FABRICATION OF U-TYPE, V-TYPE, L-TYPE

ANGLE BENDING MACHINE

PROJECT REPORT 2014-2015

Submitted by:
(team name)

COLLEGE LOGO

Guided by:

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the
Award of Diploma in
-----------------------------------------
By the State Board of Technical Education
Government of
Tamilnadu, Chennai.
Department:
College name:
Place:
 COLLEGE NAME

COIMBATORE

DEPARTMENT

PROJECT REPORT-2014-2015

This Report is certified to be the Bonafide work done by

Selvan/Selvi ---------------- Reg.No.------------ of VI
Semester class of this college.

Guide Head of the Department

Submitter for the Practical Examinations of the board of

Examinations,State Board of Technical Education,Chennai,
TamilNadu.On --------------(date) held at the ------------
(college name),Coimbatore

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing movement of having successfully

completed our project, we wish to convey our sincere thanks
and gratitude to the management of our college and our
beloved chairman------------------------.who provided all the
facilities to us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our

principal ------------------for forwarding us to do our project and
offering adequate duration in completing our project.

We are also grateful to the Head of Department

prof…………., for her/him constructive suggestions
&encouragement during our project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest

&sincere thanks to our guide --------------------, Department of
Mechanical for her/him kind guidance and encouragement
during this project we also express our indebt thanks to our
TEACHING staff of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,
---------- (college Name).
FABRICATION OF U-TYPE, V-TYPE, L-TYPE
ANGLE BENDING MACHINE
CONTENTS

CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO TITLE

SYNOPSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
NOMENCLATURE
1 Introduction
2 Literature review
3 Description of equipments
3.1 Pneumatic control components
3.2 Valves
3.3 Hoses
3.4 Control unit
3.5 Pressure Gauge
4 Design and drawing
4.1 Pneumatic components and Specification
4.2 Design calculation
5 Working principle
6 Merits and demerits
7 Applications
8 List of materials
9 Cost Estimation
10 Conclusion
Bibliography
photography
 LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
Number Title

1 Overall Diagram
NOMENCLATURE
 NOMENCLATURE

 A =Area of cylinder(m2 )

 D=Diameter of Piston (m)

 F =Force exerted on the piston (N)

 H=Height (m)

 L=Length(m)

 P=Pressure (N/m2)

 V=Volume (m3)
 SYNOPSIS

In this paper bending of U,L,V shaped sheet metal is carried

with the help of pneumatic cylinder arrangement. This method is very

useful in industries to convert the lengthiest sheet metal to the u

shaped type. Here the main aim of the our project is reduce the man

power, applying constant force at all time, automating the process

and also increase the rate of production. The project is designed by

following equipment compressor, control unit, Solenoid valve,

Pneumatic Cylinder and Mechanical model.

In this project the bending of U shaped metal rod is carried with

the help of pneumatic cylinder arrangement. This method is very

useful in industries to convert the lengthiest metal rod to the u shaped

type. Here the main aim of the our project is reduce the man power,

applying constant force at all time, automating the process and also

increase the rate of production.

 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

The main objective of our project is to perform various machine

operations using machine with the help of pneumatic sources. For a

developing industry the operation performed and the parts (or)

components produced should have it minimum possible production

cost, and then only industry runs profitability.

Automation can be achieved through computers, hydraulics,

pneumatics, robotics, etc., of these sources, pneumatics form an

attractive medium for low cost automation.

The main advantages of all pneumatic systems are economy

and simplicity. Automation plays an important role in mass production.

Nowadays almost all the manufacturing process is being

atomized in order to deliver the products at a faster rate.The

manufacturing operation is being atomized for the following reasons.

 To achieve mass production

 To reduce man power

 To increase the efficiency of the plant

 To reduce the work load

 To reduce the production cost

 To reduce the production time

 To reduce the material handling

 To reduce the fatigue of workers

 To achieve good product quality

 Less maintenance
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY
 CHAPTER – 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Sheet metal bending is one of the most widely applied sheet

metal forming operations. The understanding of the bending

mechanics is aimed at obtaining two kinds of information important

for industrial applications. The first one is the spring back prediction

for die design and shape control. The second is an estimation of the

bend force for selection of press capacity, strength analysis and

design of dies.

Vallance and Matlock (1992) studied the friction behavior of

zinc-based coated sheet steels and laboratory scale friction analysis

techniques that involve sheet sliding over cylindrical dies. Wenzloff et

al (1992) introduced a new test procedure for the bending under

tension friction test. Mai Huang and Gardeen (1994) presented a

literature review of the springback of doubly curved developable

sheet metal surfaces and provided a bibliography on the springback

in sheet metal forming. Reviewing the literature, it is found that

researchers have been studying the phenomenon of springback for

nearly six decades. There have been diverse efforts to evaluate

and/or decrease springback in the sheet metal forming industry for a

long time. Perduijn and Hoogenboom (1995) derived a simple explicit

bending couple curvature relation for small and larger curvatures and

they verified the model with experimental results. A simple approach

for calculating bendability and springback in bending based on the

normal anisotropic value, strain hardening exponent and sheet

thickness has been presented as described elsewhere by Daw Kwei

Leu (1997). You-Min Hang and Daw-Kwei leu (1998) described the

effects of process variables like punch radius, die radius, punch

speed, friction coefficient, strain hardening exponent, normal

anisotropy on V-die bending process of steel sheet. Sanchez (1999)

focused on a systematic analysis of testing equipment as a

measurement system of the friction phenomena on sheet metal under

plane strain. It provides experimental references in order to optimize

the usage of lubricants and sheet metal. Weilong Hu (2000) proposed

anisotropy hardening models with simple loading conditions that

include exponential hardening model, linear hardening model and

multi linear hardening model. Samuel (2000) analyzed the springback

in axisymmetric U-bending processes with a finite element program

and discussed the effect of tool geometry and blank holder force on

the final shape after springback. Aleksy et al (2001) conducted

experiments on springback for dual phase steel and conventional

high strength steel for a hat channel section with varying cross

sections. They described the methodology of experiments and

discussed springback related results. Livatyali and Altan (2001)

presented experimental investigation to determine the influence of die

corner radius, punch radius, punch-die clearance, pad force and

sheet material on springback in straight flanging. Leo De Vin (2001)

described the problems related to an oversimplification of the air

bending process and explained the consequences of applying

models, standards or thumb rules. Streppel et al (2001) conducted

the experiments on air bending that address the required punch

displacement and the sheet length correction. Draw bend test for

various die radii, friction coefficients and tensile forces was conducted

by Cardeen (2002). Zafer Tekiner (2004) examined the springback of

sheet metals with various thicknesses and properties in bending dies.

Carlos Gomes et al (2005) investigated the variation of springback in

high strength steels based on experimental and numerical analysis.

Ihab Ragai et al (2005) discussed the effect of sheet anisotropy on

the springback of stainless steel 410 draw bend specimens and

lubrication. Ozgur Tekaslan et al (2006) carried out the experiment to

determine springback of steel sheet with V- shaped die. Dongye Fei

and Peter Hodgson (2006) investigated the springback behaviour of

cold rolled transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels in air v-

bending process. Bruni et al (2006) investigated the effect of the

process parameters on springback of AZ31 magnesium alloy in air

bending under warm and hot forming conditions. Garcia Romeu et al

(2007) presented new springback graphics for air vee bent sheet

metal parts based on an experimental work. Se Young kim et al

(2007) examined the effect of tool design and process parameters on

the springback of GLARE and the parameters studied include punch

radius, punch speed, forming load and forming temperature .

PNEUMATICS

The word ‘pneuma’ comes from greek and means breather

wind. The word pneumatics is the study of air movement and its

phenomena is derived from the word pneuma today pneumatics is

mainly understood to means the application of air as a working

medium in industry especially the driving and controlling of machines

and equipment.

Pneumatics has for some considerable time between used for

carrying out the simplest mechanical tasks in more recent times has

played a more important role in the development of pneumatic

technology for automation.

Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air

which must be made available in sufficient quantity and at a pressure

to suit the capacity of the system. When the pneumatic system is

being adopted for the first time, however it wills indeed the necessary

to deal with the question of compressed air supply.

The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by

means using reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine

that takes in air, gas at a certain pressure and delivered the air at a

high pressure.

Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed

and delivered and the volume expressed is that of that of the air at

intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure and normal

ambient temperature.
 The compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robot

Boyle in 1962 and that found that the product of pressure and

volumes of particular quantity of gas.

The usual written as

PV =C (or) PiVi =P2V2

In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressured which

for free is about 14.7Psi and is of courage capable of maintaining a

column of mercury, nearly 30 inches high in an ordinary barometer.

Any gas can be used in pneumatic system but air is the mostly used

system now a days.

SELECTION OF PNEUMATICS:

Mechanization is broadly defined as the replacement of manual

effort by mechanical power. Pneumatic is an attractive medium for

low Cost mechanization particularly for sequential (or) repetitive

operations. Many factories and plants already have a compressed air

system, which is capable of providing the power (or) energy

requirements and control system (although equally pneumatic control

systems may be economic and can be advantageously applied to

other forms of power).

The main advantages of an all pneumatic system are usually

Economic and simplicity the latter reducing maintenance to a low

level. It can have out standing advantages in terms of safety.

PNEUMATIC POWER:

Pneumatic systems use pressurized gases to transmit and

control power. Pneumatic systems typically use air as the fluid

medium because air is safe, low cost and readily available.

THE ADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATICS:

1. Air used in pneumatic systems can be directly exhausted back

In to the surrounding environment and hence the need of special

reservoirs and no-leak system designs are eliminated.

2. Pneumatic systems are simple and economical

3. Control of pneumatic systems is easier

THE DISADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATICS:

1. Pneumatic systems exhibit spongy characteristics due to

compressibility of air.

2. Pneumatic pressures are quite low due to compressor design

limitations(less that 250 psi).

PRODUCTION OF COMPRESSED AIR

Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air,

which must be made available in sufficient quantity and at a pressure

to suit the capacity of the system. When pneumatic system is being

adopted for the first time, however it wills indeed the necessary to

deal with the question of compressed air supply.

The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means

using reciprocating compressor. A compressor is a machine that

takes in air, gas at a certain pressure and delivered the air at a high

pressure. Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air

compressed and delivered and the volume expressed is that of the air

at intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure and normal

ambient temperature.
 Clean condition of the suction air is one of the factors, which

decides the life of a compressor. Warm and moist suction air will

result increased precipitation of condense from the compressed air.

Compressor may be classified in two general types.

1. Positive displacement compressor

2. Turbo compressor

Positive displacement compressors are most frequently employed for

Compressed air plant and have proved highly successful and supply

air for pneumatic control application.

The types of positive compressor

1. Reciprocating type compressor

2. Rotary type compressor

Turbo compressors are employed where large of air required at

low discharge pressures. They cannot attain pressure necessary for

pneumatic control application unless built in multistage designs and

are seldom encountered in pneumatic service.

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS:
 Built for either stationary (or) portable service the reciprocating

compressor is by far the most common type. Reciprocating

compressors lap be had is sizes from the smallest capacities to

deliver more than 500m3/min.In single stage compressor, the air

pressure may be of 6 bar machines discharge of pressure is up to

15bars.Discharge pressure in the range of 250bars can be obtained

with high pressure reciprocating compressors that of three & four

stages. Single stage and 1200 stage models are particularly suitable

For applications, with preference going to the two stage design as

soon as the discharge pressure exceeds 6 bars, because it in

capable of matching the performance of single stage machine at

lower costs per driving powers in the range.

 CHAPTER-3

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
 CHAPTER – 3
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

3.1 PNEUMATIC CONTROL COMPONENT

3.3 AIR COMPRESSOR:

Compressor is the air producing machine. They collect the airs

from the atmosphere are in the running of machine are engine. Air

compressors are utilized to raise the pressure of a volume of air. Air

compressors are available in many configurations and will operate

over a very wide range of flow rates and pressures. Compressed air

was expelled by primitive man to give glowing embers sufficient

oxygen to allow them to flare up into a fire. During the compression

process, the temperature increases as the pressure increases. This is

known as polytypic compression. The amount of compression power

also increases as the temperature increases. Compressors are

staged thereby reducing the temperature rise and improving the

compression efficiency. The temperature of the air leaving each stage

is cooled prior to entering the next stage. This cooling process is

called intercooling. Volumetric efficiency also increases with multi-

stage compression since the pressure ratio over the first stage will be

decreased.

Selection of the air compressor is only the first step in designing

an efficient and reliable compressed air system. The air exiting the

compressor is saturated with moisture and will have compressor

lubricants (lubricated compressors only). Other chemicals that may

have been drawn into the compressor intake may also be present.

This contamination is harmful to many processes, pneumatic tools,

instruments and equipment. Air purification equipment, filters, air

dryers, breathing air purifiers, monitoring equipment, used alone or in

combination will remove these contaminants. Selection and purchase

of the compressor and necessary purification equipment can be

easily done on the Compressed air site. Our application engineers

are ready to answer all of your questions and to assist you in placing

your order. And it work in the process of rotating the fan and the

piston movement with the help of current supply.

3.1 PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

An air cylinder is an operative device in which the state input

energy of compressed air i.e.penuamtic power is converted into

mechanical Output power, by reducing the pressure of the air to that

of the atmosphere.

Single acting cylinder is only capable of performing an

operating medium in only one direction. Single acting cylinders

equipped with one inlet for the operating air pressure, can be

production in several fundamentally different designs. Single

cylinders Develop power in one direction only.

Therefore no heavy control equipment should be attached to

them, which requires to be moved on the piston return stroke single

action cylinder requires only about half the air volume consumed by a

double acting for one operating cycle.

A double acting cylinder is employed in control systems with the

full pneumatic cushioning and it is essential when the cylinder itself is

required to retard heavy messes. This can only be done at the end

positions of the piston stroke. In all intermediate position a separate

externally mounted cushioning derive most be provided with the

damping feature.

The normal escape of air is out off by a cushioning piston

before the end of the stroke is required. As a result the sit in the

cushioning chamber is again compressed since it cannot escape but

slowly according to the setting made on reverses. The air freely

enters the cylinder and the piston strokes in the other direction at full

Force and velocity.

3.1.1 B) Double acting Cylinders:

A double acting cylinder is employed in control systems with the

full pneumatic cushioning and it is essential when the cylinder itself is

required to retard heavy messes. This can only be done at the end

positions of the piston stroke. In all intermediate position a separate

externally mounted cushioning derive most be provided with the

damping feature.

The normal escape of air is out off by a cushioning piston

before the end of the stroke is required. As a result the sit in the

cushioning chamber is again compressed since it cannot escape but

slowly according to the setting made on reverses. The air freely

enters the cylinder and the piston strokes in the other direction at full

force and velocity.

3.2 VALVES

HAND LEVER VALVE

Directional Control Valves (DCVs) are one of the

most fundamental parts of hydraulic and pneumatic

systems. DCVs allow fluid flow (hydraulic oil, water or

air) into different paths from one or more sources.

DCVs will usually consist of a spool inside a cylinder

which is mechanically or electrically actuated. The

position of the spool restricts or permits flow, thus it

controls the fluid flow.

1.Port size: 1/8" ,1/4", 3/8"

2.Body Material: Aluminum

3.Fluid: Compressed 40μ filter Air

4.Sectional Area: 18mm²

5.Operation pressure: 0-0.9Mpa

6.Max working pressure: 1.0 Mpa

7.Ambient Temperature:-10ºC -60ºC

8.Simply operating.

9.Suitable for vacuum operation.

10.Available for panel mounting.

 CHAPTER- 4

DESIGN AND DRAWING

 CHAPTER – 4

DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING

4.1 PNEUMATIC COMPONENTS AND ITS SPECIFICATION

The pneumatic operated “u” type metal rod bending machine

consists of the following components to full fill the requirements of

complete operation of the machine.

1. Double acting pneumatic cylinder

3. Connectors
 DESIGN CALCULATION FOR PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

(32 x 100)

Mini pressure applied in the cylinder (P) = 2x10 5N/m2 (2 bar)

Diameter of the cylinder (D) = 32 mm

Diameter of the piston rod (d) = 17 mm

Stroke length = 100 mm

Area of cylinder (A) = (3.14/4*(D2)

= (0.785x.0322)

A= 8.0384 x 10-4 m2

Force during forward stroke,

F = {π/4x D^2 x P}

F = (2 x 105 N /m2) (3.14/4*(0.0322)

F = 160.68 N

1kg = 9.81 N

Load capacity during forward stroke W= F / a

W = 160.68 / 9.81

W= 16.37 KG

Force during return stroke,

F = {π/4x (D^2 – d^2) x P}

F = {π/4x (0.032^2 – 0.017^2) x 2x105}

F = 115.45 N

Load capacity during return stroke W= F / a

W= 115.45 / 9.81
 W= 11.76 KG

For all practical purposes, design your system 25% over and above your

theoretical calculations.

Graph for distingution between force Vs air pressure

THEORETICAL AIR CONSUMPTION CALCULATIONS:

During Forward stroke,

Air consumption = {π/4x (D^2) x L}

Air consumption = {π/4x (0.032^2) x 0.1}

Air consumption = 8.042 x 10-5 m3

1 m3 = 1000 liter

Air consumption = 0.0804 liter

Boyles Law, P1V1 = P2V2

V2 = P1V1/ P2

V2 = (2+1) (0.0804)/ 1

V2 =0.2412 liter /stroke

During return stroke,

Air consumption = {π/4x (D^2- d^2) x L}

Air consumption = {π/4x (0.032^2 – 0.017^2) x0.1}

Air consumption = 5.77 x 10-5 m3 = 0.0577 liter

Boyles Law, P1V1 = P2V2

V2 = P1V1/ P2

V2 = (2+1) (0.0577)/ 1

V2 = 0.1731 liter /stroke

Theoretical air consumption per cycle = (Air consumption during forward

stroke + Air consumption during return stroke)

Theoretical Air consumption per cycle =0.2412 + 0.1731= 0.4143 liter/ cycle
In actual practice, approximately 2/3 of this flow is obtained. Assume 75% of line

pressure is actually working on the load. The remaining 25% is consumed by

flow losses in the valve and connecting lines.

CALCULATING LOAD BEARING CAPACITY OF PISTON ROD

In our case the pressure is applied by on one face of the piston while the

other cross section of the piston faces the fixed wall. This means that the failure

or breakage of piston rod will occur only due to excessive compressive stress

developed in the piston rod.

As we know that the maximum limit of compressive stress that a stainless

steel specimen can bear is 310 MPa.

Since the diameter of the piston rod is 17 mm therefore we can lastly

calculate the amount of maximum load which can be beard by the piston.

σ =F/A

Where.,

R = radius of the piston rod,

σ = stress,

A = area of the piston head.

But, A = πR2

Area = π (8.5)2
 A = 226.98 mm2

stress (σ) = 310 N/mm2

Force = stress x Area

= 310 x 226.98

= 70363.8 N

We know,

1 Kg force = 9.81 N

Force (F) = 70363.8/9.81

F = 7172.66 Kg

Also we know,

1 Tone = 1000 kg.

F = 7 Tones

This means that 7 tones is that 7 tones is the last limit of our piston rod. But our

aim is to design the pneumatic cylinder which can easily with stand with 0.5 to 1

tones.
 Diagram for Sectional view of cylinder

SELECTION OF STANDARD PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

DESIGN PARAMETER

Required load to be lifted = 5 kg

Factor of safety for pneumatic cylinder = 3 (Constant Load)

Supply Pressure = 2 bar

Solution:
Load to be lifted = 5 kg =5 Kg x 9.81 m/s2 = 49.05 N

Design load = Load to be lifted x Factor of safety

Design load = 49.05 x 3 = 147.15 N

{ D^2 } = F/( π/4 x P)

{D^2 } = 147.15 /( π/4 x 2 x 105)

D = 0.03048 m= 30.48 mm

STANDARD PNEUMATIC CYLINDER SIZE

DIAMETER STROKE LENTH
100 100
125 100
15 100
16 100
16 50
20 150
32 100
32 150
32 25
32 300
32 50
32 750
40 100
50 100

From table,

32 diameter cylinder is enough for particular design load and length

piston rod varies depends upon application.

SELECTION OF AIR CYLINDER SPEED

Estimating cylinder speed is extremely difficult because of the flow losses

within the system in piping, fittings, and porting through the valves which are in

the air path. Flow losses cause a loss in pressure which directly affect the force

output. To be able to determine the maximum speed of the cylinder, the sum of
all flow losses, pressure required for the force output and the available inlet

pressure must be known. Circuit losses cannot be determined or calculated

accurately.

Speed of piston can be referred from above chart for corresponding fittings.

In 32 x100 cylinder, 1/8 inch normal or speed control fitting can be used
 .

3D drawing for normal fitting

DRAWING
DRAWING FABRICATION OF U-TYPE, V-TYPE, L-TYPE

ANGLE BENDING MACHINE

 CHAPTER -5

WORKING PRINCIPLE
 CHAPTER – 5

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The working of the process is fully pneumatic operated where

the air is the working medium. In this unit compressor is used to

supply the compressed air at certain pressure. This pressurized air is

passed to the solenoid valve. The solenoid valve is controlled by

control unit. This solenoid valve is used to control the direction of flow

of air to the pneumatic cylinder. In this pneumatic cylinder the piston

rod actuates due to the pressure. At the end of piston rod bending

tool is attached. So that tool bends the rod into required U shape.

Thus the work piece clamped on the frame is bending due to the

reciprocating motion of the bend.

The project is designed by following equipments, compressor,

control unit, HAND LEVER valve, Pneumatic Cylinder, Mechanical

model. The working of the process is fully pneumatic operated where

the air is the working medium. In this unit compressor is used to

supply the compressed air at certain pressure. This pressurized air is

passed to the solenoid valve. The solenoid valve is controlled by

control unit. This solenoid valve is used to control the direction of flow
of air to the pneumatic cylinder. In this pneumatic cylinder the piston

rod actuates due to the pressure. At the end of piston rod bending

tool is attached. So that tool bends the rod into required U shape.

Thus the work piece clamped on the frame is bending due to the

reciprocating motion of the bend.

CHAPTER -6

MERITS AND DEMERITS

 CHAPTER – 6

MERITS AND DEMERITS

MERITS

 Machining time reduced

 Quick response

 Simple in construction easy to maintain and repair

 Cost of the unit is less when compared to other systems

 Comparatively the operation cost is less

 Continuous operation is possible without stopping

DEMERITS

 It need separate compressor to operated the cylinder

 CHAPTER -7

APPLICATIONS
 CHAPTER – 7

APPLICATIONS

 It applicable in pipe bending industries etc..,

 Steel plants

 Toy manufacturing companies

 Automobile industries

 PVC door manufacturing companies

 CHAPTER -8

LIST OF MATERIALS
 CHAPTER – 8

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are

discussed below.
1. Properties:

The material selected must posses the necessary properties for

the proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied

can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand

environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials

decisively affect their selection

a. Physical

b. Mechanical

c. From manufacturing point of view

d. Chemical

The various physical properties concerned are melting point,

thermal conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion,

specific gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

 The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in

tensile, Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load,

fatigue resistance, impact resistance, elastic limit, endurance limit,

and modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding

properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point

of view are,

 Cast ability

 Weld ability

 Surface properties

 Shrinkage

 Deep drawing etc.

2. Manufacturing case:

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost

or surface qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating

substances may demand the use of special materials.

3. Quality Required:

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately

the material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of

a less number of components which can be fabricated much more

economically by welding or hand forging the steel.

4. Availability of Material:

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. It then

becomes obligatory for the designer to use some other material which

though may not be a perfect substitute for the material designed. the

delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should also be

kept in mind.

5. Space consideration:

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the

forces involved are high and space limitations are there.

6. Cost:

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of

material plays an important part and should not be ignored.

 Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-

maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of

proper materials.
 CHAPTER -9

COST ESTIMATION
 CHAPTER – 9

COST ESTIMATION

1. LABOUR COST:

Lathe, drilling, welding, grinding, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost

2. OVERHEAD CHARGES:

The overhead charges are arrived by”manufacturing cost”

Manufaturing Cost =Material Cost +Labour Cost

= 4,000+ 1,200

= 5,200

Overhead Charges =20%of the manufacturing cost

= 800

3. TOTAL COST:

Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges

=4,000+1,200+800

=6,000

Total cost for this project =6,000

CHAPTER -10

CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER – 10

CONCLUSION

Now we know that Pneumatic bending machine is very cheap as compared to

hydraulic bending machine. The range of the bending thickness can be increased by

arranging a high pressure compressor and installing more hardened blades. This machine

is advantageous to small sheet metal bending industries as they cannot afford the

expensive hydraulic cutting and bending machine.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) A.S. Aditya Polapragada & K. Sri Varsha , “Pneumatic Auto Feed Punching , cutting

and Riveting Machine “, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology

(IJERT) Vol. 1 Issue 7, September - 2012 ISSN: 2278-0181.

2) P.M.Pradhan, “Experimental Investigation and Fabrication of Pneumatic Cutting tool”,

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology,

Vol. 2, Issue 6, June 2013.

3) Pneumatic Systems (principles and maintenance) wriiten by S.R. Majumdar.

4) E. Paul. Degarmo, “Shearing in Metal Cutting”, Pages 518-528, Materials and

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& distributors.
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