IPV6:

IPV6 Addressing:
Address Representation:
Represented by breaking 128 bit into Eight 16-bit segments (Each 4 Hex character each)
Each segment is written in Hexadecimal separated by colons.
Hex digit are not case sensitive.

Rule 1:
Drop leading zeros:

2001:0050:0000:0235:0ab4:3456:456b:e560

2001:050:0:235:ab4:3456:456b:e560

Rule2:
Successive fields of zeros can be represented as “::” , But double colon appear only once in the address.

FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
FF01::1

Note
An address parser identifies the number of missing zeros by separating the two parts and entering 0
until the 128 bits are complete. If two “::” notations are placed in the address, there is no way to
identify the size of each block of zeros.
IPV6 address Types:

Unicast Address:
identifies a single devices. Two types
1. Link-local unicast address:
2. Global Unicast address
3. Unique/Site local

Link-local unicast address: Scope is configured to single link. The address is unique only on this link, and it is
not routable off the link.

• Auto-generated regardless of DHCP

• Address are assigned automatically as soon as an Ipv6 hosts come online.
• Similar to the 169.254.X.X address on ipv4.
• Always begin with FE80 (First 10 bits 1111 1110 10) followed by 54 bits of zero.
• Last 64 bits is the 48 bits MAC address with FFFE squeezed in the middle.

Global Unicast Address:

• Defined by global unicast routing prefix, a subnet ID and an interface ID.

N Bits 64 – N bits 64 bits

Gobal Routing Prefix Subnet ID Interface ID

Global Routing Prefix is 48 bit or less

• The current global unicast address assignment by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) uses the
range of addresses that start with binary value 001 (2000::/3)
• which is one-eighth of the total IPv6 address space and is the largest block of assigned block addresses.
• Addresses with a prefix 2000::/3 (001) through E000::/3 (111) with the exception of FF00::/8 (Multicast) are
 required to have 64 bit interface identifier (EUI-64) format.

IPV6 Interface Identifier:

Lowest-Order 64-Bit field of unicast address can be assigned in several different ways:

• Auto-configured from a 64-bit(EUI-64 or expanded from a 48 bit MAC address (eg. Ethernet address)
• Auto generated pseudo-random number (to address privacy concern)
• Assigned via DHCP.
• Manually Configured

IEEE-EUI-64
Extended Unique Identifier:

Ethernet MAC address 48-bit

In fig. Modified EUI address must be 0290.. (As U=1).

Fig. A modified EUI-64 address is formed by inserting FFFE and completing a bit identifying the uniqueness of
the MAC address.

Universal/Local (U/L)
The seventh bit in an IPv6 interface identifier is referred to as the universal/local bit, or U/L bit. This bit identifies
whether this interface identifier is universally or locally administered.

0---> Universally Administered

1---> Locally Administered

Individual/Group (I/G)
The I/G bit is the low order bit of the first byte and determines whether the address is an individual address
(unicast) or a group address (multicast). When set to 0, it is a unicast address. When set to 1, it is a multicast.

For a typical 802.x network adapter address, both the U/L and I/G bits are set to 0, corresponding to a
universally administered unicast MAC address.

Unique site Local unicast address.

• the purpose of this address has been argued extensively.
• Used within Enterprise network to identify the boundary of their network.

Multicast addressing:
• no more broadcast in ipv6
• Broadcast is huge in ipv6
•

IPv6 multicast addresses are defined by the prefix FF00::/8. The second octet defines the lifetime (flag) and the
scope of the multicast address.

Multicast is frequently used in IPv6 and replaces broadcast. There is no broadcast in IPv6. There is no Time to
Live (TTL) in IPv6 multicast. The scoping is defined inside the address.
Some well known IPV6 multicast address:

Anycast:
An IPv6 anycast address is a global unicast address that is assigned to more than one interface. When a
packet is sent to an anycast address, it is routed to the “nearest” interface having that address.

IPV6 Transition Mechanism:

1. Dual Stack: Allow ipv4 and ipv6 co-exists in the same devices and network.
2. Tunneling Technique:
3. Translation technique
4.

Dual Stack:

Dual stack is an integration method where a node has implementation and connectivity to both Ipv4 and ipv6
network.

If both ipv4 and ipv6 are configured on an interface, this interface is dual-stacked.
Tunneling:

Manual Method:

With manually configured IPv6 tunnels, an IPv6 address is configured on a tunnel interface, and manually
configured IPv4 addresses are assigned to the tunnel source and the tunnel destination. The host or router at
each end of a configured tunnel must support both the IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks.
Automatic Tunnel:

The 6to4 tunneling method requires a special code on the edge routers, but the IPv6 hosts and routers inside the
6to4 site do not require new features to support 6to4. Each 6to4 site receives a /48 prefix, which is the
concatenation of 0x2002 and the hexadecimal IPv4 address of the edge router

the IPv4 address of the edge router is 192.168.99.1. As a result, the prefix of its IPv6 network is
2002:c0a8:6301::/48 because c0a86301 is the hexadecimal representation of 192.168.99.1. The IPv6 network
can substitute any IP address in the space after the first 16-bit section (0x2002).

Method:

Translation NAT-PT:

NAT-Protocol Translation (NAT-PT) is a translation mechanism that sits between an IPv6 network and an IPv4
network. The translator translates IPv6 packets into IPv4 packets and vice versa.

IPV6 Routing:
Router(conig)# int s0/0
Router(config-if)# ipv6 address 2001:210:10:1::1/64
Router(config-if)# ipv6 enable

R# show ipv6 interface brief

R# ping ipv6 2001:0050:0000:0235:0ab4:3456:456b

R# show ipv6 route

Ipv6 routing protocol:

In addition to static routing, nearly every routing protocol has been updated to support ipv6.

RIP-NG
OSPF -V3
EIGRP FOR IPV6
IS-IS FOR IPV6
MP-BGP-V4 (MP-Mulit protocol)

OSPF -v3 whats new?

1. Smaller header (16 vs 24 bits)

2. No authentication
3. No Network statement (Hurray)
4. All neighbor communication through Link local address (this communication is now separate)
5. Multilple OSPF instances per link in odd network design, one link could belong to multiple areas.
6. New multicast address: FF02::5 FF02::6.

Configuration:
R1(config)# ipv6 unicast-routing
R1(config)# ipv6 router ospf 100
R(config-rotuer)# router-id 1.1.1.1

R(config)# int s0/0

R1(config-if)# ipv6 opsf 100 area 0

Summarisation in OSPF-v3.

Router(config)# ipv6 router ospf 1

Router(config-router)# area 1 range 2001:odb8::/48