The Study of Plants is known as Botany.

The study of fossil plants and plant evolution is known as Paleobotany

Largest, tallest etc.
Largest flower Rafflesia
Smallest flowering plant Wolffia
Largest tree-grown fruit Jackfruit
Tallest grass Bamboo
Tallest tree Coast Redwood
Largest seed Lodoicea maldivica (Sea coconut)
Largest herb Banana plant
Fastest growing plant Bamboo
Parts of Plants
The part of the plant through which the plants respire Leaf
The small pores through which plants respire and also eliminate water are known as Stomata
The part of the flower which receives pollen grains during pollination Stigma
The pigment found in plants which make them appear green Chlorophyll
Plant processes
The process by which plants manufacture food Photosysthesis
The process by which roots absorb water and minerals from the soil Osmosis
The process by which plants lose water especially through leaves (but also stem, flowers etc.) Transpiration
is known as
The phenomenon by which plants' growth is directed towards light is known as Phototropism
The phenomenon by which plants grow or respond to touch is known as Thigmotropism

Plants and Products obtained from Plants

Plant products
The plant from which opium (rich source of morphine) is obtained Poppy (Papaver Somniferum)
The plant from which Marijuana is obtained Cannabis
The plant from which the drug cocaine is obtained Coca plant
The plant from which anti-malarial drug quinine is obtained Cinchona
Rauwolfia serpentina or
The plant from which anti-hypertensive drug reserpine is obtained
Sarpaghanda
The plant from which chicory commonly used as a substitute for coffee, is obtained Cichorium intybus
The tree from which turpentine is obtained Pine tree
The tree that yields an aromatic medicinal oil also known as Niligiri tel Eucalyptus
The plant from which a blue dye for use in textile industry is obtained Indigo
The plant from which bio-diesel is produced Jatropha
The flower whose petals are used for making gulkand a commonly used ingredient in the Indian
Rose
paan
Plant parts
The part of the plant that is clove Flower bud
The part of the plant that is used as a condiment from cinnamon tree bark
The part of the plant that is potato/ginger Stem
The part of the plant that is eaten in coconut Seed
The part of the plant from which coffee is obtained Seed
The part of the plant that yields sugar in sugarcane Stem
The part of the plant that yields saffron spice Stigma
The part of the plant from which jute fibre is obtained Bark
The part of the plant from which cotton fibre is obtained Fruit (hairs surrounding the seed)
The part of the plant from which rubber is obtained Latex