home; the level of educational attainment of parents is low and and the income

is not enough to support the family. The data likewise showed that teenagers

learned about sex from pornographic magazines, television and internet and since

parents work outside the homes, teenagers are left alone with barkadas and
 21

friends at home hanging out together thus more likely indulge in premarital sex,

The community was also considered as one factor that may cause teen-age

pregnancy. Many community elders gamble and drink, and their drinking spree

becomes the usual sight teenagers see among their elders every day. The findings

also confirmed that pregnant unwed teenagers are often frowned by people in the

community. Religiosity is not also manifested among families in the communities.

Researcher found that time management was the biggest obstacle of being a

student mother as you need to divide your time between school and caring for the

child. As for the coping strategy it is seen that the having a positive outlook is

effective in handling different situations as a student mother.

Through participatory action research and photo voice, some insights that

would provide policymakers and other stakeholders some understanding into the

phenomenon were gleaned. Teen mothers shared their experiences and how they

made sense of their experiences. They revealed that, as teen mothers, they went

through a period of regret over the decisions they made that led to their situation.

Feelings of regret were followed by confusion as they seemed not to see a way

out. During this time, they were confronted with life-changing questions such as

whether to continue the pregnancy or not and how they could continue their

studies. All the participants made the difficult decision to continue their pregnancy.

They further shared how their understanding of the meaning of life and their

appreciation that motherhood is a gift especially when they held their baby for the

first time were heightened. Such understanding helped them resolve to work hard

for their future and for the future of their children. In spite of their challenges, the
 22

teen mothers realized that motherhood is a joyous period of one’s life as they

experienced the special bond between mother and child. They also recognized the

role that their family, the school, and the government play in helping them fulfill

their dreams for themselves and for their children and that, unless provided with

structures from these support groups, their dreams would remain only a wish.

Teen motherhood is a phenomenon and a social problem. Hence, researchers,

educators, community health practitioners, and policymakers must continue to

seek to understand it and address issues related to it. School administration,

health practitioners, government officials, and policymakers need to introduce

policies and programs that will give teen mothers better chances to life. More so,

considering the advantages of photo voice as a research method, researchers

may use it to continue to empower marginalized groups such as children, teens,

minorities, and others to give them voice and participation in personal and

community change.
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BESTLINK COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES-BULACAN, INC.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

IYG CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The researchers use IYG because it is designed to prevent pregnancy for

middle school youth. IYGconceptual framework helps us to determine the

factors that cause of early pregnancy, such as Social Environment, Peer influence,

Parental influence and Media influence. This conceptual framework provided the

researchers ideas that help to strengthen the purpose of their present study, and
 24

make solid framework of their new discovery related to “teenage pregnancy.” Our

study is also focuses on causes of early pregnancy and there’s a part of our study

that gives information about how environment and parents has a great role in

educating teenagers and to their educational development. The researchers of this

paper hope that after the study, they can impart some important strategies and

information they gained to the school community, to the teachers, school

administrators, parents and to the teen girls on how to avoid engage in early

pregnancy.

The IYG – Tech was adapted from It’s Your Games….keep it real (IYG) an

effective HIV, STI and pregnancy prevention curriculum designed for middle

school youth. IYG had demonstrated effectiveness significantly delaying sexual

initiation among sexual inexperienced students in two randomized controlled trials

Based on social cognitive theory (Bandura,1985)and the theory of triadic

influence (Flay &Petraits, 1994)

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BESTLINK COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES-BULACAN, INC.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Bandura, 1896, 1992 Initially called Cognitive Social Learning Theory social

cognitive theory emphasizes behavior, environment, and cognition as the key

factors in development. The social cognitive model is concerned with ways in

which mental representations of social events, societal, and cultural norms, and

personal characteristics influence behavior, reasoning, emotion, and motivation,

specifically, the approach addresses acknowledgment, self and social goals,

mental representations of self andothers, and the role of social facilitation in

decisions making, memory, and judgment (Bandura, 1896, 1992) According to

social cognitive theory, complex cognitive functioning involved in coping, everyday

problems solving, and decisions making in health as well as in social situations

depends on basic cognitive methods Furthermore, itdepends on the organization

of existing knowledge structures and socially derived emotional and motivational

influences on performance ( Martino, Collins, Kanouse, Elliott, and Berry (2005)

explained howCultural influences serve as behavioral models for young people

social cognitive theory contendsthat people observe important role models, make

inferences and attributions and acquire scripts, schemas and normative beliefs

that 19 then guide their subsequent behavior.This theoretical perspective would

predict that adolescents learn sexual behaviors and their likely consequences by

watching television To the extent that adolescents acquire favorable beliefs about

sex and confidence in their own sexual abilities as a result of viewing sexual
 26

content on television, they become more likely to attempt the modeled behaviors

(Fishbein&Middlestatde, 1989 )The theory of Reasoned Actionproposes that an

individual’s sexual preventive behavior is a function of the individual’s

behavioralintention to perform a particular act Behavioral intentions, in turn, are

assumed to be afunction of three factors. These include a person’s attitude toward

performance of a particular preventive behavior, the individual’s subjective

perception of 4hat significant others 4ish the individual to do with respect to the

behavior in question, or both, Another predictor of intentions is perceived behavior

control This concept is similar to Bandura’s(1892) concept of self -efficacy, A

limitation of the theory of planned behavior in relationship to sexual behavior is the

model seems to 0e unable to explain behavior that may 0e under affective

(emotional) control and does not adequately take into accountemotional factors in

decision making In addition, it would appear that social6cognitive theory

constructs have not 0een thoroughly specified in relation to AID's or pregnancy

preventive behavior In addition, the review of literature has not seen social

cognitive theory 0eing tested empirically as an integrated model with respect to

pregnancy or STD related behavior This section of the chapter discussed the

theoretical framework of the study.

The purpose of the next portion of the chapter is to review the literature

associated as related to teen sexual practices and pregnancy Contributing factors

associated with the teen sexual behavior and pregnancies are reviewed first

These include poverty and welfare dependence, environmental, cultural, and

 27

social factors, parents, peers, and poor sex education, the age at which sex is

initiated, and the influence of technology.

The Theory of Triadic Influence (TTI) integrates variables and processes

from many sociological and psychological theories of behavior onset and change

(Flay &Petraitis, 1994; Flay, Petraitis& Hu, 1995; Petraitis, Flay & Miller, 1995). It

provides a unified theoreticalframework with which to consider influences on, or

thecauses of the behavior of youth.The TTI unifies proximal and distal influences

onbehavior. As discussed by sociologists andsocial ecological theorists, distal

influences on behaviorcan arise from the person (intrapersonal), the

situationinterpersonal), the broader environment (socio-cultural)and their

interaction. Proximal influences are cognitiveand affective in nature: attitudes

toward the behavior,social normative beliefs, self -efficacy, and intentions.The TTI

links the three major distal types of influence and the three major types of proximal

influencesthrough several levels of intervening or mediating variablesand

processes. The most distal influences, labeled ultimate influencesin TTI, tend to be

value and control oriented. In the broad socio-cultural environment, they include

access to information or knowledge, and opportunity to engage inthe behavior.

Sociologists think of opportunity in thiscontext as social control, for example

policies and laws. In the social context (i.e., situation), distal influencesinclude

perceptions of (i.e., the value placed on) thebehavior and attitudes of others, and

social bonding orattachment (social control). In the intrapersonal realm,distal

influences include general (social) competence (self - control) and sense of (i.e.,

value of) self The proximal influences are expectancy and evaluationdriven, and
 28

they are, in turn, derived from orinfluenced by the distal and ultimate influences.

Attitudestoward a behavior are derived from expectedoutcomes of the behavior

(expectancies) and the valueplaced on those outcomes (attitudes). These are, in

turn,derived from information/opportunity and cultural

beliefs/practices,respectively. Social normative beliefs arederived from

perceptions of the behavior expected byothers and one's motivation to comply with

or pleasethose others (social normative beliefs). These are, inturn, derived from

other's behaviors/attitudes, and socialbonding, respectively. Self- efficacy (for a

specific behavior)is derived from one's skills to do the behavior and ones' strength

of will to engage in said behavior.These are, in turn, derived from general social

competence and sense of self. Finally, decisions of whether or not to engage in

certain behaviors (intentions) arederived from attitudes, social normative beliefs

and self -efficacy regarding each behavior.

Lawrence Kohlberg was a developmental theorist of the mid-twentieth

century who is best known for his specific and detailed theory of children's moral

development

Kohlberg developed a six stage theory of moral development, and he

grouped these six stages into three, higher-order levels of development: 1) the

Pre-Conventional Level, 2) the Conventional Level, and 3) the Post-Conventional

or Principled Level. Each level is then further sub-divided into two stages to make a

total of six stages. The Pre-Conventional Level includes: a) stage one, the

punishment and obedience orientation, and b) stage two, the instrumental purpose

orientation. The Conventional Level includes: a) stage three, the morality of

 29

interpersonal cooperation, and b) stage four, the social-order-maintaining

orientation. The Post-Conventional Level includes a) stage five, the social-contract

orientation, and b) stage six, the universal ethical principle orientation. This article

focuses on the particular stages of moral development associated with adolescent

development. Therefore, the discussion begins with stage three, the morality of

interpersonal cooperation, within the Conventional Level of moral

reasoning.Kohlberg believed that by early adolescence most youth have reached

the mid-level of moral reasoning called the Conventional Level. At this level,

morality is determined by social norms; morality is determined by the rules and

social conventions that are explicitly or implicitly agreed upon by a group of people.

These rules and customs function to serve to the best interests of the group's

majority, while simultaneously providing a structure that maintains social order and

limits discord among group members. The Conventional Level is further

subdivided into stage three and stage four. Stage three is called the morality of

interpersonal cooperation. At stage three, moral decisions are made by

anticipating how a moral decision would be judged by other influential group

members. Because youth at this stage wish to be considered a good person and

judged in a favourable light, their moral decisions will be based on whether or not

their decisions would win the approval of those people whose opinions matter to

them.

Jean Piaget first published his theory of child development during the

1920's but his work did not become prominent until the mid-twentieth century.
 30

Piaget is perhaps best known for his theory of children's cognitive development,

but he also proposed his own theory about children's moral development.

According to Piaget, youth develop the morality of cooperation, at the age

of 10 years or older. As youth develop a morality of cooperation they realize that in

order to create a cooperative society people must work together to decide what is

acceptable, and what is not. Piaget believed that youth at this age begin to

understand that morals represent social agreements between people and are

intended to promote the common good. Furthermore, they recognize people may

differ in the way they understand and approach a moral situation or problem. They

also begin to understand that the difference between right and wrong is not an

absolute but instead must take into account changing variables such as context,

motivation, abilities, and intentions. Contrast this to younger youth who believe

rules and laws are created by indisputable, wise authorities and believe that rules

established by these wise authorities ought never be challenged or changed.

Moreover, Piaget believed youth at this age begin to understand that the morality

of a decision does not rest solely on the outcome of that decision. For example,

youth at this age realize that running a stop sign is wrong, regardless of whether or

not a person receives a traffic ticket, or causes a traffic accident.

According to Piaget, once ideal reciprocity has been reached moral

development has been completed. However, we now know that many youth will

continue to refine their moral decision-making process well into early adulthood.

So although Piaget pioneered our initial understanding of moral development,

research has not always been able to confirm certain portions of his theory. For
 31

instance, not only do youth continue refine their criteria for moral decisions into

adulthood, but they also continue to improve their ability act according to these

criteria. In other words, their moral compass operates to guide their choices and to

direct their behavior. Piaget also under-estimated the age at which children are

able to take into account another person's moral intention. Piaget believed that this

ability did not develop until late childhood, or early adolescence.

 32

BESTLINK COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES-BULACAN, INC.

RELEVANCE OF THE PREVIOUS RELATED LITERATURE

STUDY TO THE PRESENT

The review related both foreign and local had also given the researchers

ideas and insights useful in carrying out their research process concerning about

the causes and effects of early pregnancy to educational development of students.

the relevance of this review aims to determine the causes and effects of early

pregnancy by the researchers with the same topic from the other author with

different fields. This present study will show different factors affecting the

academic performance of students about negative effect of early pregnancy. This

will also discuss how school administration, guidance counsellors, teachers and

parents has great role in educating teenage pregnancy and what the terrible things

and consequence they are about to face, once they do it.

mentioned that ‘Assisting women throughout gestation till postpartum period is

indeed beneficial to them to gain emotional access to some of the negative and

confusing beliefs that influence their behavior, cognitions, and feelings to minimize

the potential risk for a postpartum depression. Furthermore, it can boost the

growing attachment between mother and infant thereby securing a more positive

outcome for the psychological development of the child’(Barnes 2013)

Domini Torivillas(The Philippines Star) updated July 11, 2013. There is

evidence supporting the Reproductive Health Law that calls for sexuality education
 33

among young students. Not that for teaching the kids to engage in safe sex, but

rather, for telling them why they should not engage in early sex, and yes , before

marriage. With regulated sexuality education, the young are informed about sex,

pregnancy unplanned and planned instead of through the internet or pornographic

magazines that somehow manage to reach them. Peep into their rooms and see

copies of playboy and pent house and other sexy publication tucked between the

bed sheet, and for adults only videos in the internet. When family disregard sex

education at home, might one way that teenagers will be innocent about sex

consequences and prone to early sex. The others one is when the family has poor

values and can’t understand the need of teenagers economically , socially and

emotionally might one reason too of teenage pregnancy.

The IYG – Tech was adapted from It’s Your Games….keep it real (IYG)

an effective HIV, STI and pregnancy prevention curriculum designed for middle

school youth. IYG had demonstrated effectiveness significantly delaying sexual

initiation among sexual inexperienced students in two randomized controlled trials

Based on social cognitive theory (Bandura,1985) social influence models) and the

theory of triadic influence (Flay &Petraits, 1994)

 34

BESTLINK COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES-BULACAN, INC.

PARADIGM OF THE STUDY

The paradigm shows the foregoing concepts using the Input - Process - Out

put (IPO) Scheme.

The INPUT contains the variable of study. The causes of early pregnancy

such as personal factors, family factors, environmental factors, and economic

status factors,The effects of early pregnancy in learning behavior among students.

The PROCESS contains method to create outcomes that includes a survey

questionnaire that gathers the profile of respondents, developing and statistical

analysis of data gather.

The OUTPUT is the matrix on early pregnancy awareness program that will

help the students to avoid engage in early sex and this will give them a lot of

information about sex education.

.
 35

Figure 1

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Profile of
respondents

1.1 age

1.3 strand

1.3 pregnancy status

2. Causes of early
Survey
pregnancy in terms of Crafted a matrix on
Questionnaire
early pregnancy
2.1 personal factors awareness
2.2 family factors program

2.3 environmental
factors

2.4 economic status

factors

3. The effects of early

pregnancy in the
learning behavior of
respondents.
 36

BESTLINK COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES-BULACAN, INC.

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodology that will be used by the

researchers in gathering the needed data to complete the study. It included the

research design in the study construction of instrument, validation, administration

and retrieval, and the statistical usage of data.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design used descriptive method. Descriptive method is

connected without changing the environment. It is used to obtain information

concerning the current status or phenomenon to describe what exists with respect

to variables or condition in a situation. The methods involved range from survey

which describe the status quo the correlation study which investigate the relations

between variables, to develop studies which seek to determine changes

.Descriptive method can be either quantitative or qualitative. It can involve

collections of quantitative information that can be tabulated along a continuum in

numerical form, such as scores on a test or the number of times a person chooses

to use a-certain feature of a multimedia program, or it can describe categories of

information such as gender or patterns of interaction when using technology in a

 37

group situation. Descriptive research involves gathering data that describe events

and then organizes, tabulates, depicts, and describes the data collection (Glass &

Hopkins, 1984). It often uses visual aids such as graphs and charts to aid the

reader in understanding the data distribution. Because the human mind cannot

extract the full import of a large mass of raw data, descriptive statistics are very

important in reducing the data to manageable form. When in-depth, narrative

descriptions of small numbers of cases are involved, the research uses description

as a tool to organize data into patterns that emerge during analysis. Those

patterns aid the mind in comprehending a qualitative study and its implications.

Most quantitative research falls into two areas: studies that describe events and

studies aimed at discovering inferences or causal relationships. Descriptive

studies are aimed at finding out "what is," so observational and survey methods

are frequently used to collect descriptive data (Borg & Gall, 1989).

RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

The respondents of this research study are the Fifteen (15) Senior High

School students at Bestlink College of the Philippines Academic year 2018- 2019

that are engaged in early pregnancy. The respondents of this study are those

currently pregnant and had been pregnant.

 38

BESTLINK COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES-BULACAN, INC.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

The researchers use the purposive sampling method to the fifteen (15)

Senior High School students of Bestlink College of the Philippines .A purposive

sample is a non-probability sample that is selected based on characteristics of a

population and the objective of the study. Purposive sampling is also known as

judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling. This type of sampling can be very

useful in situations when you need to reach a targeted sample quickly, and where

sampling for proportionality is not the main concern.These respondents were

selected to generate information about the effects of early pregnancy on the

learning behavior among students.

INSTRUMENT USED

The instrument used in gathering the needed data and information in a form

of survey questionnaire the respondents instructed to answer the following

questions and it depends upon on their understanding and perception. The

questionnaire was divided into main section: a personal data sheet or the profile

and the survey proper. The profile contains characteristics of the respondents

such as age, strand and pregnancy status and respondent’s knowledge about and

effects of early pregnancy

 39

BESTLINK COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES-BULACAN, INC.

CONSTRUCTION OF INSTRUMENTS

The researchers constructed their questionnaire connected to the problem

of this study. They prepared questions and made the first draft of the

questionnaires. They presented it to their thesis adviser to approved and

suggested some changes and if there is a suggestion from our thesis adviser

researchers accept it and revise the questionnaire and a final draft of the

questionnaire was made.

VALIDATION OF THE INSTRUMENT

The researchers pre-tested the instrument to the three (3) Senior High

School Teacher advisers who were not included as respondents. The purpose of

this try-out was to know if there are still unclear and confusing items in the

questionnaire. Therefore the reliability of the instrument was detained by the

approval whether if it is ready to administer or not. The results of the pre-tested

were considered in the adjustment in the final draft. The final draft was prepared

and ready for administration.

 40

BESTLINK COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES-BULACAN, INC.

ADMINISTRATION AND RETRIEVAL OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE

To achieve the goal of the study, the researcher sought the permission of

the school directress of Bestlink College of the Philippines to administer the

questionnaire to the Senior High School respondents in order to secure the full

cooperation of the respondents in answering the questionnaire, The researchers

were able to retrieve them right after the administration.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

The data gathered from the questionnaire were analysed and interpreted

using statistical formula, in order to insure validity and reliability on the

interpretation of respondents from the questionnaire. In determining the profile of

the respondents and their perception about the effects of the early pregnancy in

learning behaviour of respondents .researchers used the arithmetic mean, 4 points

scale and 5 points likert scale.

 41

The responses were tallied and the percentage, were determined using this
formula.

1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution

This was used to determine the part of the whole relationship of result of

research especially in gathering data on the profile respondents and the

effects of early pregnancy in the learning behaviour of respondents.

f
Formula: P = ×100
n

Where: P = Percentage

f = frequency

N = total number of respondents

2.Weighted mean

FW
Formula: WN =
N

Where: WM = Weight Mean

FW = Sum of the Product

N = No. Of Respondents
 42

The equivalent points was to each indicated item and the extent of

existence of the condition as perceive by the respondents and to be determined by

estimating each weighted average which would be the verbal.

3.Ranking this was used to determine the position of the different score as related

to the whole.

LIKERT SCALE NUMERICAL DESCRIPTION VERBAL DESCRIPTION

4.50-5.00 5 Strongly Agree

3.50-4.59 4 ModeratelyAgree

2.50-3.49 3 Agree

2.50-2.49 2 ModeratelyDisagree

1.00-1.49 1 Strongly Disagree

4 POINTS SCALE NUMERICAL DESCRIPTION VERBAL DESCRIPTION

1.00 – 1.75 4 Strongly Agree

1.76 – 2.5 3 Agree

2.51 – 3.25 2 Disagree

3.26 - 400 1 Strongly Disagree

 43

BESTLINK COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES-BULACAN, INC.

CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of the data gathered

from the questionnaire –checklist. The results were discussed and interpreted

based on the problem.

Profile of the Respondents

Table 1.1

Distribution of respondents according to their age

Age Frequency Percentage Rank

16 – 18 years old 10 66.66% 1

19 – 20 years old 5 33.33% 2

21 year old 0 0% 3.5

15 below 0 0% 3.5

TOTAL 15 100%

Table 1.1 shows the age of respondents the frequency distribution and
percentage of respondents according their age. It further displays that the age
 44

group with the most number of respondents are in sixteen to eighteen years old,
(16-18) with sixty six point sixty six percent( 66.66%) or ten (10) respondents and
ranked one (1), while the five (5) respondents are in nineteen to twenty years old or
thirty three point thirty three percent(33.33%) and ranked two (2).

Table 1.2

Distribution of respondents according to their strand.

Strands Frequency Percentage Rank

GAS 6 40 % 1

HUMSS 4 22.66 % 2

HE 3 20 % 3

ABM 2 13.33 % 4

STEM 0 0%

IA 0 0%

SMAW 0 0%
5.5
ICT 0 0%

AFA 0 0%

TOTAL 15 100 %
 45

Table 1.2 shows the profile of respondents according to their strand. It

reveals that forty percent (40 %) of the respondents or six (6) of the respondents

are in the strand of GAS and ranked one (1), while twenty six point sixty six percent

(66. 66 %) or four (4) of the respondents are in the strand of HUMSS and ranked

two (2), while twenty percent (20%) of the respondents or three (3) of the

respondents are in the strand of HE and ranked three (3), while thirteen point thirty

three percent (33.33 %) of the respondents or two (2) of the respondents are in the

strand of ABM and ranked four (4). It further shows that there are more

respondents in the strand of GAS, that already experienced early pregnancy.

Table 1.3

Distribution of respondents according to their pregnancy status

Pregnancy status Frequency Percentage Rank

Had been pregnant 9 60 % 1

Current pregnant 6 40 % 2

TOTAL 15 100 %

Table 1.3 shows the profile of the respondents according to their pregnancy

status. It shows that there are sixty percent (60 %) of the respondents or nine (9) of

the respondents are already given birth or had been pregnant and ranked one (1),
 46

while the forty percent of the respondents or six (6) of the respondents are current

pregnant and ranked two (2). It further shows that there more already given birth or

had been pregnant respondents than current pregnant respondents.

Table 2

Causes of early pregnancy among respondents

2.1 Personal factors Weighted mean Description Rank

1. I have low self-esteem. 2.46 Agree 4.5

2. I don’t have knowledge about 2.86 Agree 3

sex.

3. I feel pressured with my 2.46 Agree 4.5

boyfriend.

4. I want to make my boyfriend 3.33 Moderately 2

happy. Agree

5. I feel matured, like adult. 4.26 Moderately 1

Agree

General weighted mean 3.07 Moderately

Agree
 47

Table 2 2.1 presents the knowledge of respondents on the causes of early

pregnancy in terms of personal factors. Respondents are moderately agreed on

the statements of “I feel matured, like adult” with a highest weighted mean of four

point twenty six (4.26) and rank one (1), and respondents also moderately agreed

on the statement of “I want to make my boyfriend happy” with a weighted mean of

three point thirty three (3.33) and rank two (2), while the respondents agreed on

the following statements namely “I don’t have knowledge about sex” with a

weighted mean of two point eighty six (2.86) and rank three (3), and “I have low

self-esteem” and “I feel pressured with my boyfriend” with both each received of

weighted mean of two point forty six (2.46) and ranked four point five (4.5). Table 2

2.1 further shows that they feel matured like adult was the main cause of early

pregnancy in terms of personal factors.

 48

Table 2

Causes of early pregnancy among respondents

2.2 Family factors Weighted mean Description Rank

1. Parents don’t talk about Agree 4

consequences of unplanned
2.13
indulgence of sex.

2. Parents are not open about the use 2.33 Agree 3

of contraceptives

3. Parents have lack of 2.6 Agree 5

connectedness to their child.

4.Computer and other electronic Agree 2

gadgets are openly used at home,

2.66
Making X-rated film available to

young people.

5.Parents work outside the home 2.86 Agree 1

giving teenagers time to be alone

most often.

General weighted mean 2.51 Agree

 49

Table 2 2.2 presents the knowledge of respondents on the causes of early

pregnancy in terms of family factors. Respondents agreed on all the statements

stated in this table with each received of different means. They’re agreed on the

statement that “Parents work outside the home giving teenagers time to be alone

most often” with a highest weighted mean of two point eighty six (2.86) and ranked

one (1), while they also agreed on the statement of “Computer and other electronic

gadgets are openly used at home, Making X-rated film available to young people”

with a weighted mean of two point sixty six (2.66) and ranked two (2) and they also

agreed on the statement of “Parents are not open about the use of contraceptives”

with a weighted mean of two point thirty three (2.33) and rank three (3), and they

also agreed on the statement of “Parents don’t talk about consequences of

unplanned indulgence of sex” with a weighted mean of two point thirteen (2.13)

and ranked four (4) and they also agreed on the statement of . “Parents have lack

of connectedness to their child” with a lowest weighted mean of two point six (2.6)

and ranked five (5). Table 2 2.2 further shows that Parents work outside the home

giving teenagers time to be alone most often was the main cause of early

pregnancy among respondents in terms of family factors.

 50

Table 2

Causes of early pregnancy among respondents

2.3 Environmental factors Weighted mean Description Rank

1. Friends and peers are likely to talk

about freedom in indulging premarital
sex. 2.06 Agree 3

2. Friends are likely to joke about still 3.13 Moderately 1

being virgin.
Agree

3. Drugs and alcoholic drinks are

usually introduced during group
gathering. 2.86 Agree 2

4. Watching x- rated movies is a Moderately

usual form of recreation among
Disagree
barkadas. 1.66 4

5. Friends and peers are usually read Strongly

pornographic materials when they
Disagree
are together. 1.6 5

General weighted mean 2.26 Agree

 51

Table 2 2.3 presents the knowledge of respondents on the causes of early

pregnancy in terms of environmental factors. Respondents are moderately agreed

on the statements of “Friends are likely to joke about still being virgin” with a

weighted mean of three point thirteen (3.13) and ranked one (1), while on the other

statement respondents agreed on “Drugs and alcoholic drinks are usually

introduced during group gathering” with a weighted mean of two point eighty six

(2.86) and ranked two (2), and they also agreed on the statement of “Friends and

peers are likely to talk about freedom in indulging premarital sex” with a weighted

mean of two point zero six (2.06) and ranked three (3), while they are moderately

disagreed on the statement of “Watching x- rated movies is a usual form of

recreation among barkadas” with a weighted mean of one point sixty six (1.66) and

ranked four (4), while they strongly disagreed on the statement of “Friends and

peers are usually read pornographic materials when they are together” with a

weighted mean of one point six (1.6) and ranked five (5). Table 2 2.3 further shows

that Friends are likely to joke about still being virgin was the main cause of early

pregnancy in terms of environmental factors.

 52

Table 2

Causes of early pregnancy among respondents

2.4 Economic status factors Weighted mean Description Rank

1. Parents income is not enough to 2.33 Agree 1

support family.

2. I don’t have a discipline venture to 1.33 Moderately 4

earn money.
Disagree

3. Parents have low level of educational 2 Agree 2

attainment.

4. Parents have a tradition and custom 1.73 Moderately 3

about early marriage.
Disagree

5. Parents are work abroad. 1.06 Strongly 5

Disagree

General weighted mean 1.69 Moderately

Disagree

Table 2 2.4 presents the knowledge of respondents on the causes of early

pregnancy in terms of economic factors. The respondents agreed on the two major

factors namely, “Parents income is not enough to support family” and “Parents

have low level of educational attainment” with different weighted means. They

agreed on the “Parents income is not enough to support family” with a weighted
 53

mean of two point thirty three (2.33) and ranked one (1), and they also agreed on

the statement of “Parents have low level of educational attainment” with a

weighted mean of two (2) and ranked two (2), while the respondents moderately

disagreed on the statement of “Parents have a tradition and custom about early

marriage” with a weighted mean of one point seventy three (1.73),and ranked

three (3) and theyalso moderately disagreed on the statement of “I don’t have a

discipline venture to earn money” with a weighted mean of one point three (3) and

ranked four (4), while they’re strongly agreed on the statement of “Parents are

work abroad” with a weighted mean of one point zero six (1.06). Table 2 2.4 further

shows that Parents income is not enough to support family was the main cause of

early pregnancy in terms of economic status.

 54

Table 3

Effects of early pregnancy in the learning behaviour of the students and to

what extent

Effects of early pregnancy in the

learning behaviour of the
students and to what extent. Weighted mean Description Rank

1. I lost my desire to focus on my 2.53 High extent 4.5

studies.

2. I have limited time to do my school 2.73 High extent 2

work.

3. I don’t have time to review my 2.13 High extent 6

notes because of my situation.

4. I don’t have time to join 2.8 High extent 7

extracurricular activities in the school
because of my situation.

5. My classmates lessen their 1.86 Low extent 8.5

communication with me.

6. I feel ashamed inside our room 1.86 Low extent 8.5

due my pregnancy.

7. I experience very low self – 2.33 High extent 5

esteem due my pregnancy.

8. I still have great desire to finish my 3.46 Very high 1

study. extent

9. I find it difficult to study because 2.53 High extent 4.5

my attention is focused on my baby.

10. I find it difficult to attend school 2.66 High extent 3

due to my pregnancy.
 55

Table 3 presents the effects of early pregnancy in the learning behaviour of

the students and to what extent. The data reveal that the respondents are “I still

have great desire to finish my study” with a weighted mean of three point forty six

(3.46) and ranked one (1) were interpreted to very high extent, while on the seven

major negative effects of early pregnancy, such as “I have limited time to do my

school work” with a weighted mean of two point seventy three (2.73) and ranked

two (2) were interpreted to high extent, “I find it difficult to attend school due to my

pregnancy” with a weighted mean of two point sixty six (2.66) and ranked three (3),

were interpreted to high extent“ I lost my desire to focus on my studies” and “I find

it difficult to study because my attention is focused on my baby” with the same

weighted mean of two point fifty three (2.53) and ranked four point five (4.5), were

interpreted to high extent “I experience very low self – esteem due my pregnancy”

with a weighted mean of two point thirty three (2.33) and ranked five (5), were

interpreted to high extent, “I don’t have time to review my notes because of my

situation” with a weighted mean of point thirteen (2.13) and ranked six (6), were

interpreted to high extent, “I don’t have time to join extracurricular activities in the

school because of my situation” with a weighted mean of two point eight (2.8) and

ranked seven (7), were interpreted to high extent, while on the other two negative

effects of early pregnancy such as “My classmates lessen their communication

with me” and “I feel ashamed inside our room due my pregnancy” with the same

weighted mean of one point eighty six (1.86) and ranked eight point five (8.5) were

interpreted to low extent. Table 3 further shows that most of the respondents are

still have great desire to finish their study for the sake of their child.
 56

BESTLINK COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES-BULACAN, INC.

Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents summary of findings from gathered data, the

conclusions drawn from the findings and the recommendations offered by the

researchers on the findings and conclusions.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The researchers arrived at the following summary of findings based on the

data gathered.

1. On the demographic profile of the respondents.

1.1 Majority of the respondents were on the age bracket of sixteen to eighteen

years old (16-18).

1.2 Majority of the respondents were in the strand of GAS.

1.3 Majority of the respondents were had been pregnant.

2. On the causes of early pregnancy among respondents.

2.1 personal factors

 57

2.1.1 The items of “I feel matured, like adult” and I want to make my boyfriend

happy” are both hasd escription of moderately agree. I feel matured, like adult with

a weighted mean of (4.26).

2.1.2 I want to make my boyfriend happy with a weighted mean of (3.33).

2.2 family factors

2.2.1 Parents work outside the home giving teenagers time to be alone most

often has description of agree with a weighted mean of (2.86).

2.2.2 Computer and other electronic gadgets are openly used at home, Making

X-rated film available to young people has description of agree with a weighted

mean of (2.66).

2.3 environmental factors

2.3.1 Friends are likely to joke about still being virgin has description of

moderately agree with a weighted mean of (3.13).

2.3.2 Drugs and alcoholic drinks are usually introduced during group gathering

has description of agree with a weighted mean of (2.86).

2.4 economic factors

2.4.1 Parents income is not enough to support family has description of agree

with a weighted mean of (2.33).

2.4.2 Parents have low level of educational attainment has description of agree

with a weighted mean of (2).

 58

3.On the effects of early pregnancy in the learning behavior of respondents and to

what extent.

3.1 I still have great desire to finish my study were interpreted to very high

extent with a weighted mean of (3.46).

3.2 I have limited time to do my school work were interpreted to high extent with

a weighted mean of (2.73).

3.3 I find it difficult to attend school due to my pregnancy were interpreted to high

extent with a weighted mean of (2.66).

4. A matrix on the early pregnancy awareness program.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the forgoing findings, the researchers came up with the following

conclusions.

1. The gathered data were valid and reliable.

2. The description of respondents was very significant to the study and

these were essential in interpreting the data.

3. There were causes of early pregnancy among respondents.

4. There were effects of early pregnancy in the learning behavior

respondents.

5. A matrix on the early pregnancy awareness program.

 59

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings and conclusions the researchers were arrived at

the following recommendations.

1. School administrator should provide awareness program about on early

pregnancy.

2. Teachers must encourage and motivate the students to finish their studies

even they got pregnant not at the right time.

3. Parents must educate their children to prioritize their studies rather than to

have a romantic affair out of curiosity.

4. Parents must strengthen the family connectedness at home.

5. Parents must tell their children about the consequences of early pregnancy

once they do it.

6. Students and teenagers must read this research paper and study about

early pregnancy. This would help them to understand, learn and realize the

negative effects of early pregnancy.

7. The institution needs to provide a program about early pregnancy, that will

help the students to understand, learn and realize the negative effects of

early pregnancy once they do it.

 60

Evaluation BTTE IV

Staring BTTE IV 4201

Programme

Seminar workshop on K- 12 Sexuality Education Curriculum

Theme: K- 12 Sexuality Education Curriculum: Rights, Respect and

awareness on early pregnancy among teenage learners, April 7, 2019 Bestlink
College of the Philippines, Bulacan Campus.

I. Opening program

Prayer Jesiel , Cominar - BTTE IV – 4201

Pilipinas kong mahal BTTE IV – 4201

Opening Remarks Mariel , Abiela - BTTE IV – 4201

Inspirational Message Dr. Leilani, Cusack

School Directress

Statement of purpose Patrick , Guya - BTTE IV – 4201

Introduction of the speaker Jesiel , Cominar - BTTE IV – 4201

II. Seminar Proper

K- 12 Sexuality Education Curriculum Development - Dr. Milagros O. Luang

Strategies for avoiding engage on early sexual intercourse among teenagers

- Mr. Mercado, Arthuro

III. Closing ceremonies and giving of certificates

Distribution of certificate Patrick , Guya - BTTE IV – 4201

Closing remarks - BTTE IV 4201

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Domini Torivillas (The Philippines Star) ( July 11, 2013 ). Philstar poll on RH Bill »
Nation » News | Philippine News" Philstar.com.(2013- 07 -11).
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DSWD joins National Summit on teen pregnancy by SMS | Sep 20, 2012 | News

Sex education under the Reproductive Health Bill Retrieved from

https://www.philstar.com(2012-08-20).

Reproductive Health, 16.35. Philippine News Agency (2012)

Donna Mcgee Thompson (2004). A tunnel of Hope: the experiences of student

mothers attending Community College based developmental study Program.
Students affairs: Experiencing Higher education : P.67

ChelseyBoutan (2012). Student mothers: Joys, Hardships, Misconceptions. From:

http://northernstar.info/campus/news/student-mothers-joys-hardships-misconcept
ions/article_e1502dba-47c5-11e1-a057-0019bb30f31a.html?mode=story

Kidwell, Christine & Professional Staff (2004). “Some facts psychologists know
about unplanned pregnancy”. Retrieved March 6, from <www.psc.uc.edu/sh/SH
Unplanned%20Pregnancy.htm

Okeyo, LinnahApondi (2012). Schooling challenges and coping mechanisms

adapted by student-mothers in secondary schools in Nyando District, Kenya.
From:
http://irlibrary.ku.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/123456789/3611/Linnah%20Apondi.pdf?
sequence=1&isAllowed=

Brown RL, Awankwaa AA. (2007). College Females as Mothers : Balancing the
roles of Student and Motherhood.

Duncan, S. (2010). Teenage Pregnancy: What’s the Problem? Tufnell Press:

London.

YochevedGrohman, Renelamn (2009). Coping Strategies used by student

mothers to succeed in Occupational Therapy School.

Recent (2014).data from the Philippine Statistical Authority (PSA) Teenage

pregnancy among today’s Filipino youth Retrieved
from:https://opinion.inquirer.net/74517/teenage-pregnancy-among-todays-filipino-
youth

Natividad, (2013).Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies Home

Vol 28, No 1.

Bandura, (1896, 1992 )Initially called Cognitive Social Learning Theory Handbook
of Moral Behavior and Development Volume 1
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Fishbein, M., &Middlestatde, (1989). Theories of reasoned action and planned

behavior as models of condom use: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin,
127(1), 142-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.142

Piaget, J. (1920's). The role of action in the development of thinking.In Knowledge

and development (pp. 17–42).Springer US.

Barnes S, Wasielewska(2013) Exploring the mealtime experience in residential

care settings for older people: an observational study. Health & Social Care in the
Community 2013;21:442‐50.

Glass, G. V., & Hopkins, K. D. (1984).Statistical methods in education and

psychology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Essays, UK. (November 2013). Teenage Pregnancy Study in the Philippines.

Retrieved
from:https://www.ukessays.com/essays/health-and-social-care/teenage-pregnan
cy-study-philippines-4836.php?vref=1

Ramiro (2014).book Viet Nam - the DoiMoi era and changes in young people’s
lives (pp.505-522).

Juliet C. Retazo(March 14, 2016). TeenagePregnancy Its Effects On Educational

Development of Students and Out -Of-School Youth In MaramagBukidnon
(Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Natioinal High School MaramagBukidnun,
Philippines.

TheCause and Effect of Teenage Pregnancy: Case Of Kontragora Local

Government Area In Niger State, Northern Part Of Nigeria International Open
Journal of Educational Research Vol. 1, No. 7, November 2013, PP: 01 - 15
Available online at http://acascipub.com/Journals.php 1.

APPENDICIES

Appendix A
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Letter of Request

October 16, 2018

MRS. LEILANI CUSACK
SCHOOL DIRECTRESS
Bestlink College of the Philippines
City of San Jose Del Monte,Bulacan

Dear Mrs. Cusack,

We, the students of Bestlink College of the Philippines taking up the course
Bachelor of Technical Teacher Education are currently conducting a research
study entitled “Effects of Early Pregnancy in the Learning Behavior of the
Senior High School Students at Bestlink College of the Philippines,
Academic Year 2018-2019.” The data that will be gathered will be useful for the
success of this study.
In view of this, we respectfully chose your Senior High School Students as our
respondents to answer the attached questionnaire in the completion of this study.
Rest assured that the data gathered will be held strictly confidential and will be
used solely for the purpose of this study.
Your cooperation to this request will be highly appreciated. Thank you so much
and may the Almighty God bless you.

Respectfully yours,

Abiela, Mariel V.

Colminar, Jesiel S.

Dela Cruz, GlyselleKristelie D.

Guya, Patrick O.

Noted by,

MILAGROS LUANG ED.D

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Thesis Adviser
LEILANI I. CUSACK PH.D
School Directress

Appendix B

Questionnaire
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1. Profile of respondents

Direction: Please put a check (/) on the space provided for description.

1.1 Age [ ] 15 Below[ ] 16 -18

[ ] 19 – 20 [ ] 21

1.2 Strand [ ] GAS [ ] STEM [ ] IA

[ ] SMAW [ ] ABM

[ ] HUMS [ ] ICT

[ ] AFA [ ] HE

1.3 Pregnancy status [ ] had been pregnant [ ] current pregnant

Direction: Please put a check (/) on the right column using the rating scale that

agrees with your observation.

5 - Strongly Agree
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4 - Moderately Agree

3 - Agree

2 - Moderately Disagree

1-Strongly Disagree

2. What are the causes of early pregnancy among students in terms of;

2.1 Personal factors 5 4 3 2 1

1. I have low self-esteem.

2. I don’t have knowledge about sex.

3. I feel pressured with my boyfriend.

4. I want to make my boyfriend happy.

5. I feel matured, like adult.

2.2 Family factors 5 4 3 2 1

1. Parents don’t talk about consequences of

unplanned indulgence of sex.

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2. Parents are not open about the use of

contraceptives.

3. Parents have lack of connectedness to their

child.

4.Computer and other electronic gadgets are

openly used at home, Making X-rated film

available to young people.

5.Parents work outside the home giving teenagers

time to be alone most often.

2.3 Environmental factors 5 4 3 2 1

1.Friends and peers are likely to talk about

freedom in indulging premarital sex.

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2. Friends are likely to joke about still being virgin.

3. Drugs and alcoholic drinks are usually

introduced during group gathering.

4. Watching x- rated movies is a usual form of

recreation among barkadas.

5.Friends andpeers are usually read

pornographic materials when they are together.

2.4 Economic status factors 5 4 3 2 1

1. Parents income is not enough to support family.

2.I don’t have a discipline venture to earn money.

3. Parents have low level of educational attainment.

4. Parentshave a tradition and customabout early

marriage.

5. Parents are work abroad.

4 POINTS SCALE NUMERICAL DESCRIPTION VERBAL DESCRIPTION

4 - to very high extent

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3 - to high extent

2 - to low extent

1 - to very low extent

Direction: Please put a check (/) on the right column using the rating scale that

agrees with your observation.

3. What are the effects of early pregnancy in the learning

behavior of the students and to what extent?

4 3 2 1

1. I lost my desire to focus on my studies.

2. I have limited time to do my school work.

3. I don’t have time to review my notes because of my

situation.

4. I don’t have time to join extracurricular activities in the

school because of my situation.

5. My classmates lessen their communication with me.

6. I feel ashamed inside our room due my pregnancy.

7. I experience very low self – esteem due my pregnancy.

8. I still have great desire to finish my study.

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9. I find it difficult to study because my attention is focused

on my baby.

10. I find it difficult to attend school due to my pregnancy.

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Curriculum
Vitae

Mariel,Abiela V.
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#031 Igay Rd. Brgy. San Roque

City of San Jose Del Monte,Bulacan

Email Address:MarielAbiela@yahoo.com

Contact number: 09550898971

PERSONAL DATA

Birthdate : January 27, 1998

Birth place : Bulacan

Age : 20 yrs. old

Gender : Female

Civil status : Single

Citizenship :Filipino

Religion : IEMILIF

Language or dialect spoken : Filipino and English

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY : Bestlink College of the Philippines

Lot 1 Ipo Rd. Brgy. Minuyan Proper

City of San Jose Del Monte,Bulacan

Bachelor of Technical Teachers Education

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2018 - Present

SECONDARY : Kakawate National High School

Brgy. Paradise ||| City of San Jose Del Monte,Bulacan

Sy. 2013-2014

PRIMARY : San Roque Elementary School

Brgy. San Roque City of San Jose Del Monte, bulacan

Sy. 2009-2010

Delacruz,Glysellekristelie
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#UC4cupper Brgy citrus

City of San Jose Del Monte Bulacan

Email Address: GlyselleKritelieDelacruz@yahoo.com

Contact # 09363191121

PERSONAL DATA

Birthdate : July 17 1997

Birth place : Quezon City

Age : 21 yrs. old

Gender : Female

Civil status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Religion : Catholic

Language or dialect spoken : Filipino and English

SEMINARS / TRAINING ATTENDED

Research seminar July 19, 2018 Bestlink MV Campus

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
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TERTIARY : Bestlink College of the Philippines

Lot 1 Ipo Rd. Brgy. Minuyan Proper

City of San Jose Del Monte,Bulacan

Bachelor of Technical Teachers Education

2018 - Present

SECONDARY : Citrus National High School Sy. 2013-2014

City of San Jose Del Monte, bulacan

PRIMARY : Malasique Elementary panggasinan School

Sy. 2009-2010

Jesiel, ColminarSabit.
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RC-3 Brgy citrusCity of San Jose Del Monte,

Bulacan

Email Address: JesielCominar@gmail.com

Contact number : 09099080071

PERSONAL DATA

Birthdate : October 21, 1997

Birth place : SapangPalay, Bulacan

Age : 21 yrs. old

Gender : Female

Civil status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Religion : Born again Christian

Language or dialect spoken : Filipino and English

SEMINARS / TRAINING ATTENDED

Research seminar July 19, 2018 Bestlink MV Campus

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
 78

TERTIARY : Bestlink College of the Philippines

Lot 1 Ipo Rd. Brgy. Minuyan Proper

City of San Jose Del Monte,Bulacan

Bachelor of Technical Teachers

Education

2018 - Present

SECONDARY : Citrus National High School SY. 2013-2014

City of San Jose Del Monte, bulacan

PRIMARY : Basioa Basey Samar Elementary School

School Year 2009 - 2010

Patrick, Guya Ortiz.

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RC- 11 Brgy, Citrus City of San Jose Del Monte,

Bulacan

Email Address :PatstarGuya@gmail.com

Contact Number : 09168991069

PERSONAL DATA

Birthdate : July 23 1994

Birth place : Tondo,Manila

Age : 24 yrs. old

Gender : Male

Civil status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Religion : Apostolic Christian

Language or dialect spoken : Filipino and English

SEMINARS / TRAINING ATTENDED

Research seminar July 19, 2018 Bestlink MV Campus

TEACHER EDUCATION SEMINAR – WORSHOP Theme: “Teacher Education A

Vital Component of the Total Educational Process” Dec. 5 – 7, 2016 at National

Teacher’s Camp, Baguio City 2600, Philippines.

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
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TERTIARY : Bestlink College of the Philippines

Lot 1 Ipo Rd. Brgy. Minuyan Proper

City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan

Bachelor of Technical Teachers Education

2018 – Present

SECONDARY : Citrus NationalHigh School Sy. 2014-2015

City of San Jose Del Monte, bulacan

PRIMARY : BagongBuhay G, Elementary School

SY. 2006 - 2007