1

PROJECT / TRAINING REPORT

(JANUARY – APRIL )
NTPC KOLDAM
A
DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO
JAWAHAR LAL NEHRU GOVT. ENGG. COLLEGE, SUNDERNAGAR
SUBMITTED In Partial fulfillment of the
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.E)

SUBMITTED BY
MANIENDER SINGH RAGHAV
ROLL NO : 10BTD5060131
EMAIL-MANIENDER97@GMAIL.COM
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

FACULTY COORDINATOR INDUSTRY COORDINATOR

ER. ANKIT SHARMA Mr. Ashwani Kapoor
A.P. ECE DEPARTMENT SENIOR MANAGER(HR)
JNGEC,SUNDERNAGAR NTPC KOLDAM,JAMTHAL

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 Electronics & Communication Engineering Department
Jawaharlal Nehru Govt. Engineering College,
Sundernagar, Mandi (H.P.)
Phone No. 01907-267199, 267688, Fax No. 267811
Web site: http//www.jngec.ac.in, Email: jngechp@yahoo.co.in

DECLARATION BY STUDENT

I hereby declare that this Industrial Project Report is an authentic record of work carried out
by me during the my training at NTPC Koldam, Jamthal from January to April under the
supervision of my training supervisor Mr. Ashwani Kapoor(Senior Manager,IT) for the award
of degree of B.Tech. in Electronics & Communication Engineering.

(Signature of student)
Maniender Singh Raghav
10BTD5060131
Date: 23/04/2019

(Signature of Head of Department)

Examined by:

(Signature of Internal Examiner) (Signature of External Examiner)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me immense pleasure to express my sincere gratitude to all my seniors and peers who
have directly or indirectly contributed towards the successful completion of my industrial
training at NTPC koldam Hydro Electricity Power Project. My deep gratitude to MR. Ashwani
Kapoor (Senior Manager, IT), Mr. Lucky Junas(Senior Manager, IT), Mr. Jai Narayan
Negi(Manager, IT) and other members of the C&I department at NTPC Koldam who took great
efforts in making me understand and experience the various theoretical and practical facets of
hydro Power Technology and Electronics engineering . Special thanks to Ms. Swati Verma
(Manager, HR) as well who provided me an opportunity to undergo training at NTPC Koldam.

I also express my sincere gratitude to prof. Himanshu Monga (Head of Department ,

ECE,JNGEC) and ER. Ankit Sharma (Assistant Professor, ECE, JNGEC) and all other staff
members of the ECE department of Jawahar Lal Nehru Government Engineering College,
Sundernagar who extended all their help to me despite their busy schedule, in successful
accomplishment of my industrial Training.

Name- Maniender Singh Raghav

Roll no.-10BTD5060131
Branch- ECE
College- JNGEC, Sundernagar

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Table of Contents
1.Certificate…………………………………………………………………………….3
2.Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………4
3.Table of contents……………………………………………………………………..5
4.Company Profile …………………………………………………………………….8
4.1.Vision and Mission………………………………………………………...…10
4.2.Core values …………………………………………………………………..10
5.Power Generation in India…………………………………………………………...11
5.1.Coal based power station…………………………………………………….12
5.2.Gas based power station……………………………………………………...13
5.3.Hydro power projects………………………………………………………..14
6.Renewable energy and distributed generation……………………………………….15
7.Renewable energy projects…………………………………………………………...16
7.1.Solar energy projects…………………………………………………………16
7.2.Wind energy projects…………………………………………………………17
7.3.Hydro projects……………………………………………………………......17
7.4.Geo-thermal projects…………………………………………………………17
8.Diversified growth……………………………………………….……………………18
9.History………………………………………………………………………………...19
10.Performance Statistics……………………………………………………………….21
11.Pollution control systems……………………………………………………………22
12.Environmental reviews………………………………………………………………23
13.About Koldam Hydro Power Project………………………………………………...26
14.Basics of hydro power project……………………………………………………….27
15.Classification of hydro power project……………………………………………......28
16.Hydro power generation principle…………………………………………………...35
17.Simple overview of hydro power project……………………………………………36
18.Major components……………………………………………………………………37
19.Key components of koldam hydro power project…………………………………....44
20.Dam monitoring instruments…………………………………………………………45

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21.Switchyard…………………………………………………………………………...45
22.Switch Gear and protection……………………………………………………….....48
23.Auxiliary supply voltage levels……………………………………………………...51
23.1.Electrical auxiliaries………………………………………………………...53
23.2.Medium voltage distribution………………………………………………..53
23.3.Low voltage distribution…………………………………………………....54
23.4.Lightning protection and earthing circuit system…………………………...55
25.Control and Instrumentation………………………………………………………….56
25.1.Supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA)………………………....56
25.1.1.Main components of SCADA……………………………………………...58
25.2.Different system and their function in C&I………………………………......60
25.2.1.Unit control system………………………………………………………...60
25.2.2.Plant common auxiliaries control system…………………………………..61
25.2.3.HMI/System remote interface………………………………………………61
25.2.4.Master clock system…………………………………………….…………..61

25.2.5.UPS………………………………………………..………………………………61
25.2.6.24V DC battery and battery charger……………………………………….62
25.2.7.Disturbance recorder…………………………………...……………........62
25.2.8.Emergency controls…………………...………………..…………………62
26.Unit control levels…………………………………………………..…………………62
26.1.Field level…………………………………….…………..……………….....63
26.2.UCB/Local computer panel level……………………………………………63
27.Modes of machine operation……………………………………..……….……………63
28.Modes of unit start/stop control……………………………….………….…………...64
29.Unit Control Hierarchy……………………………………….…………………….....64
31.Synchronizing………………………………………………………………………....65
32.IT and Networking……..……………………………………………………………...69
32.1.SAP (System Application Product)……………………………………….....69
32.1.1.SAP ESS…………………………………………………………………...70

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 32.1.2.SAP MSS………………………………………….……………………….70
32.1.3.SAP EEM………………………………………………….……………….70
32.2.Online services ……………………………………………………………….71
32.3.Project PRADIP…………………………………………………………….....75
33.Different Gateway cards in Exchange………………………………………………….77
34.Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...78

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 COMPANY PROFILE

NTPC Limited is the largest thermal power generating company of India. NTPC is India’s
largest energy conglomerate with roots planted way back in 1975 to accelerate power
development in India. Since then it has established itself as the dominant power major with
presence in the entire value chain of the power generation business. From fossil fuels it has
forayed into generating electricity via hydro, nuclear and renewable energy sources. This foray
will play a major role in lowering its carbon footprint by reducing green house gas emissions.
To strengthen its core business, the corporation has diversified into the fields of consultancy,
power trading, training of power professionals, rural electrification, ash utilisation and coal
mining as well.

NTPC became a Maharatna company in May 2010, one of the only four companies to be
awarded this status. NTPC was ranked 512th in the ‘2018, Forbes Global 2000’ ranking of the
World’s biggest companies.

The total installed capacity of the company is 53,166 MW (including JVs) with 20 coal based,
7 gas based stations, 1 Hydro based station and 1 Wind based station. 9 Joint Venture stations
are coal based and 11 Solar PV projects. The capacity will have a diversified fuel mix and by
2032, non-fossil fuel based generation capacity shall make up nearly 30% of NTPC’s portfolio.

NTPC has been operating its plants at high efficiency levels. Although the company has
15.56% of the total national capacity, it contributes 22.74% of total power generation due to
its focus on high efficiency.

In October 2004, NTPC launched its Initial Public Offering (IPO) consisting of 5.25% as fresh
issue and 5.25% as offer for sale by the Government of India. NTPC thus became a listed
company in November 2004 with the Government holding 89.5% of the equity share capital.
In February 2010, the Shareholding of Government of India was reduced from 89.5% to 84.5%
through a further public offer. Government of India has further divested 9.5% shares through
OFS route in February 2013. With this, GOI's holding in NTPC has reduced from 84.5% to
75%. The rest is held by Institutional Investors, banks and Public. Presently, Government of
India is holding in NTPC has reduced to 69.74%.

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NTPC is not only the foremost power generator; it is also among the great places to work. The
company is guided by the “People before Plant Load Factor” mantra which is the template for
all its human resource related policies. In 2018, NTPC was recognized as “Laureate” for
consistently ranking among “Top 50 Best Companies to Work for in India” for last 10 years in
the Great Place to Work and Economic Times survey. Besides, NTPC was also recognized as
the best among PSUs and in Manufacturing.

Fig- Plant Load Factor

𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫

PLF =
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫

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VISION AND MISSION

 Vision
“TO BE THE WORLD’S LEADING POWER COMPANY, ENERGIZING INDIA’S
GROWTH”

 Mission
“PROVIDE RELIABLE POWER AND RELATED SOLUTIONS IN AN ECONOMICAL,
EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY MANNER, DRIVEN BY INNOVATION
AND AGILITY”

 Core Values – I COMIT

I - Integrity
C - Customer Focus
O - Organisational Pride
M - Mutual Respect & Trust
I - Innovation & Learning
T - Total Quality & Safety

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POWER GENERATION IN INDIA

Sl.No. NO. OF CAPACITY

PLANTS (MW)

NTPC Owned

Coal 21 40,700

Gas/Liquid Fuel 7 5,017

Hydro 1 800

Small Hydro 1 8

Renewable energy projects (Solar PV) 11 870

Wind 1 50

Total 42 46,615

Owned By JVs/Subsidiaries

Coal & Gas 9 7,554

Total 51 55,000

Present installed capacity of NTPC is 53,166 MW (including 7,551 MW through

JVs/Subsidiaries) comprising of 51 NTPC Stations (21 Coal based stations, 7 combined cycle
gas/liquid fuel based stations, 2 Hydro based station, 1 Wind based Station), 9 Joint Venture
stations (8 coal based and one gas based) and 11 renewable energy projects.

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 COAL BASED POWER STATIONS
S. NO. CITY STATE INSTALLED
CAPACITY(MW)
1. SINGRAULI UTTAR PRADESH 2000
2. KORBA CHATTISGHAR 2600
3. RAMAGUNDAM ANDHRA PRADESH 2600
4. FARAKKA WEST BENGAL 2100
5. VINDHYACHAL MADHYA PRADESH 3260
6. RIHAND UTTAR PRADESH 2500
7. KAHALGAON BIHAR 2300
8. DADRI UTTAR PRADESH 1820
9. TALCHER ORISSA 3000
10. UNCHAHAR UTTAR PRADESH 1050
11. TALCHER ORISSA 460
12. SIMHADRI ANDHRA PRADESH 1500
13. TANDA UTTAR PRADESH 440
14. BADARPUR DELHI 705
15. SIPAT CHHATTISGHAR 2320
16. SIPAT CHHATTISGHAR 1980
17. BONGAIGAON ASSAM 750
18. MOUDA MAHARASHTRA 1000(2*500MW)
19. RIHAND UTTAR PRADESH 2*500MW
20. BARH BIHAR 3300(5*660)
TOTAL 31495MW

 COAL BASED(OWNED BY JVs)

S.NO. NAME OF THE CITY STATE INSTALLED
JV CAPACITY(MW)

1. NSPCL DURGAPUR WEST BENGAL 120

2. NSPCL ROURKELA ORISSA 120
3. NSPCL BHILAI CHHATTISGHAR 574
4. NPGC AURANGABAD BIHAR 1980
5. M.T.P.S. KANTI BIHAR 110
6. BRBCL NABINAGAR BIHAR 1000
TOTAL 3904MW

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 GAS BASED POWER STATIONS
S.NO. CITY STATE INSTALLED
CAPACITY(MW)

1. ANTA RAJSTHAN 419.33

2. AURAIYA UTTAR PRADESH 663.36
3. KAWAS GUJARAT 656.20
4. DADRI UTTAR PRADESH 829.78
5. JHANOR GUJARAT 657.39
6. KAYAMKULAM KERALA 359.58
7. FARIDABAD HARYANA 431.59
TOTAL 4017.23MW

 GAS BASED JOINT VENTURES/ SUBSIDIARIES:

S.NO. CITY STATE INSTALLED
CAPACITY(MW)

1. RGPPL MAHARASHTRA 1967.08

TOTAL 1967.08MW

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  HYDRO BASED PROJECTS
NTPC has increased thrust on hydro development for a balanced portfolio for long term
sustainability. The first step in this direction was taken by initiating investment in Koldam
Hydro Electric Power Project located on Satluj river in Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh.
Other hydro project under construction is Tapovan Vishnugad. On all these projects
construction activities are in full swing.
S.NO. CITY STATE APPROVED COMMISSIONED
CAPACITY(MW) CAPACITY(MW)

1. KOLDAM HIMACHAL 800 800

(HEPP) PRADESH
2. VISHNUGAD UTTRAKHAND 520
(HEPP)
3. SINGRAULI UTTAR PRADESH 8 8
CW
DISCHARGE
(Small Hydro)
4. LATA UTTRAKHAND 171
TAPOVAN
5. RAMMAM WEST BENGAL 120
TOTAL 1619MW 808MW

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Renewable Energy & Distributed Generation

Renewable Energy
The future lies with renewable energy. Renewable energy technologies provide clean and
green sources of electricity. With their abundance supply, they form the backbone for India’s
energy security and ‘energy independence’ as envisaged by 2020. We aim to transform
NTPC into the country's largest green power producer in the coming years. Green power is
national power.

Fig- Renewable energy projects

Objectives
NTPC envisages a broad base generation mix by evaluating conventional and alternate
sources of energy to ensure long run competitiveness and mitigate fuel risks.

Vision
“To provide green power through locally available resources at affordable price, promoting
clean energy”.

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Portfolio of Renewable Power

NTPC has drafted its business plan of capacity addition of about 1,000 MW through renewable
resources by 2020. In this endeavour, NTPC has already commissioned 845 MW Solar PV
Projects. 50 MW Solar PV at Anantpur in Andhra Pradesh, 260 MW Solar PV at Bhadla in
Rajasthan and 133 MW Solar PV at Mandsar in Madhya Pradesh and 8 MW Small Hydro
Projects are under implementation.

Renewable Energy projects

Solar Energy-
S.NO. CITY STATE CAPACITY(MW)

1. Dadri Solar PV Uttar Pradesh 5

2. Port blair Solar PV Andaman & Nicobar 5

Island
3. Ramagundam Solar Telangana 10
PV(phase-1)
4. Talcher Kaniha Odisha 10
Solar PV
5. Faridabad Solar PV Haryana 5

6. Unchachar Solar PV Uttar Pradesh 10

7. Rajgarh Solar PV Madhya Pradesh 50

8. Singrauli Solar PV Uttar Pradesh 15

9. Ananthpuram Solar Andhra Pradesh 250

PV
10. Bhadla-Solar Rajasthan 260

11. Mandsaur- Solar PV Madhya Pradesh 250

TOTAL 870MW

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Wind Energy-
S.NO. CITY STATE CAPACITY(MW)

1. Rojamal Gujrat 50
TOTAL 50MW

Hydro Energy-
 Projects under Execution (8 MW)

 8 MW hydro energy based project at NTPC-Singrauli in Uttar Pradesh.

Geothermal Energy-
 Tattapani Geothermal Project in Chhattisgarh: MoU Signed with Govt. of Chhattisgarh.
Feasibility studies in association with the Geological Survey of India are in progress.

Distributed Generation
India’s growth story is not possible unless the entire country marches in tandem. This means
that the growth trajectory of rural India where two-thirds of our population lives ramps up
considerably. Economic development with the supply of reliable energy is a must for this goal
to be realised. Subsequently efficient energy management is crucial for rural development.
Some of the villages are located in remote & inaccessible areas where it would be either
impossible or extremely expensive to extend the existing power transmission network.
To this end, distributed generation is the solution to the challenge in providing power to the
off-the-beaten track village clusters.
Currently 16 decentralised distributed generation power projects with a combined capacity of
340 KW have been commissioned for benefitting 2280 households with a population of 12500
in four states.

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Awards:
 IEEMA Power award-2009 in the category of “Excellence in Distributed Generation”.

 NTPC Distributed Generation film “Energizing villages” has been awarded in category
“development venture” by Public Society of India, Hyderabad.

Diversified Growth:

 NTPC to be a 130 GW company by 2032 with diversified fuel mix and a 600 BU
company in terms of generation.

 Coal would continue as predominant fuel with 65% share of coal based capacity in
the portfolio.

 Non-fossil fuel based capacity would achieve a share of 30% and Thermal based
generating capacity share would be 70%.

 Share of RE (including hydro) would be 28%

 NTPC targets a market share of 25% in ancillary services and storage

 NTPC aims to achieve 10% of the estimated market share for supply of electricity in
E-mobility business

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History:

1975-1980

 1975
• Incorporated on November 7 1975.

 1976
• D.V. Kapur took over on March 19 as the first Chairman & Managing Director
of NTPC.

• On December 8, the Government of India cleared NTPC's first pithead Super

thermal power project at Singrauli in Uttar Pradesh.

• The authorised share capital of the company was RS.125 crore.

 1977
• NTPC required the first path of land at Singrauli in September.

• The first batch of executive trainees joined in the Company.

• The first Major contract of Rs.57.5 million was awarded for site leaving work
at Singrauli in june.

 1978
• Takeover of management of Badarpur project.

• Implementation of korba and Ramagundam Projects cleared by the Government

of India in january and February respectively.

• Late Shri Morarji Desai,the then Prime Minister of India,laid the foundation
stone for Ramagundam Project on November 14th.

• Construction of the first transmission network Singrauli-Korba-Kanpur of 400

KV system started.

 1979
• Government of India approved the implementation of Farakka Project in March.

• The authorised share capital of the company rose from Rs.125 crore to Rs 300
crore.

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 1980
• Former Soviet Union offered to assist in setting up of power stations.
Vidhayachal was identified as the first project for such assistance.

• The authorized share capital was raised from Rs.300 crore to Rs.800 crore in
june.

2011-2015

 2014
• Dedication of Mouda Super Thermal Power Station Stage I by Hon'ble Prime
Minister Narendra Modi on August 21, 2014.

 2015
• CMD,NTPC Dr Arup Roy Choudhury presenting Certificate of NTPCs
commitment towards Renewable Energy to Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi
on 15th February,2015. Shri Piyush Goyal, MoS for Power and P K Sinha ,
Power Secretary were also present on the occasion.

• Inauguration of Multi Skill Centre Shri Piyush Goyal Hon’ble Minister of State
(Independent Charge) for Power, Coal and New & Renewable energy ,Govt. Of
India and Shri Dharmendra Pradhan Hon’ble Minister of State (Independent
Charge) for Petroleum & Natural Gas inaugurated the Multi Skill Centre at
Talcher Kaniha on September 3,2015 in presence of Shri Sanjay Kumar Das
Burma, Minister of State (Independent Charge), Food Supplies & Consumer
Welfare, Employment and Technical Education & Training.,Govt of Odisha
,Shri A K Jha ,CMD,NTPC Limited and Shri U P Pani,Director (HR).

2016-…

 2016
• PM Laid Foundation Stone for Telangana STPP Phase-1

• Prime Minister Dedicates NTPC - Koldam to the nation 18.10.16

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Performance Statistics:
In terms of operations, NTPC has always been considerably above the national average.

The table below shows the detailed operational performance of coal and Gas based stations
over the years

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Environment Policy and Environment Management System
Driven by its commitment for sustainable growth of power, NTPC has evolved a well-defined
environment management policy and sound environment practices for minimizing
environmental impact arising out of setting up of power plants and preserving the natural
ecology.

National Environment Policy:

At the national level, the Ministry of Environment and Forests had prepared a draft
Environment Policy (NEP) and the Ministry of Power along with NTPC actively participated
in the deliberations of the draft NEP. The NEP 2006 has since been approved by the Union
Cabinet in May 2006.

NTPC Environment Policy:

As early as in November 1995, NTPC brought out a comprehensive document entitled "NTPC
Environment Policy and Environment Management System". Amongst the guiding principles
adopted in the document are company's proactive approach to environment, optimum
utilization of equipment, adoption of latest technologies and continual environment
improvement. The policy also envisages efficient utilization of resources, thereby minimizing
waste, maximizing ash utilization and providing green belt all around the plant for maintaining
ecological balance.

Pollution Control Systems

While deciding the appropriate technology for its projects, NTPC integrates many
environmental provisions into the plant design. In order to ensure that NTPC comply with all
the stipulated environment norms, various state-of-the-art pollution control systems / devices
as discussed below have been installed to control air and water pollution.

Electrostatic Precipitators:
The ash left behind after combustion of coal is arrested in high efficiency Electrostatic
Precipitators (ESP’s) and particulate emission is controlled well within the stipulated norms.
The ash collected in the ESP’s is disposed to Ash Ponds in slurry form.

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Flue Gas Stacks:
Tall Flue Gas Stacks have been provided for wide dispersion of the gaseous emissions (SOX,
NOX etc) into the atmosphere.

Low-NOX Burners:
In gas based NTPC power stations, NOx emissions are controlled by provision of Low- NOx
Burners (dry or wet type) and in coal fired stations, by adopting best combustion practices.

Neutralization Pits:
Neutralization pits have been provided in the Water Treatment Plant (WTP) for pH correction
of the effluents before discharge into Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) for further treatment and
use.

Coal Settling Pits / Oil Settling Pits:

In these Pits, coal dust and oil are removed from the effluents emanating from the Coal
Handling Plant (CHP), coal yard and Fuel Oil Handling areas before discharge into ETP.

DE & DS Systems:
Dust Extraction (DE) and Dust Suppression (DS) systems have been installed in all coal fired
power stations in NTPC to contain and extract the fugitive dust released in the Coal Handling
Plant (CHP).

Cooling Towers:
Cooling Towers have been provided for cooling the hot Condenser cooling water in closed
cycle Condenser Cooling Water (CCW) Systems. This helps in reduction in thermal pollution
and conservation of fresh water.

Ash Dykes & Ash Disposal systems:

Ash ponds have been provided at all coal based stations except Dadri where Dry Ash Disposal
System has been provided. Ash Ponds have been divided into lagoons and provided with
garlanding arrangements for change over of the ash slurry feed points for even filling of the
pond and for effective settlement of the ash particles.

Ash in slurry form is discharged into the lagoons where ash particles get settled from the slurry
and clear effluent water is discharged from the ash pond. The discharged effluents conform to
standards specified by CPCB and the same is regularly monitored.

At its Dadri Power Station, NTPC has set up a unique system for dry ash collection and disposal
facility with Ash Mound formation. This has been envisaged for the first time in Asia which
has resulted in progressive development of green belt besides far less requirement of land and
less water requirement as compared to the wet ash disposal system

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Ash Water Recycling System:
Further, in a number of NTPC stations, as a proactive measure, Ash Water Recycling System
(AWRS) has been provided. In the AWRS, the effluent from ash pond is circulated back to the
station for further ash sluicing to the ash pond. This helps in savings of fresh water requirements
for transportation of ash from the plant.

The ash water recycling system has already been installed and is in operation at Ramagundam,
Simhadri, Rihand, Talcher Kaniha, Talcher Thermal, Kahalgaon, Korba and Vindhyachal. The
scheme has helped stations to save huge quantity of fresh water required as make-up water for
disposal of ash.

Dry Ash Extraction System (DAES):

Dry ash has much higher utilization potential in ash-based products (such as bricks, aerated
autoclaved concrete blocks, concrete, Portland pozzolana cement, etc.). DAES has been
installed at Unchahar, Dadri, Simhadri, Ramagundam, Singrauli, Kahalgaon, Farakka, Talcher
Thermal, Korba, Vindhyachal, Talcher Kaniha and BTPS.

Liquid Waste Treatment Plants & Management System:

The objective of industrial liquid effluent treatment plant (ETP) is to discharge lesser and
cleaner effluent from the power plants to meet environmental regulations. After primary
treatment at the source of their generation, the effluents are sent to the ETP for further
treatment. The composite liquid effluent treatment plant has been designed to treat all liquid
effluents which originate within the power station e.g. Water Treatment Plant (WTP),
Condensate Polishing Unit (CPU) effluent, Coal Handling Plant (CHP) effluent, floor
washings, service water drains etc. The scheme involves collection of various effluents and
their appropriate treatment centrally and re-circulation of the treated effluent for various plant
uses.

NTPC has implemented such systems in a number of its power stations such as Ramagundam,
Simhadri, Kayamkulam, Singrauli, Rihand, Vindhyachal, Korba, Jhanor

Gandhar, Faridabad, Farakka, Kahalgaon and Talcher Kaniha. These plants have helped to
control quality and quantity of the effluents discharged from the stations.

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Sewage Treatment Plants & Facilities
Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) sewage treatment facilities have been provided at all NTPC
stations to take care of Sewage Effluent from Plant and township areas. In a number of NTPC
projects modern type STPs with Clarifloculators, Mechanical Agitators, sludge drying beds,
Gas Collection Chambers etc have been provided to improve the effluent quality. The effluent
quality is monitored regularly and treated effluent conforming to the prescribed limit is
discharged from the station. At several stations, treated effluents of STPs are being used for
horticulture purpose.

Environmental Institutional Set-up:

Realizing the importance of protection of the environment with speedy development of the
power sector, the company has constituted different groups at project, regional and Corporate
Centre level to carry out specific environment related functions. The Environment
Management Group, Ash Utilisation Group and Centre for Power Efficiency & Environment
Protection (CENPEEP) function from the Corporate Centre and initiate measures to mitigate
the impact of power project implementation on the environment and preserve ecology in the
vicinity of the projects. Environment Management and Ash Utilisation Groups established at
each station, look after various environmental issues of the individual station.

25
About Koldam Hydro Power Project

Koldam Hydro Power Project (4x200 MW) is the first Hydro Power Project under execution
by National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) Limited. The project is a run of the river
scheme and is located in District Bilaspur of Himachal Pradesh on river Satluj, 6 Kms upstream
of Dehar Power House of Beas Satluj Link (BSL) Project. Lip of the Kodam Reservoirs spreads
up to EL 642 m, which is kept below the elevation (EL 642.38 m) of HPSEB‘s Chaba Hydro
Power Station.

The foundation stone for the dam was laid on 5 June 2000 by Prime Minister Atal Bihari
Vajpayee. On 14 January 2004, main construction on the dam began.

Its installed capacity is of 800 MW (4x200 MW). The first 200 MW Francis turbine-generator
was commissioned on 30 March 2015 and the third on 10 April 2015.

Fig – NTPC reservoir

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Basics Of Hydro Power Project

Hydro Power:

Hydropower or hydroelectricity refers to the conversion of energy from flowing water into
electricity. It is considered a renewable energy source because the water cycle is constantly
renewed by the sun. Historically, one of the first uses of hydro power was for mechanical
milling, such as grinding grains.

Classification of Hydro Power Project

The hydroelectric power plants may be classified according to:-

A. Classification According to the Extent of Water Flow Regulation Available

B. Classification According to Availability of Water Head

C. Classification According to Type of Load Supplied

D. Classification of Hydroelectric Power Plants Based on Installed Capacity.

A. Classification According to the Extent of Water Flow Regulation

Available:

According to the extent of water flow regulation available the hydroelectric power plants may
be classified into:

(1) Run-off river power plants without pondage.

(2) Run-off river power plants with pondage.

(3) Reservoir power plants.

1. Run-Off Power Plants without Pondage:

Some hydro power plants are so located that the water is taken from the river directly, and no
pondage or storage is possible. Such plants are called the run-off river power plants without
pondage. Such plants can use water only as and when available; these cannot be used at any
time at will or fit any desired portion of the load curve. In such plants there is no control on
flow of water.

27
During high flow and low load periods, water is wasted and during the lean flow periods the
plant capacity is very low. As such these plants have a very little firm capac-ity. At such places,
the water is mainly used for irrigation or navigation and power generation is only incidental.
Such plants can be built at a considerably low cost but the head available and the amount of
power generated are usually very low.

During floods, the tail water level may become excessive rendering the plant inoperative. The
main objec-tive of such plants is to use whatever flow is available for generation of energy and
thus save coal that otherwise be necessary for the steam plants. During the high flow periods
such plants can be employed to supply a substantial portion of base load.

2. Run-Off River Power Plants with Pondage:

The use-fulness of run-off river power plants is increased by pondage. Pondage refers to storage
at the plant which makes it possible to cope, hour to hour, with fluctuations of load through-out
a week or some longer period depending on the size of pondage. With enough pondage, the firm
capacity of the power plant is increased.

Such type of power plants can be used on parts of the load curve as required, within certain
limitations and is more useful than a plant without pondage. Such power plants are
comparatively more reliable and its generating capacity is less dependent on available rate of
flow of water. Such power plants can serve as base load or peak load power plants depending
on the flow of stream.

During high flow periods these plants may be used as base load and during lean flow periods
these plants may be used to supply peak loads only. When providing pondage, tailrace
condition should be such that floods do not raise the tailrace water level, thus reducing the head
on the plant and impairing its effective-ness. Such plants offer maximum conservation of coal
when operated in conjunction with steam power plants.

28
3. Reservoir Power Plants:

When water is stored in a big reservoir behind a dam, it is possible to control the flow of water
and use it most effectively. Storage increases the firm capacity of the plant and it can be used
efficiently through-out the year. Such a plant can be used as a base load or as a peak load plant
as per requirement. It can also be used on any portion of the load curve in a grid system. Most
of the hydroelectric power plants everywhere in the world are of this type.

B. Classification According to Availability of Water Head:

According to availability of water head the hydroelectric power plants may be classified into:

(a) Low Head

(b) Medium Head and

(c) High Head Power Plants.

Though there is no definite line of demarcation for low, medium and high heads but the head
below 30 meters is considered low head, the head above 30 meters and below 300 meters is
considered as medium head and above 300 meters is considered as high head.

(a) Low Head Hydroelectric Power Plants:

A typical low head installation on a river consists essentially of a dam across the stream to back
up the river and create a fall, the water flowing through the turbines and remerging the river
below the dam.

A dam or barrage constructed across the river creates the necessary head. The power plant is
located near the dam and therefore, no surge tank is required. Either one half of the barrage has
regulating gates for discharge of surplus water while the plant is in front of second half or the
plant is constructed by the side of the river.

In low head power plants Francis, propeller or Kaplan turbines are employed. Since for given
output, large quantity of water is required, head being low, therefore pipes of large diameter

29
and short length are required in low head plants. Structure of such plants is extensive and
expensive. Genera-tors employed in such plants are of low speed and large diameter.

(b) Medium Head Hydroelectric Power Plants:

In these power plants, the river water is usually tapped off to a forebay on one bank of the river
as in case of a low head plant. From the forebay the water is led to the turbines through
penstocks. The forebay provided at the beginning of penstock serves as a water reservoir for
such power plants.

In these plants, water is usually carried in open channel from main reservoir to the forebay and
then to the turbines through the penstock. The forebay itself serves as the surge tank in this
case. In these plants horizontal shaft Francis, propeller or Kaplan turbines are used.

(c) High Head Hydroelectric Power Plants:

If high head is available, a site may be chosen, where a stream de-scending a steep lateral valley
can be dammed and a reser-voir for storage of water is formed. A pressure tunnel is constructed
between reservoirs to valve house at the start of penstock to carry water from reservoir to valve
house.

Surge tank (a tank open from the top) is built just before the valve house so that the severity of
water hammer effect on penstock can be reduced in case of sudden closing of fixed gates of
the water turbine. Surge tank also serves as a ready reservoir from which the turbine can draw
water temporarily when there is sudden increase in demand.

The valve house consists of main sluice valves and automatic isolating valves, which operate
on bursting of penstock and cut off further supply of water to penstock. Penstocks are pipes
and carry the water from the valve house to the turbines.

30
For heads above 500 m Pelton wheels are used while for lower heads Francis turbines are
employed. The generators used are of high speed and small diameter. Penstocks are of large
length and comparatively smaller cross section.

C. Classification According to Type of Load Supplied:

According to the load supplied hydroelectric power stations may be classified into:

(a) Base Load

(b) Peak Load

(c) Pumped Storage Plants for the Peak Load.

(a) Base Load Plants:

The plants, which can take up load on the base portion of the load curve of the power system,
are called the base load power plants. Such plants are usually of large capacity. Since such
plants are kept run-ning practically on block load (i.e., the load that is practi-cally constant),
load factor of such plants is therefore high. Run-off river plants without pondage and reservoir
plants are used as base load plants.

Plants having large storage can best be used as base load plants and particularly in rainy
seasons, when the water level of the reservoir will be raised by rain water. For a plant to be
used as base load plant, the unit cost of energy generated by the plant should be low.

(b) Peak Load Plants:

Plants used to supply the peak load of the system corresponding to the load at the top portion
of the load curve are called the peak load plants. Run-off river plants with pondage can be
employed as peak load plants. If the pondage is enough, a large portion of the load can be
supplied by such a plant if and when required. Res-ervoir plants can of course be used as peak
load plants also. Peak load plants have large seasonal storage. They store water during off-peak
periods and are operated during peak load periods. Load factor of such plants is low.

31
(c) Pumped Storage Plants for the Peak Load:

This is a unique design of peak load plant.

D. Classification of Hydroelectric Power Plants Based on Installed Capacity:

Apart from above classification, hydroelectric power plants can be classified, on the basis of
installed capacity, as large, medium, small, mini, and micro hydro power plants. Generally the
mini, micro, and pico hydro come under the subcategory of small hydro plants.

These are briefly described as below:-

Apart from the above said classification, there is also a class of very large hydro power plants
coming up with capacity ranging from more than 5,000 MW up to 10,000 MW due to the large
scale investment and better technology available. However, as far as small hydro is concerned
the upper and lower limit varies from country to country while defining the small hydro power
project which ranges between 5 to 50 MW.

There are three types of hydropower facilities:

 Impoundment type
 Diversion type
 Pumped storage type

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Impoundment:-

The most common type of hydroelectric power plant is an impoundment facility. An

impoundment facility, typically a large hydropower system, uses a dam to store river
water in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning
it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity. The water may be released
either to meet changing electricity needs or to maintain a constant reservoir level.

Fig- impoundment illustration

33
 Diversion:-

Diversion, sometimes called run-of-river, facility channels a portion of a river through

a canal or penstock. It may not require the use of a dam but also has limited flexibility
to follow peak variation in power demand. Thus, it will mainly be useful for base-load
capacity. This scenario results in limited flooding and changes to river flow.

Fig- Diversion dam illustration

Pumped Storage:-

Another type of hydropower called pumped storage works like a battery, storing the electricity
generated by other power sources like solar, wind, and nuclear for later use. It stores energy by
pumping water uphill to a reservoir at higher elevation from a second reservoir at a lower
elevation. When the demand for electricity is low, a pumped storage facility stores energy by
pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir.

During periods of high electrical demand, the water is released back to the lower reservoir and
turns a turbine, generating electricity.

34
 Fig- Pumped Storage Plant

Hydro Power Generation Principle

The principle of hydropower is that the potential energy of the water stored at great heights in
the dam is converted in to kinetic energy by allowing the water to flow at high speed. Then the
kinetic energy of flowing water used to generate electricity.
In hydroelectric power station, the flowing water is stopped in high altitude rivers by
constructing dams and is stored in huge reservoir behind the dam. The water stored possessed
very large amount of potential energy. Then the water is allowed to fall through pipes on the
blades of big water called turbines. These turbines are connected to electric generators.

35
Simple Overview of Hydro Power Project

Hydroelectric power plant requires various components for generating electrical power. Some
of the major components in hydroelectric power plants are:

 Reservoirs
 Dam
 Trash Rack
 Forebay
 Surge Tank
 Penstock
 Spillway
 Prime Mover
 Generator
 Draft Tube.

The functions of all major components are discussed.

36
Reservoir:

The function or purpose of reservoir is to store the water during rainy season and supply the
same during dry season. This is in simple, water storage area.

Dam:

The function of dam is to increase the height of the water level (increase in the potential energy)
behind it which ultimately increases the reservoir capacity. The dam also helps in increasing
the working head of the power plant. Dams are generally built to provide necessary head to the
power plant.

Trash Rack:

The water intake from the dam or from the forebay are provided with trash rack. The main
function of trash rack is to prevent the entry of any debris which may damage the wicket gates
and turbine runners or choke-up the nozzles of impulse turbine. During winter season when
water forms ice, to prevent the ice from clinging to the trash racks, they are often heated
electrically. Sometimes air bubbling system is provided in the vicinity of the trash racks which
brings warmer water to the surface of the trash racks.

Fig – Intake and trash rack

Forebay:

The function of forebay is to act as regulating reservoir temporarily storing water when the
load on the plant is reduced and to provide water for initial increment of an increasing load
while water in the canal is being accelerated. In many cases, the canal itself is large enough to

37
absorb the flow variations. In short, forebay is naturally provided for storage of water to absorb
any flow variations if exist. This can be considered as naturally provided surge tank as it does
the function of the surge tank. The forebay is always provided with some type of outlet structure
to direct water to penstock depending upon the local conditions.

Surge Tank:

The main function of surge tank is to reduce the water hammering effect. When there is a
sudden increase of pressure in the penstock which can be due sudden decrease in the load
demand on the generator. When there is sudden decrease in the load, the turbine gates admitting
water to the turbine closes suddenly owing to the action of the governor. This sudden rise in
the pressure in the penstock will cause the positive water hammering effect. This may lead to
burst of the penstock because of high pressures. When there is sudden increase in the load,
governor valves opens and accepts more water to the turbine. This results in creation of vacuum
in the penstock resulting into the negative water hammering effect. Therefore the penstock
should have to withstand both positive water hammering effect created due to close of governor
valve and negative water hammering effect due to opening of governor valve. In order to
protect the penstock from these water hammering effects, surge tank is used in hydroelectric
power station.

A surge tank is introduced in the system between dam and the power house nearest. Surge tank
is a tank provided to absorb any water surges caused in the penstock due to sudden loading and
unloading of the generator. When the velocity of the water in the penstock decreases due to
closing of turbine valves, the water level in the surge tank increases and fluctuating up and
down till its motion is damped out by the friction. Similarly when the water accelerates in the
penstock, water is provided by the surge tank for acceleration. Surge tank water level falls
down and fluctuates up and down absorbing the surges.

Penstock:

Penstock is a pipe between the surge tank and the prime-mover. The structural design of the
penstock is same as for any other pipe expect it has to bear high pressure on the inside surface
during sudden decease in the load and increase in the load. Penstocks are made of steel through
reinforced concrete. Penstocks are usually equipped with the head gates at the inlet which can

38
be closed during the repair of the penstocks, A sufficient water head should be provided above
the penstock entrance in the forebay or surge tank to avoid the formation of vortices which may
carry air in to the penstock and resulting in lower turbine blade efficiency.

Fig- penstocks

Spillway:

The function of spillway is to provide safety of the dam. Spillway should have the capacity to
discharge major floods without damage to the dam and at the same time keeps the reservoir
levels below some predetermined maximum level.

Fig- spillways

39
Power House:

A power house consists of two main parts, a sub-structure to support the hydraulic and electrical
equipment and a superstructure to house and protect this equipment.

The superstructure of most power plants is the buildings that house all the operating equipment.
The generating unit and the exciter is located in the ground floor. The turbines which rotate on
vertical axis are placed below the floor level while those rotating on a horizontal axis are placed
on the ground floor alongside of the generator.

Prime movers or Hydro Turbines:

The main function of prime movers or hydro turbines is to convert the kinetic energy of the
water in to the mechanical energy to produce the electric power. The prime movers which are
in common use are pelton wheel, francis turbine and kaplan turbines.

Fig- Francis turbine

40
Generator:

An electric generator works on the principle of Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.

Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction states that “whenever a current carrying conductor
are placed in the magnetic field, then a flux is induces in the circuit due to which a current start
to flow in the rotor.

Generator Features

S.no. Description Data

1. Rated power 220 MW
2. Rated Voltage 13.8KV
3. Rated Power Factor 0.9
4. Rated Frequency 50Hz
5. Number of Phases 3
6. Current 9288A
7. Rotation per minute 166.6
8. Insulation class F
9. Standard IES:34 - 1

Generator Components:-

 Generator stator
 Generator rotor
 Collector
 Upper Bracket
 Upper Guide Bearing(with lubrication and cooling devices)
 Lower Bracket
 Combined Lower Guide and Thrust Bearing
 Combined Braking and Jacking System

41
 Fig – Generator diagram

Generator Stator and Rotor (Alternator):

The term, "stator" is derived from the word stationary. The stator then is the stationary part of
the AC motor. The rotor is the rotating electrical component. It also consists of a group of
electro-magnets arranged around a cylinder, with the poles facing toward the stator poles.

Generator Collector:

Electric generators and synchronous motors with static excitation use rotating slip rings (also
known as collector rings) and stationary carbon brushes to transfer the field current from the
stationary exciter to the rotating generator field.

Upper Guide Bearings:

The main function is to keep the shaft aligned vertically and support any radial force that can
take place during the operation. The tilting guide pads are usually adopted, even if we can find
bearing with bushings in case of mean-small units. The lubrication may be natural with a
thermal exchange coil placed inside the tank or forced by the aid of pumps and external
exchangers.

42
Braking and Jacking System:

The braking and jacking system comprises six brake assemblies,

Compressed air equipment, a mobile HP oil hand pump unit, a braking and jacking unit
assembly and the associated pipework and valves. The brake assemblies are mounted on the
bottom bearing housing and act on a brake track on the underside of the rotor.

The units are operated either by low pressure air for braking, or by hydraulic pressure for
jacking the rotor for maintenance. The distance between the brake pads and brake track is a
minimum of 3mm. During normal shutdown of the generator, the brakes are applied
automatically when the generator speed dropped to 10% of rated speed.

Draft tube:

The draft tube is a part of the reaction turbine. The draft tube is a diverging discharge passage
connecting the running with tailrace. It is shaped to decelerate the flow with a minimum loss
so that the remaining kinetic energy of the water coming out of the runner is efficiently regained
by converting into suction head. Thereby increasing the total pressure difference on the runner.
This regain of kinetic energy of the water coming out from the reaction turbine is the primary
function of the draft tube. The regain of static suction head in case where the runner is located
above the tail water level is the secondary purpose of the draft tube.

Fig- draft tube

43
 Key Components of Koldam Hydro Power Project

Koldam HPP comprises of the following components:

1. Two (horse shoe type) diversion tunnels each of 14 m finished dia., discharge carrying capacity
of 6500 m3/sec and lengths 901 m & 934 m respectively to divert river flow during construction
phase of the project.
2. A 167 m high (above deepest foundation level) & 500 m long (at crest) rock & gravel fill with
impervious central clay core dam across river Satluj to provide a pondage of 90 MCM between
FRL + 642 m and MDDL +636 m. Pondage will reduce to 5 MCM after 30 years of operation
due to silting in the reservoir.
3. A 460.52 m long chute spillway with a gated crest on left bank with a crest level of 625 m to
pass PMF 16500 m3/sec.
4. A de-silting arrangement in approach channel to spillway submerged in the body of reservoir
to eliminate sediment particles ≥ 0.25 mm in size.
5. An intake structure with 4 nos. bays and 4 nos. vertical slide gates .
6. 4 Nos. underground penstocks of total length 1765 m and each with 6.45 m inner finished
diameter and discharge capacity of 196 m3/sec.
7. A Surface Power House at toe of dam housing 4 Francis type vertical axis generating units of
200 MW each to generate 3054.79 Gwh energy in a 90% dependable (design energy year using
a rated head of 131.2 m).
8. Project would also provide peaking capacity of 800 MW to the Northern grid. 400 kV open
type switchyard having 4 nos. outgoing feeders (Nalagrah, Balana, Ludhiana-I & Ludhiana–II)
on double circuit lines to evacuate generated power at power house.

 A rock/gravel fill with impervious central clay core dam (crest 648m, crest length 500m, crest
width 14m, height 167m, live storage 90 MCM). Submergence at FRL would spread up to 42
Kms in Bilaspur, Solan, Shimla and Mandi Districts of Himachal Pradesh.
 Koldam dam is designed for maximum intensity of earthquake in the region. Core material,
filters, outer shell zones & rip-rap of dam have been processed specially to meet requirements
of such a high dam. Dam has zones (including rip-rap) compacted to very high degree to ensure
mobilization of requisite shear resistance with least deformation. Foundation of dam is
adequately consolidated with a grout curtain.

44
 Dam Monitoring Instruments
 349 measuring instruments are installed for measuring the Dam parameters.
 These instruments include 27 installed in Dam drainage galleries and remaining 322 installed
in main body of the Dam at various levels.

 Parameters of dam to be monitored using measuring instruments are: pore pressure within
structure, foundation & abutments; earth pressure in body of dam;
temperature variations in dam & foundation; structural displacement, deflection & settlement
in dam; seepage and vertical & horizontal displacement.
 Instruments installed in main dam are vibrating wire piezometers (fill type), vibrating wire
piezometer (foundation type), vibrating wire settlement cells, open chamber piezometers,
porous tube piezometers, multiple position borehole extensometers, strong motion
acclerographs, instrument stations, monitoring beams, close chamber piezometers, cell
settlement cells and fill extensometers.

Decanting Chambers

A silt exclusion chamber with a series of 14 submersible weirs has been provided in reservoir
along the approach channel of spillway to remove silt particles>0.25mm, silt in river>0.25mm
would settle in reservoir. Water would enter in chamber from submersible weir at sill level
631.75m. Decanting Chamber has two Gravity walls: one adjacent to Dam (54 m long) and
other adjacent to Spillway (10 m long).

SWITCHYARD

 Koldam HPP has a 400kV open type Switchyard situated at Sherpa area about 1.5 km away
from Main Power Plant at an elevation of 705 m .
 Switchyard employs ―One and a half Circuit Breaker‖ Switching Scheme with one tie
breaker for each two circuit breakers.
 Generated power at 13.8 kV would be stepped up to 400 KV by Generator Transformers
installed in transformer deck at Main Power Plant and received through 1 km long 400 kV
Double Circuit transmission lines with Twin MOOSE ACSR Conductor in four Nos. of GT

45
 Bays in Switchyard and evacuated from Switchyard through four over ground outgoing
feeders i.e. Balana, Nalagarh, Ludhiana-1
 Ludhiana-2 to Nalagarh and Ludhiana through 400 kV Transmission Lines, Koldam-
Nalagarh Lines being constructed by Power Grid and Koldam-Ludhiana Lines would be
constructed by a joint venture formed between Power Grid, Reliance & NTPC.
 Switchyard has 4 Nos. Outgoing Feeders: Nalagarh, Balana, Ludhiana-1 and Ludhiana- 2
on Double Circuit Transmission Lines.

For protection purpose, bays at Switchyard are grouped into:

 GT Bays with Tie (Bay # 7-8-9 & 16-17-18 )

 Nalagarh & Parbati Bays with Tie (Bay # 4-5-6)

 Reactor & Ludhiana-2 bays with Tie (Bay#10-11- 12)

 Ludhiana-1 Bay with Tie (future) (Bay #13-14-15)

 Future Bays (1-2-3) with Tie envisaged (not erected)

 One Shunt Reactor Bay (3x26.67=80 MVA Capacity) is provided for reactive power
compensation for Ludhiana Circuit about 150 Km long.

 A control room housing Modern Substation Automation System with features for
control/protection of bay equipments, interlocks at bay/station level, metering, fault
analysis along with gateways for remote communication to Main Plant SCADA, RLDC
and NTPC (OS) at Corporate Centre has been provided.

46
 Fig- Single Line Diagram of 400KV Switchyard at Koldam

*Abbrevations used

[CT- Current Transformer, LA- Lightening Arrestors, CVT- Capacitor Voltage Transformer,
WT- Wave Trap.]

47
Switch Gear and Protection

Bus Post Insulators:

Bus Post Insulators are used to route the electrical energy within sub station. They provide the
support and required clearances to all conductors, Bus Bar etc after reaching the equipment
connection level from lines/strung buses.

 Material- Porcelain Insulator

 Colour- Brown Glazed
 Number of stacks -3 (Top, Middle, Bottom)
 Voltage Class (kV)- 420

Lightinig Arrestors:

They provide controlled points for diverting a lightening or over voltage and thereby protecting
equipment.

 400kV surge arresters location -400kV outgoing line bay (support structure mounted)
 Type -Outdoor, ZnO without series gap
 System Voltage (kV)-400
 Rated Voltage (kV)- 390
 Max. System Voltage (kV)- 420

Capacitive Voltage Transformers:

They are used for measuring primary voltage and for protection.

They are also used for telecommunication applications inconjunction with Line Trap.

 Type- Outdoor, 1Ø, oil filled

 Rated Frequency (Hz) -50
 Highest System Voltage(kV) -420

48
Wave Traps:

They are used for protection with Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) and
telecommunication between substations (receiving and sending end). It restricts high
frequency from over ground feeder and allows low frequency to flow.

 Type -Wide band filter, single phase, tunable, air-core

 Rated Frequency (Hz)- 50
 Highest System Voltage (kV)- 420

Current Transformers:

They are used for measuring primary current of the system.

 Type- Outdoor, 1Ø, oil filled

 Rated Frequency (Hz) -50
 Highest System Voltage(kV)- 420

Isolators (Centre break- with Earth switches)

Isolators provide visual means of isolating a circuit and are usually operated without load.
Isolators can be operated from local and remote.

However, inter-locks are provided to ensure that Isolator is opened/closed only when the
adjacent Circuit Breaker (s) is/are Open, so that no load breaking/load switching is occurring
through Isolator.

Earthing Switches provide paths from phase to ground required during maintenance of
equipment. The Earth Switches are to be operated from Local Only. For the operation of Earth
Switches, both manual and motorised provisions are there.

49
Mechanically inter-locked keys are provided with Earth Switches for their safe operation.
These can only be operated (opened/closed) when the corresponding Isolators are in Open
position.

 Type- Outdoor
 400Kv- Disconnectors with earthing switch Horizontal Centre-break, Motor/ Manual
Operation
 Rated Voltage (kV) -400
 Maximum Rating Voltage (kV)- 420
 Rated Current (A) -2000

Circuit Breakers:

They are provided to make or break the power circuit on-load. Circuit Breakers can be operated
through Local or Remote. Closing & Tripping Coils working on Control DC Voltage operate
the main contacts of CB. Protective Relays are supervising the parameters close to the CBs and
initiate a trip command to the concerned Breaker, so as to isolate the fault and save the
remaining areas of the Power System.

 Type -SF6 Gas, outdoor, livetank, single pressure

 Rated Voltage - 400 kV
 Maximum System Voltage - 420 kV
 Number of Interrupter per Pole ≤ 2 v
 Rated Frequency - 50 Hz
 Rated normal current (A) - 2000 A

Shunt Reactors

They are used in high voltage systems to compensate capacitive generation from long lightly
loaded overhead transmission lines or extended cable systems and also for control of dynamic
over voltages.

 Make- BHEL, Bhopal

 No. of Unit- 3

50
  Type of Cooling- ONAN
 Rated Power- 26.67 MVAR
 Rating Voltage -20/√3kV
 Line Current ( Normal Tap)- 110 Amps

Substation Automation System (SAS):

SAS, supplied by M/s ABB, provides means to electrically control equipment of substation
from a remote location and also to protect the HV equipment in the event of fault. SAS
incorporates all functions of Control & Protection and additionally performs data acquisition,
analysis, remote communication etc (covers Bay Protection Relays, Bay Control Relays,
Control Panel Accessories, Metering System, Indications, GPS system, Hardware items like
Servers, PCs, Large Video Displays, Printers etc.). Micro SCADA based SAS with Station
Level & Bay Level Controls and communication capability (through Gateways) with Main
Plant & Remote Load Dispatch

Centre/NTPC OS consists of:

• Bay Control Unit for each 400kV Bays ( ABB REC 670)

• Line Distance Protection through Main 1 (ABB REL 670) & Main 2 (SIEMENS SIPROTEC)
– both Numerical Relays

• Duplicated Tee Differential Protection is through Numerical Relay RET 670

• Duplicated B/B protection through Numerical Relay REB500

• Duplicated Local Breaker Back-up or CB failure protection

• Auto-reclose function for Line Bays and associated Tie Bays

• Reactor protection

• Synchronizing check

• Trip Coil Supervision for all Circuit Breakers

• Disturbance recording, Alarm & Event Logging, Fault Locator

51
• GPS to synchronize the time of all IEDs and SAS

• Energy Metering System

Bus Bar Protection:

Station Level protection of Switchyard is provided with Bus Bar Protection (PBDF, 87B)
through ABB make IED REB500, based on distributed Bay level units controlled by a Central
Unit, communicating with each other through optical fibre. Protection is based on low
impedance differential current principle and operates discriminatively for all faults inside the
zone of protection and remains reliably stable for all faults outside zone of protection. Function
is also equipped with End Fault Protection (EFP) to take care of un-cleared faults falling
between CT & CB. Duplicated bay units derived from two independent CT cores and tripping
only in case of two out of two sensing is applied for ensuring high reliability and to avoid
malfunctioning.

Auxiliary Supply Voltage Levels:

Auxiliary power system provides electric power needed to ensure proper operation of
substation (Station Auxiliary Transformer, LV Switchgear and AC Distribution Boards, DC
Distribution Boards, Battery Banks, Battery Charger etc.) along with other station auxiliaries
like Fire Fighting System, Air Conditioning & Ventilation System etc.

Galvanized Steel Structures:

Galvanized steel structures (Towers & Gantry Systems) with string insulators are used as
support to bear the load of conductor network spread along the substation. Towers with peaks
are used at the incoming/outgoing points for connecting ground wires of the terminating
transmission lines. Towers without peak are used inside Switchyard. Lattice construction is
used. Suspension and tension type string insulators are used to hold the conductors. Associated
hardware include clamps, spacers, corona rings etc.

Total Number of Towers - 37

Total Number of Girders - 22

52
Transmission Lines from Main Plant to Switch Yard (400kv double circuit)

Arrangement for connecting GTs to SY comprises of following:

 Connection of phase conductors from each Generator Transformer to Gantry structure

consisting of 5 nos. of peaks.
 Connection of phase conductors from Gantry structure to two 400 kV Double Circuit
Transmission Towers, each carrying 6 conductor Two nos. of 400 kV Double Circuit
Transmission Lines having five more towers each, up to Switchyard terminating at two
nos. of Gantry structures.
 Conductors received at Gantries are further extended to the concerned GT bays.

Electrical Auxiliaries:

For power house-:

Medium Voltage Distribution:

 Auxiliary power system is through following two Auxiliary Transformers each of 8 MVA,
13.8KV/11.5KV, 3 Ph, DYn1: Auxiliary Transformer-1 (AT-1) fed from Unit-1 Auxiliary
Transformer-2 (AT-2) fed from Unit-4
 Tapping for these transformers are taken from generators 1 & 4 just after generator CBs
and before generator transformers.
 AT1 feeds 11 KV Station Service Board-1 (SSB-1) and AT2 feeds SSB2 through 630A, 12
KV ratings vacuum CBs each in SSBs. Vacuum Circuit Breakers(V CBs) act as tie in each
SSBs.
 SSB-1 feeds Unit Auxiliary Transformer-1(UAT-1), UAT-2, Spillway Transformer-1
(SPLT-1), Switchyard Transformer -1 (S/Y T/F-1) and Distribution Transformer-1 (DT-1).
 SSB-2 feeds Unit Auxiliary Transformer-3 (UAT-3), UAT-4, Spillway Transformer-2
(SPLT-2), Switchyard Transformer -2 (S/Y T/F-2) and Distribution Transformer-2 (DT-2).
 All UATs, Switchyard Transformers, Spillway Transformers, Distribution Transformers
for colony are fed from SSBs through 400A, 12KV rating vacuum CBs. These transformers
have been discussed under separate headings.

53
 Low Voltage Distribution :

 Low voltage boards supply AC power to power station auxiliaries and dam facilities.
 UAT-1 and UAT-3 feed Unit Transformer Main Board-1, having two bus bars (one fed
from UAT-1 through an ACB and/or fed from UAT-3 through an ACB) interconnected by
a tie breaker (ACB).
 UAT-2 and UAT-4 feed Unit Transformer Main Board-2, having two bus bars (one fed
from UAT-2 through an ACB and/or fed from UAT-4 through an ACB) interconnected by
a tie breaker (ACB).
 All ACBs are of 3200A, 415V rating. Tie breakers are in normally open condition and other
breakers in normally closed positions.
 Unit Transformer Main Board-1 feeds UAB-1, UAB-3 and Safety Aux. & Non-essential
boards -2. Unit Transformer Main Board-2 feeds UAB-2, UAB-4 and Safety Aux. & Non-
essential boards -1 board. From these boards, power is supplied to their respective loads.
 Two DG sets (PHDG-1 and PHDG-2: each of 1250 KVA, 1739 A, 0.8 PF, 415V, 3 Ph, 50
Hz) in power house have been provided for suppling low voltage supply in case of power
failure.
 DG sets are connected with CBs (2500A, 415V) in DG local control panels 1 and 2, which
are further extended to DG sets LTAC boards containing two bus bars with a normally open
2500A, 415V ACB tie breaker. Each bus bar is fed from DG sets through individual 2500A,
415V ACBs in DG LTAC board interlocked with DG synchronizing panel.

For Dam & Spillway:

Following two spillway transformers have been provided to provide power supply for water
intake gates, water intake gate auxiliaries, radial spillway gates, spillway gates auxiliaries,
safety auxiliaries and non-essential auxiliaries:

 Spillway transformer-1(SP LT-1): It is fed from SSB-1

 Spillway transformer-2(SP LT-2): It is fed from SSB-2

54
Lighting Protections and Earthing Circuit System

General :

 It covers earthing & lightning system for spillway building, spillway & associated
equipments (gates, trash rack cleaners, gantry cranes), different galleries of dam, water
intake and associated access galleries, de-silting basin, associated galleries, gallery
between dam & power house, diversion tunnel (right tunnel) & its associated bottom
gates, water storage tank and power house.
 Earthing and lightning system discharge LV, MV and HV fault currents and protect
equipment against lightning strokes.

Lightning Protections For Power House Building:

 Lightning stroke can reach up to 200KA. Lightning surge of 200KA is very rare. However,
normal average lightning amplitude is 20 kA.

 To protect the building, Faradays caging and air termination grid is employed. Conductor
size for power house is 25x6 mm (150 mm2) with current carrying capacity of more than
20KA for 1 sec.

 10 m x 13.5 m grid is employed with 42 numbers of down conductors. Vertical strip of 1m

height is provided at every 10m interval along the length and also at the ridge. Strip is
necessarily welded at cross points only. From these points, the down conductors of 25mm
x 6mm is brought down and connected to test link box & further interconnected to main
earth mat of PH.

 As main earth mat of power house has several earth pit electrodes, the separate electrode
are not needed. However, at the corner of power house dedicated lightning earth pit
electrodes (treated) are provided. Roof of building by side of power house at EL 526 m &
EL 530 m is also provided with grid of 25 mm x 6mm and with down.

55
Control and Instrumentation

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition(SCADA)

Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a system of software and hardware
elements that allows industrial organizations to:

 Control industrial processes locally or at remote locations

 Monitor, gather, and process real-time data

 Directly interact with devices such as sensors, valves, pumps, motors, and more through
human-machine interface (HMI) software

 Record events into a log file

SCADA systems are crucial for industrial organizations since they help to maintain efficiency,
process data for smarter decisions, and communicate system issues to help mitigate downtime.

The basic SCADA architecture begins with programmable logic controllers (PLCs) or remote
terminal units (RTUs). PLCs and RTUs are microcomputers that communicate with an array
of objects such as factory machines, HMIs, sensors, and end devices, and then route the
information from those objects to computers with SCADA software. The SCADA software
processes, distributes, and displays the data, helping operators and other employees analyze the
data and make important decisions.

A basic SCADA diagram is shown on the next page to understand the basic working of this
system software.

56
 Fig- Basic SCADA Diagram

For example, the SCADA system quickly notifies an operator that a batch of product is showing
a high incidence of errors. The operator pauses the operation and views the SCADA system
data via an HMI to determine the cause of the issue. The operator reviews the data and discovers
that Machine 4 was malfunctioning. The SCADA system’s ability to notify the operator of an
issue helps him to resolve it and prevent further loss of product.

System Configuration:

Control and Monitoring system provided at koldam hydro power project is a ‘maxDNA’ based
distributed digital control system having powerful processors, I/O modules and conventional
control devices (i.e. pushbuttons, lamps,meters) at local control panels and computer based
Human Machine Interference(HMI) in the central control room.

57
Main Components of SCADA:

Server For Storian

Quantity 2 nos (Historical Server+Log Station)

Make DELL/HP-Compaq/IBM-Lenovo

Processor Intel Core 2 Duo/Xeon Processor

Hard Disk Drives 3 nos 72GB

Raid 5 Supported

DVD writer 1 NO

RAM 1GB ECC-DDR, upgradable to 4GB

OS Microsoft Windows2003 Server Std. edition

Application Software MS Access Runtime, Acrobat Reader, Word View,

Server Management Utility

TFT Monitor 24” Wide Screen

Resolution 1280 x 1024 ppi

58
Work Station for Engineers

Quantity 2 nos (Engineer+Plant Station)

Make DELL/HP-Compaq/IBM-Lenovo

Processor Intel Core 2 Duo/Xeon Processor

Hard Disk Drives 2 nos 80GB

Raid 1 Implemented

Ethernet Cards 2 nos.

DVD writer 1 no.

RAM 1GB ECC-DDR, upgradable to 4GB

OS Microsoft Windows XP Professional

Application Software MS Access Runtime, Acrobat Reader, Word View,

Server Management Utility

TFT Monitor 24” Wide Screen

Resolution 1280 x 1024 ppi

59
Different Systems and their Functions in C & I:

System - Unit Control System (for each unit)

Description Function
Auto sequencer & Unit control & monitoring Start/Stop control and data acquisition of
board each turbine/generator unit and its
auxilliaries
Unit alarm annunciator panel Trip and non trip group alarms annunciation
relating to each turbine/ generator unit and its
auxiliaries
Unit temperature measurement panel Contains the temperature recorders for
viewing at UCB level
Unit gauge panel Contains the dial type of gauges for viewing
at UCBlevel

System – Plant Common Auxiliaries Control System

Description Function
Common auxiliaries Local Control Board Data acquisition, control and monitoring of
Common auxiliaries like drainage,
dewatering, fire protection, ventilation
systems etc
Common auxiliaries Alarm annunciator Trip and Non-Trip group alarms
panel annunciation relating to common auxiliaries

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System – Dam spillway, water intake local control system

Description Function
Dam spillway, water intake local control Data acquisition, control and monitoring of
board dam, spillway and water intake system
signals

System – HMI/DAS (SCADA)/ System Remote Interface

Function
Centralized computer control includes control and monitoring of each unit and unit
auxiliaries, Station Common auxiliaries and overall plant control. Data storage, displaying,
event reporting and logging
Engineering functions for configuring the above and interfacing with local control panels
Gateway for remote control from NTPC OS location data monitoring of 400kV switchyard

System – Master Clock System

Description Function
GPS based Master Clock system Global time receiver with multiple outputs
for control system, alarm annunciator etc, for
synchronized operations and monitoring

System – UPS

Description Function
240 V AC UPS for Computer and Network Provide true on- line UPS output with
Switches redundant inverter configuration to the
control system computer equipment and
network switches

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System – 24V DC Battery and Battery Charger

Function
Provide 24V DC regulated and uninterruptible output with redundant
converter configuration to the control system panel equipment

System – Disturbance Recorder

Description Function
Disturbance recorder Panel Contains the disturbance recorders

System – Emergency Control

Description Function
Emergency Control Panel Contains Units and Site emergency control
and displays

System – Network
Function
All the above mentioned components are in integrated operation by communicating with
each other over a redundant switched Fast Ethernet network

Unit Control Levels:

Field Level:-
Control using front door actuators, indicators on local equipment which are located near the
field items being controlled. For example, oil pressure system, cooling water system, brake and
jack panel etc. Where applicable these individual panels have local/ Auto operation in addition
to local/ manual. All these are independent of the DCS equipment (Distributed Control
System).

UCB/ Local Computer Panel Level:

Using selection devices on UCB, different operating modes can be selected. Various modes
and actions possible under each mode are given below.

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Automatic through Push buttons:
In this mode, the sequence control related push buttons are used to execute automatic sequential
operations with a single command after target selection. Sequential operation then proceeds in
automatic mode.

Semi - Automatic through Push buttons:

In this mode, sequence control related push buttons are used to execute step-by-step sequential
operations with a single start command after target selection followed by a common step-
advance command for sequence progression. Sequential operations proceeds in step-by-step
mode till target status is achieved.

Automatic and individual auxiliary control through common additional

operator station computer at UCB level:
In this mode, sequence based operations in either automatic or semi automatic modes are
possibly activated using the sequence control mimic screen on the operator station computer
display. In addition, individual auxiliary operations are also possible from here independent of
the sequence.

Modes of Machine Operation

Shutdown or Stopped Zero Speed, all auxiliaries in off state

Spin or Speed-no-Load Mechanical running without excitation

Hot Standby Mechanical running with excitation

Generator or Online Generator, synchronized with system

Synchronous Condenser Synchronized with system, running as motor,

turbine in dewatered condition

Line charging/Black start DG powered startup with line de-energized,

some protections inhibited

63
Modes of Unit Start/Stop Control

Auto Normal sequential automatic starting (including

synchronizing) and normal automatic shutdown of the unit
(initiated with single command). This is normal mode of
control

Step-by-Step Automatic sequential control bur with manual command to

move from each individual step of control sequence. This
mode is for commissioning / testing purposes

Protection Shutdown Automatic Sequential shutdown. (initiated by protection

relays / Emergency stop PB) with 3 variants on load tripping
till shutdown, OFF load tripping till shut down tripping with
machine taken to spin mode only

Backup Emergency Automatic emergency stop of key equipment. Shut down

(initiated by protection relay/emergency stop PB command
independent of electronic/system control)

Unit Control Hierarchy:

Each unit has an associated independent programmable logic controller (auto sequencer or
local processor station) along with its dedicated input/output modules. Control process
software in two or three stages as given in the figure on next page.

64
 Fig- Unit Control Hierarchy

Main Sequence Control Overall main start/Stop sequence control of

turbine/generator unit

Function Group Control Control of sub-sequences or subsystems involved

in the main sequence

Drive Control Control of individual equipments or auxiliaries

involved in main and sub sequence. From Drive
Control, commands are issued to respective field
equipments and / devices

65
Synchronizing:
 Automatic with auto synchronizer (from UCB & power house CR computers) of
generator side breakers.
 Manual with manual synchronizing equipment & check synchronizing relay (From
UCB) for synchronizing 400 KV Generator bay and associated Tie bay circuit breakers
 All Auto synchronizing commands are processed in & given through auto sequencer
(UCB).

Alarm Annunciation
 All trip & non-trip alarms of Turbine/Generator Unit &selected/grouped alarms are
from unit auxiliaries and protection panel.
 All alarm signals are acquired in unit control panel and are transmitted to HMI/DAS
SCADA system for alarm reporting and historical storage.
 Each controller (DPU) includes a built-in Sequence of Events (SOE) recorder that
monitors the selected field inputs (as per Binary input/output signal list) through Input
modules, These inputs are scanned 1,000 times a second and state changes are stamped
with 1 ms resolution and stored in the DPU's event buffer
 All other events and alarm data in the buffer are displayed with the resolution of 1/10
of a second.

Analog Data Acquisition

 All electrical quantities of Generator, Governor Excitation systems
 Selected temperature signals (RTD signal) of Generator, Turbine and Generator
Transformer
 Other mechanical quantities (vibration, pressure, oil levels etc.) Of turbine, generator
& Turbine and generator auxiliaries
 All above signals are transmitted to the DAS system for logging display.

Protection Shut Down:

Automatic shutdown through sequencer is initiated by:

 Mechanical faults of turbine and generator

 Operation of master trip relays in protection panels

Relay based back-up shutdown

Separate hardwired relay logic is provided in UCB for shutdown as a Backup Control. This
logic is completely is completely independent of microprocessor system and operates under
following condition:

 Operation of Emergency shutdown relay in Generator protection panel OR

 By emergency stop PB on UCB

66
  By emergency stop PB in control room

Shutdown/Trip commands are given directly from relay logic to key devices like Main breaker,
field breaker, mechanical brakes and governor.

Plant Common Auxiliaries Control

 Separate control board along with input output devices are provided for various
common plant services to perform various functions viz. Data acquisition, monitoring
and control requirements of Drainage, Dewatering systems, Air compressors MV/LV
AC breakers, DC system & DG sets.
 Data acquisition of various plant facilities like ventilation, air conditioning, water
supply, service lifts, communication system, CCTV, station DC, UPS, 33 KV
substation & Bottom Outlet gates etc.

Alarm Annunciation
 Individual alarms of station service auxiliaries are annunciated on conventional solid-
state alarm panel, which is part of Common Aux.
 All alarm signals acquired in Common services auxiliaries control panel are transmitted
to SCADA (HMI) system through the network

Analog Data Acquistion

 Level, flow, pressure, temperature related to above systems andany others like head-
race & tail-race levels are acquired in station services auxiliaries control panel and are
transmitted to the SCADA (HMI) system.
 Electrical quantities of selected aux. supply systems are acquired as 4-20 mA signals
from transducers in local equipment and transmitted to SCADA (HMI) system.

Switchyard Control Interface:

 Control system (only monitoring of switchyard parameters) mainly interact with
switchyard and switchgear automation system through OPGW fiber-optic link
terminated in maxLINK computer at Power house end.

Control and Monitoring Functions from Power House:-

Switchyard Mimic Diagram and analog data is displayed on OWS in power house Control
Room. Open/Close controls and status/fault feedbacks of generator. Circuit Breakers is through
hard-wired signals from/to respective Unit control boards.

Signal Interface:-
Power House Control System is connected to switchyard SCADA system in switchyard
Control Room through an OPGW(Optical Fiber Composite Overhead Ground Wire) fiber-optic
link terminated in a maxStation computer at PH end. This maxStation running maxLINK

67
software is interfaced to Power house Control System with Switchyard Control System using
IEC 60870-5-104 protocol.

Dam, Spillway, Water Intake Control and Interface to Power House:

 Separate control board (Local Process Station) along with input /output devices are
provided for the various dam, spillway and water intake equipment to perform the
functions given below:
o Data acquisition, monitoring and control requirements of intake gates, spillway gates,
any other dam auxiliary drainage pumps and de-silting valves.
o Data acquisition of various dam complex facilities MV/LV switchgear, DG equipment,
DC supply equipment. UPS Dam monitoring equipment etc, by interfacing to the
individual drive automatic control equipment.

Alarm Annunciation
 Individual alarms of dam, dam auxiliary, water intake system, spillway equipment are
indicated on alarm display located on the panel
 All alarm signals acquired in DSW Local control panel are transmitted to SCADA
(HMI) system through the network.

Analog Data Acquisition

 Level, Flow, Pressure, Discharge dam monitoring system data are acquired in DSW
Local control panel and are transmitted to the SCADA (HMI) system.
 Electrical quantities of selected auxiliary supply systems are acquired as 4-20 mA
signals from transducers in local equipment and transmitted to SCADA (HMI) system

Horn Network
Hooter operating on 220V DC is provided in the following locations:

 Power house control room

 Dam control room
 Switchyard control room

Potential free contacts from fire detection system and flood detection system are wired to
Emergency control panel located in Power house control room. These signals energize a relay
and its contact is hard wired to hooters located in different locations.

68
IT AND NETWORKING
The IT and the Networking department looks after the smooth functioning of the systems and
the other technical and non-technical faults in their network.

The IT department provides a large number of online services and also provide the customer
support to its users

The systems of the department are all connected to each other with a firewall safety and a
reliable internetwork. All the systems works on the software SAP (System application and
products).

SAP (System Application and Products)

A German software company whose products allow businesses to track customer and business
interactions. SAP is especially well-known for its Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and
data management programs. SAP is an acronym for Systems, Applications and Products.

SAP ERP is an enterprise resource planning software developed by the German company SAP
SE. SAP ERP incorporates the key business functions of an organization. The latest version
(SAP ERP 6.0) was made available in 2006. The most recent Enhancement Package (EHP8)
for SAP ERP 6.0 was released in 2016.

Business Processes included in SAP ERP are Operations (Sales & Distribution, Materials
Management, Production Planning, Logistics Execution, and Quality Management), Financials
(Financial Accounting, Management Accounting, Financial Supply Chain Management),
Human Capital Management (Training, Payroll, e-Recruiting) and Corporate Services (Travel
Management, Environment, Health and Safety, and Real-Estate Management).

Development
An ERP was built based on the former SAP R/3 software. SAP R/3, which was officially
launched on 6 July 1992, consisted of various applications on top of SAP Basis, SAP's set of
middleware programs and tools. All applications were built on top of the SAP Web Application
Server. Extension sets were used to deliver new features and keep the core as stable as possible.
The Web Application Server contained all the capabilities of SAP Basis.

A complete architecture change took place with the introduction of mySAP ERP in 2004. R/3
Enterprise was replaced with the introduction of ERP Central Component (SAP ECC). The
SAP Business Warehouse, SAP Strategic Enterprise Management and Internet Transaction
Server were also merged into SAP ECC, allowing users to run them under one instance. The
SAP Web Application Server was wrapped into SAP NetWeaver, which was introduced in
2003. Architectural changes were also made to support an enterprise service architecture to
transition customers to a Service-oriented architecture.

69
Implementation
SAP ERP consists of several modules, including Financial Accounting (FI), Controlling (CO),
Asset Accounting (AA), Sales & Distribution (SD), Material Management (MM), Product
Planning (PP), Quality Management (QM), Project System (PS), Planned Maintenance (PM),
Human Resources (HR). SAP ERP collects and combines data from the separate modules to
provide the company or organization with enterprise resource planning.

Typical implementation phases:

 Phase 1 – Project Preparation

 Phase 2 – Business Blueprint
 Phase 3 – Realization
 Phase 4 – Final Preparation
 Phase 5 – Go - live Support

SAP /ESS (Employee Self Service ):

This is a web enabled tool used by employee to update their own data’s. This portal empowers
employees and managers with self-sufficiency. With Employee Self Service (ESS), employees
can perform common HR actions by themselves, such as changing their address, enrolling in
benefits, and naming their dependents.

SAP/MSS (Manager Self Service):

This is a web enabled tool used by managers to take report or update the data’s of their
subordinates. In general we can say that it is a web based application designed for the people
who carry out management tasks.Here is the brief description.

This Manager Self Service is designed for all employees who perform management tasks at an
operational level, for example:

i. Line managers

ii. Team leaders with project management tasks

iii. Department heads

SAP/EEM(End User Experience Monitoring):

SAP/EEM is an efficient tool for evaluating and reporting the availaibility and performance of
your productive systems from a client side perspective.

For example

 Monitoring of response times and availability

 Automated Root Cause Analysis

70
  Continuous Improvement
 Business Continuity

Different Online Services:

The IT department provides a number of online services to its user and takes care of the issues
regarding the services. Some of the services are mentioned below

 Koldam Mobile apps :

Provides the telephone directory and different safety apps regarding the employees and
the users

Fig- representing different mobile apps

 On demand Plant Data :

This provides the real time data of the plant from its servers through sms

Fig- representing on demand plant data

71
 Time Punching Data:

This is a part of employement self service where employees login into their accounts
to mark their entry timings

Fig- time punching data

 E-Shift Log:

This is used to save the shift records of the employees online.

Fig- e shift log

72
 Doc – tracker :

This is used in tracking the documents as they move around the offices.

Fig- doc- tracker

 Material Gatepass and Visitor gatepass

This is used to create a gatepass for the material or any visitor so that they could be
entered in the premises without restriction.

Fig – Material gatepass

73
 E - Service Request:

This is used to avail different facilities and to register complaints within the department
it includes:
o Civil maintenance
o Water supply and house keeping
o Electrical maintenance

Fig- E-service request

74
Project PRADIP:

Pro Active and Digital Initiatives to become Paperless (PRADIP)

In line with the “Digital India” initiative NTPC stepped towards digitization by implementation
of companywide paperless office to save on expensive office space and paper use. The initiative
covers all NTPC projects and offices and is be rolling out in phased manner, helping in
optimum utilization of the available space, easy retrieval of old records and promote clean
office environment. Digitizing records and printed literature makes it easy to share documents
electronically and lowers the temptation to make photocopies.

Fig- project PRADIP

NTPC is encouraging work environment in which the use of paper is eliminated or reduced by
converting documents into digital form. "Going paperless" can save money, boost productivity,
save space, make documentation and information sharing easier more secure, and help save the
environment.

75
As a corporate citizen NTPC has taken several steps towards Sustainable Development with
focus on bio-diversity, promotion of renewable energy, plantation of trees in and around NTPC
Stations, installation of rooftop of Solar PV, rain water harvesting, rehabilitation of water
bodies and installation of air quality monitoring systems in major cities. In 2016-17, NTPC
created an additional carbon sink by planting 10 million trees apart from these Approx 22
million trees have been planted by the company in the vicinity of its various operating stations
till date.

The digitization process in Legal Company Secretariat and Corporate Communication has been
started in the first phase comprising more than 4 million documents. The NTPC house journal
has been digitized and App being developed for internal communication.

The initiative covers all NTPC projects and offices and is be rolling out in phased manner,
helping in optimum utilization of the available space, easy retrieval of old records and promote
clean office environment. Digitizing records and printed literature makes it easy to share
documents electronically and lowers the temptation to make photocopies.

76
Different Gateway cards in the Exchange
In the locality the telephones are connected through LAN cable. In the exchange there different
cards and has their own uses. The cards are mentioned below

NPRAE-2 card:- It is PRI (Primary Rate Interface) card used to connect two exchanges.

It is also used to interface with two ISDN instead of one.

E Z32-2 card:- It is an analog extension card with the help of this card the numbers are created
there are 0-31 possible numbers that could be formed in single card.

INT IP-3 :- It is a gateway card used for communication and interlinking of two customers.

NDDI2-LS/GS:- this is used for non direct dialing mainly connected with the central office and
is used to connect the user to other mobile or other number.

LS- Loop Start, GS-Ground Start

Fig- cards in the local exchange.

77
Conclusion:
During my training period I have got a good technical knowledge regarding in
my field. The concepts, theories learned in the college were used in real life
projects and most importantly I have learnt how to pick up things fast and
practice. I understood how software engineering process and project management
happen in the industry. I got knowledge regarding many non-technical matters
such as how corporate culture works. I could improve my interpersonal and soft
skills as well while being involved in the activities

This training has given me a chance to learn and observe the physical working
and operation of the heavy machineries, their maintenance and the chance to learn
about the corporate culture. I am very satisfied with the overall training I went
through and the experience I have gained throughout this period has been great
and I hope it will bring much value to my future.

78