Unit-1

SolidWaste Management
Introduction:
1. Waste management has become a major concern of our times.
2. enormousamountsofresiduesarebeingproduced,whichneedtobemanagedinaneconomical
way,whilenotcompromisingtheenvironmentandpublichealth,intensiveworkisbeingdonein
searchingformeanstoreducethegrowingamountofwastegeneratedandtechnologiestodiscard
anddisposeofitsafelyandeconomically.
3. Solidwastemanagementinvolvesactivitiesassociated
withgenerationstorage,collection,transferandtransport,processinganddisposalofsolidwaste.
4. Itmeanswastematerialisproducedasaresultofhumanactivity.The
quantityofthismaterialisincreasingreadilyduetoincreaseinhumanpopulationandincreasein
thestandardsofliving.

Solid Waste management

1.WHAT IS SOLID WASTE:

Management of municipal solidwaste involves:

 (a)developmentofaninsightintotheimpactofwastegeneration,collection,
transportationanddisposalmethodsadoptedbyasocietyontheenvironmentand
(b)adoptionof newmethodstoreducethisimpact.
2.HOWISWASTEMANAGED?
Wastemustbemanagedfromthepointofgenerationtothepointofdisposalthroughcareful
controlofthefollowingfunctionalelements:
1. Wasteavoidance(notmakingwasteinthefirstplace)
2. Wasteminimization(reducingwaste,reusing,sortingandrecycling)
3. Generation(whenwasteismade)
4. On-sitestorage(wherewasteisstoredtemporarilywhenitisfirstproduced)
5. Collection(howwasteispickedup)
6. TransportandTransfer(howwasteismoved)
7. Processingandmaterialsrecovery(howwasteistreatedormadeuseful)
8. Disposal(howwasteisfinallydiscarded)

3.WHATHAPPENSWHENWASTEISNOTMANAGED:
1. Litterandillegaldumpinginacommunityaresignsofunmanagedorpoorlymanagedwaste.
2. Litterandillegallydumpedwastecanbedefinedasanywastefoundoutsidetheformalwastemanage
mentsystem(i.e.wasteinthewrongplace,scatteredaboutinthestreets,openspacesand theveld).

SolidWasteGeneration:
1. Solid wasteisgenerated,inthebeginning,withtherecoveryofrawmaterialsandthereafteratevery
stepinthetechnologicalprocessastherawmaterialisconvertedtoaproductforconsumption
2. Solidwasteduringtechnologicalprocessesinvolvingminingmanufacturingandpackagingare
thereshowing
3. otherprocessessuchasstreetcleaning,parkcleaning,waste-
watertreatment,airpollutioncontrolmeasuresetc.alsoproducesolidwaste
EnvironmentalImpactofSolidWasteDisposalonLand
Whensolidwasteisdisposedoffonlandinopendumpsorinimproperlydesignedlandfills(e.g.inlowlyingar
eas),itcausesthefollowingimpactontheenvironment.
(a)Groundwatercontaminationbytheleachategeneratedbythewastedump
(b)Surfacewatercontaminationbytherun-offfromthewastedump
(c)Badodour,pests,rodentsandwind-blownlitterinandaroundthewastedump
(d)Generation of inflammable gas(e.g.methane) with in the waste dump
(e)Bird menace bove the waste dump which affects flight of aircraft
(f)Fires within the waste dump
(g)Erosion and stability problems relating to slopes of the waste dump
(h)Epidemics through stray animals
(i)Acidity to surrounding soil and
(j)Release of greenhouse gas
4.PRINCIPLES OFMUNICIPALSOLIDWASTEMANAGEMENT
 MunicipalSolidWasteManagementinvolvestheapplicationofprincipleofIntegratedSolid
WasteManagement(ISWM)tomunicipalwaste.
(a)wastereductionand
(b)effectivemanagementofwastestill producedafterwastereduction.

1.WasteReduction

Itisnowwellrecognisedthatsustainabledevelopmentcanonlybeachievedifsocietyin
general,andindustryinparticular,produces‘morewithless’i.e.moregoodsandserviceswith
lessuseoftheworld’sresources(rawmaterialsandenergy)andlesspollutionandwaste.
Productionaswellasproductchangeshavebeenintroducedinmanycountries,usinginternal
recyclingofmaterialsoron-siteenergyrecovery,aspartofsolidwasteminimisationschemes.

2.EffectiveManagementofSolidWaste

Effectivesolidmanagementsystemsareneededtoensurebetterhumanhealthandsafety.
Theymustbesafeforworkersandsafeguardpublichealthbypreventingthespreadofdisease.In
additiontotheseprerequisites,aneffectivesystemofsolidwastemanagementmustbeboth
environmentallyandeconomicallysustainable.

(i) Environmentallysustainable:
Itmustreduce,asmuchaspossible,theenvironmentalimpacts ofwastemanagement.

(ii)Economicallysustainable:Itmustoperateatacostacceptabletocommunity.
itisdifficulttominimisethetwovariables,cost andenvironmentalimpact,simultaneously.
Aneffectivewastemanagement systemincludesoneormoreofthefollowingoptions:

(a)Wastecollectionandtransportation.

(b)Resourcerecoverythroughsortingandrecyclingi.e.recoveryofmaterials(suchaspaper,
glass,metals)etc.throughseparation.

(c)Resourcerecoverythroughwasteprocessingi.e.recoveryofmaterials(suchascompost)or
recoveryofenergythroughbiological,thermalorotherprocesses.

(d)Wastetransformation(withoutrecoveryofresources)i.e.reductionofvolume,BilaspurCity
orotherphysical/chemicalpropertiesofwastetomakeitsuitableforfinaldisposal.

(e)Disposalonlandi.e.environmentallysafeandsustainabledisposalinlandfills.
SOURCES AND TYPES OF
SOLIDWASTECLASSIFICATION
Garbage:Putreeiblewastesfromfood,slaughterhouses,canningandfreezingindustries.
Rubbish:non-putreeiblewasteseithercombustibleornon-combustible.Theseincludewood,
paper,rubber,leatherandgardenwastesascombustiblewasteswhereasthenon-combustible
wastesincludeglass,metal,ceramics,stonesandsoil.
 Ashes:Residuesofcombustion,solidproductsafterheatingandcookingorincinerationbythe
municipal,industrial,hospitalandapartmentsareas.
Largewastes:Demolitionandconstructionwastes,automobiles,furniture’s,refrigeratorsand
otherhomeappliances,trees,firesetc.
Deadanimals:Householdspets,birds,rodents,zooanimals,andanatomicalandpathological
tissuesfromhospitals.
Sewagesludge’s:Theseincludescreeningwastes,settledsolidsandsludge’s.
Industrialwastes:Chemicals,paints,sandandexplosives.
Agriculturalwastes:FarmanimalBilaspurCity,cropresiduesandothers.
Dairywastes:WasteparameterBOD,COD,Suspendedsolids,Nitrogen,Fat,Phosphorus,
Chloride,pH,Oil&Grease.
Component Density kg/m3 % by weight

Organic:
Food wastes 290 50-60 %
Paper 85 10-20 %
Plastics 65 3-7 %

Inorganic:
Glass 195 5-1 %
Ferrous metal 320 2-6%
Nonferrous metal 160 2-4%
MSW compacted 300 15-40%
Uncompacted 130

STAGESINWASTEMANAGEMENT

ThevariousstagesinvolvedinWastemanagementare:

[1]GENERATION:Thisisthestagewhenmaterialsbecomeswasteandisdiscarded.The
generationrateisoftendefinedastheweightofmaterialdiscardedassolidwastebyonepersonin oneday

[2]STORAGE:Housestorage,keepingsolidwasteinplaceorcontainerswhichisthe
responsibilityoftheindividualmembersofthehouseholdwhile,Commandstorage,isthe
responsibilityoftherefusecollectionagency.

[3]COLLECTION:Thishastodowithtransportationofthesolidwastefromthepointofstorage
tothepointofdisposal,twostagesareinvolvedinthecollectionstages;Thedirectcollection,
whichmakesusesonlyonemeansoftransportationi.e.theSolidwasteispickedupfromthe
 pointofstorageinatruckthattakesittothedisposalsite,ThesecondstagecollectionCarriesthe
solidwastefromthestoragefacilitytotheTransferstation,atthetransferstation,thewasteis
loadedintothesecondarystage,totransporttherefusetotheDisposalsite.

[4]DISPOSAL:Thefinaldestinationofsolidwaste,usuallyitisdumpedonlandatatip,this
maybedoneinanengineeredandhygienicWay:-sanitarylandfillorcontrolledtipping,orina
carelessWay:-opentippingorcrudedumping.
5.A.FunctionalElementsofMunicipalSolidWasteManagement

Theactivitiesassociatedwiththemanagementofmunicipalsolidwastesfromthepointof
generationtofinaldisposalcanbegroupedintothesixfunctionalelements:
(a)wastegeneration;
(b)wastehandlingandsorting,storage,andprocessingatthesource;
(c)collection;
(d)sorting, processingandtransformation;
(e)transferandtransport;and
(f)disposal.Theinter-relationship betweentheelementsisidentifiedinthisstudy.

5.1WasteGeneration:Wastegenerationencompassesactivitiesinwhichmaterialsare
identifiedasnolongerbeingofvalue(intheirpresentform)andareeitherthrownawayor
gatheredtogetherfordisposal.Wastegenerationis,atpresent,anactivitythatisnotvery
controllable.Inthefuture,however,morecontrolislikelytobeexercisedoverthegenerationof
wastes.Reductionofwasteatsource,althoughnotcontrolledbysolidwastemanagers,isnow
includedinsystemevaluationsasamethodoflimitingthequantityofwastegenerated.

5.2WasteHandling,Sorting,Storage,andProcessingattheSource:Thesecondofthesix
functionalelementsinthesolidwastemanagementsystemiswastehandling,sorting,storage,and
processingatthesource.Wastehandlingandsortinginvolvestheactivitiesassociatedwith
managementofwastesuntiltheyareplacedinstoragecontainersforcollection.Handlingalso
encompassesthemovementofloadedcontainerstothepointofcollection.Sortingofwaste
componentsisanimportantstepinthehandlingandstorageofsolidwasteatthesource.For
example,thebestplacetoseparatewastematerialsforreuseandrecyclingisatthesourceof
generationHouseholdsarebecomingmoreawareoftheimportanceof
separatingnewspaperandcardboard,bottles/glass,kitchenwastesandferrousandnon-ferrous
materials.On-sitestorageisofprimaryimportancebecauseofpublichealthconcernsand
aestheticconsideration.Unsightlymakeshiftcontainersandevenopengroundstorage,bothof
whichareundesirable,areoftenseenatmanyresidentialandcommercialsites.Thecostof
providingstorageforsolidwastesatthesourceisnormallybornebythehouseholdinthecaseof
individuals,orbythemanagementofcommercialandindustrialproperties.Processingatthe
sourceinvolvesactivitiessuchasbackyardwastecomposting.

5.3Collection:Thefunctionalelementofcollectionincludesnotonlythegatheringofsolid
wastesandrecyclablematerials,butalsothetransportofthesematerials,aftercollection,tothe
locationwherethecollectionvehicleisemptied.Thislocationmaybematerialsprocessing
facility,atransferstation,oralandfilldisposalsite.

5.4Sorting,ProcessingandTransformationofSolidWaste:Thesorting,processingand
transformationofsolidwastematerialsisthefourthofthefunctionalelements.Therecoveryof
sortedmaterials,processingofsolidwasteandtransformationofsolidwastethatoccursprimarily
inlocationsawayfromthesourceofwastegenerationareencompassedbythisfunctional
element.Sortingofcommingled(mixed)wastesusuallyoccursatamaterialsrecoveryfacility,
transferstations,combustionfacilities,anddisposalsites.Sortingoftenincludestheseparationof
bulkyitems,separationofwastecomponentsbysizeusingscreens,manualseparationofwaste
components,andseparationofferrousandnon-ferrousmetals.Wasteprocessingisundertakento
recoverconversionproductsandenergy.

5.5TransferandTransport:Thefunctionalelementoftransferandtransportinvolvestwo steps:
(i)thetransferofwastesfromthesmallercollectionvehicletothelargertransport equipmentand
(ii)thesubsequenttransportofthewastes,usuallyoverlongdistances,toa
processingordisposalsite.Thetransferusuallytakesplaceatatransferstation.

5.6Disposal:Thefinalfunctionalelementinthesolidwastemanagementsystemisdisposal.
Todaythedisposalofwastesbylandfillingoruncontrolleddumpingistheultimatefateofall
solidwastes,whethertheyareresidentialwastescollectedandtransporteddirectlytoalandfill
site,residualmaterialsfromMaterialsRecoveryFacilities(MRFs),residuefromthecombustion
ofsolidwaste,rejectsofcomposting,orothersubstancesfromvarioussolidwaste-processing
facilities.Amunicipalsolidwastelandfillplantisanengineeredfacilityusedfordisposingof
solidwastesonlandorwithintheearth’smantlewithoutcreatingnuisanceorhazardtopublic
healthorsafety,suchasbreedingofrodentsandinsectsandcontaminationofgroundwater.

6.FACTORS EFFECTING WASTE

GENERATION:
this is divided
(a)Environmentaleffect
(b)Health effect
(c)Socialeffect
(d)Economiceffects
6.1ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS:Thereisabroadrangeofenvironmentalconcernsthat
encompassthesolidwastemanagementworldwide,thereistoxic(contaminationtothe
atmosphere,soilandwater,whichputstheentireecosystemofanarea)indanger.The
contaminationofwastecasesseversproblemsforhu8mansandanimalsalike.Themajor
environmentaleffectsincludesAirpollutionwhichincludesodour,smoke,noise,dust,etc,waste
pollution–pollutionfromdisposalsiteviafloodingbecauseofblockeddrainshanddegradation.

6.2HEALTHEFFECTS:Theeffectsarenumerousonman,theFloraorFaunaofthe
environmentinformofhealthproblemsfromconvulsion,dermatitis,irritationofnose/throat,a
plasticanaemia,skinburns,chestpains,blooddisorders,stomachaches,vomitingdiarrhoea,lung
cancertodeath.6.(Evans,R.G.andStoddart,G.L.;1990)Obviouslysomethingstillneedstobe
accomplishedinthefieldoftestingandlinkingwasteexposuretohumanhealthOtherhealth
effectsincludes:Flieswhichcarrygermsontheirbodiesandlegsandalsoexcretethem,
mosquitoes,breedinstagnantwaterinblockeddrainsinfavourablelocationandalsoincars,tyres
etcthatcollectsrainwater.Chaildhealthareeffectedbywaste,thatwastepikerswhocollectthe
material9.(Hunt,C.;1996)

63SOCIALEFFECTS:Acommonthreadthatfurtherunitespeoplefromacrosstheglobe,is
theirsentimentonwastes,theydonotwantthemintheirneighbourhoods,countlessstoriesof
socialeffectsonpeoplelivingnearwastedumpsitehavedecoratedthenewsinrecentyearsand
someincidentshavebesogreatthatwholetownhavebeenevacuated”.Theissueofsolidwasteis
arelativelynewissue,spawnedbytheCitylandfillsandthedesireforothersitesfordumpingin
distanceruralareas.“ACitywithahazardouswastefacilityisnowperceivedasanundesirable placetolive

6.4ECONOMICEFFECTS:Theimpactofsolidwasteoneconomicvalueshasreceived
limitedattention.Itisalsopresumedthatitsimpactisanegativeone,oneeconomiceffectof
livingnearahazardouswastesitedisposalmaybeincreasedtaxes.

7.SOLIDWASTECHARACERISTICS:

7.1PHYSICALCHARACTERISTICS

Density:Itisexpressedasmassperunitvolume(kg/m 3).Thisparameterisrequiredfor
designingasolidwastemanagementprogram.Areductioninvolumeby75%isachievedthrough
normalcompactionequipment,sothataninitialdensityof100kg/m 3
mayreadilybeincreasedto400kg/m3.Significantchangesinthedensityoccuraswastemovesfromsourc
estodisposalsite,asaresultofsevering,handling,wettinganddryingbytheweatherandvibrationduringtr
ansport. Densityiscriticalinthedesignofsanitarylandfillaswellasforstorage,collectionandtransport
ofwastes.Efficientoperationoflandfillrequirescompactionofwastestooptimumdensity.
MoistureContent:
Itisdefinedastheratioofweightofwatercontentinthewastetothetotalweightofthewet waste.
Moisturecontent=Wet weight Dry weight x 100Wetweight.
Atypical range of moisture content is 20-40%and it varies with the seas on of the year. Values
greater than 40% are also not common.Moistureincreasestheweightofthesolidwastes
andthereforethecostofcollectionandtransportincreases
7.2.CHEMICALCHARACTERISTICS

Informationofchemicalcharacteristicsisimportantinevaluatingalternativeprocessingand
recoveryoptions.Ifsolidwasteistobeusedasafuelorforanyotheruseweshould
knowitschemicalcomponents.
LIPIDS
 Theseareincludedintheclassoffacts,oilsandgrease.Theprincipalsourcesoflipidsinthe
garbagearecookingoilandfats.Sincelipidsbecomeliquidsattemperatureslightlyabove
ambienttheyaddtotheliquidcontentduringwastedecomposition.Theyarebiodegradable,but
theyhavelowsolubilityinwaterandhencetherateofbiodegradationisslow.

CARBOHYDRATES

Theseareprimarilyoriginatedfromthefoodsourcesrichinstarchandcelluloses.These
readilybiodegradeintocarbondioxidewaterandmethane,decompositionofcarbohydrates
attractsthefliesandratsandhenceshouldnotbeleftexposedforlongduration.

PROTEINS

Thesearethecompoundscontainingcarbon,hydrogen,nitrogenandoxygenandorganicacid
withaminogroups.Theyareprimarilyfoundinfoodandgardenwastes,buttheirpartial
decompositionresultintheproductionofamines,whichimpartunpleasantdoors.

NATURALFIBRES

Thesearethenaturalproductscontaincelluloseandlignin’sthatarerelativelyresistantto
biodegradation.Thesearefoundinpaperproducts,foodandyardwastes.Paperisalmost100%
cellulose,cottonover95%andwoodproductsover40-50%.Thesearehighlycombustible
productsmostsuitableforincineration.
SYNTHETICORGANICMATERIALS

Intherecentyearsplasticshavebecomesignificantcomponentsofsolidwaste,accounting
for1.10%.Theyarehighlyresistanttothebiodegradation;hencetheirpresenceinthewasteis
objectionable.Currentlymuchattentionisgiventoreducethiscomponentatdisposalsites.
Plasticshaveahighheatingvalue,about32000Kj/Kg,whichmakesthemverysuitablefor
incineration.However,amongtheplasticsPolyvinylchloride(PVC)whenburntproducesdioxin
andacidgas.Thetracegasesproducedduringtheburningofplasticareprovedtobe carcinogenic.

HEATINGVALUES

Anevaluationofthepotentialofthewastematerialforuseasafuelintheincineratorrequires
thedeterminationofitsheatingvalue,expressedasKilojoules/kilograms(Kj/Kg).Theheating
valueisdeterminedexperimentallyusingbombcalorimetertestinwhichtheheatisgeneratedata
constanttemperatureof250Cfromthecombustionofdrysample.Thebeatingvaluesforvarious
componentsareshowedinTable1.3.Theheatingvaluesareimportantintheevaluationofincinerationpro
cessasameansofenergyrecoveryordisposal.
ULTIMATEANALYSIS

Duringthemassbalancecalculationsforathermalprocessananalysisofwastemustbecarried
outtodeterminetheproportionofcarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogenandsulphurwhichis refer red a
sultimateanalysis.Theashfractionisalsoanalyzedasitcontainstoxicmetalresidues
suchascadmium,mercury,chromium,nickel,leadandzinc.

EFFECTS OF IMPROPER DISPOSAL:

1. Air pollution.
2. Ground water contamination.
3. Stagnant water for breeding insects.
4. Land can get degraded and poisioned.
5. Infection to domestic animals as well as waste pickers and workers.
6. Affects socio economic conditions.
7. Disruption of aesthetic value.
8. Affects our coastal and marine environment

Public health effects:

1. An effective solid waste management system is necessary to
avoid public health disasters spread of disease by insects and
vectors and adverse effect on water and air.
2. Solid waste are not collected and allowed to accumulate.this
may lead to epidemic out breaks.
3. many disease like
cholera,diarrhea,dysentery,plague,jaundice,tuberculosis,intes
tainal disease may spread to human bodies.

Elements of solid waste management:

Technical Aspects:
The adoption and transfer of the technologies from the developed
countries without adapting them to the local or regional perspective would
be fallacious on the part of the developing countries. Therefore, the
technical aspects for a sustainable SWM would have to take into account the
following points for planning and implementation of strategies.
• Provision of facilities for primary collection of waste from
curbside/community bins and adequate storage facilities in the urban areas
based on the population density.
• Transportation of waste from the community storage facilities at
regular intervals and improvement in the waste collection fleet.
• Transfer stations (at optimal distances from residential areas)
should be constructed wherever necessary with provision for weighbridges.
• There must be a separate SWM system for hospitals, health care
establishments and industries to prevent the infectious and hazardous
wastes from entering the municipal waste stream.

Management Aspects:
Sustainable SWM would call for the strengthening of the management
sector which has to go hand in hand with technical planning. 4.(CPCB;March
2000) In most developing countries, overstaffed management due to
politically motivated appointments result in absenteeism and hence the
working efficiency decreases while at the same time there is a squeeze
in resource allocation for technical aspects that get neglected. The
effectiveness can only be achieved by a strong management that takes into
consideration the following aspects.
• An executable master plan and implementation plans for MSWM at the
provincial level or the State level in accordance with the strategy for national
environmental quality would help the management;

• Application of Polluter Pays Principle to all waste generators,

especially in urban areas including governmental and non-governmental
agencies, private sectors and commercial
enterprises
• Application of the 3R concepts, product stewardship, cleaner
production and specification in the selection of packaging materials to the
manufacturers.

• Continuous monitoring and record keeping of MSW aspects with

the development of a systematic information system that can be comparable,
utilizable and updated;
 • Appointment of responsible governmental agencies that can regulate
and supervise MSWM activities of both local government and private
operators so as to reduce the environmental impacts;
• Providing of organizational support for encouraging the involvement
of private sector operators, NGOs and CBOs; and
• The informal sector needs to be
formalized.

Financial aspects:
• There should be transparency and coordination amongst the
staff regarding the operation and maintenance costs at each level of waste
handling so that the expenses are rational;
• The levying of waste collection and disposal fees should be based
on waste generation rates and according to the economic standard of the
area, whilst considering the nature of the waste wherever necessary.
However, these fees should not be levied solely to meet the financial lacunae
for management and the equipment demand;
• The larger generators should be charged on excessive waste
generation which could be prevented with cleaner production principles;
• There should be provisions for subsidies (grant, soft loan, etc.) from
government to local authorities, including the private sector, NGOs and CBOs;
• Tax exemption for importing recycling technology and reduced tax
benefits from those industries using waste and scraps as raw materials;

• A fund or trust for promoting 3R needs to be developed instead of a micro

credit program in the informal sector; and

• Transformation of 3R into financial terms or economic

value is needed.

Legislative aspects
 Legislation and its effective enforcement is a key to sustainability
for which the framework requires to be established. The related aspects are
given hereunder:

• Set up of appropriate pollution discharge standards for solid waste

disposal facilities such as effluent and emission standards either based on World
Health Organization (WHO) norms or related to the national standards for
pollution control;
• Declare all solid waste disposal facilities as pollution sources,
which if done should be strictly enforced such that discharges should
be regulated in pursuant to the established standards;

• Develop regulations and related laws to set up mechanisms for

implementing 3R concepts – Reduce, Reuse and Recycle;

• Regulate an appropriate SWM system for the mass-

transportation terminals;
• Declare a no-development buffer zone within 500 meters from the
boundary of all processing and disposal sites; and
• The joint involvement of the Ministry of Finance, City
planning offices and the
Ministry of Environment to develop infrastructure plans on promotion
of 3R is needed.

Supportive aspects
Municipal bodies could have the required technology, financial
resources, management structure and a framework of legislation for
effective SWM.“However, its implementation cannot be effectual unless the
supportive aspects are mobilized to work hand-in- hand with the system. This
can be achieved if the system can:

• Encourage private sector involvement for waste collection, hauling and

disposal as both short term and long term contractors since efficiency is found
to increase with their involvement;
 • Promote public education program, trainings and workshops, revise
school curriculum by introducing the 3R concepts in general and SWM in
particular, and reinforce social values for all children and citizens in the society;

• Initiate education and training program in fostering technical

and administrative
Bilaspurbilities to local government and private
personnel;
• Encourage waste separation and recycling program at sources
households, commercial centers, institutions and factories by employing
segregation strategy that would fit the appropriate waste collection and disposal
practices;
•Encourage research and development projects for suitable technology in
coping with the mounting MSW management problems and enhance
management efficiency through established academic and research institutes;
and
•The coordination between stakeholders is
important.
MUNCIPAL SOLID WASTE (M&H) RULE:
msw rules are applicable to every local body and they are responsible for
collection,segregation,storage,transportation processing and disposal of municipal solids.the
policy mandates are:
1. keep wet and dry waste separately.
2. Door step collection of segregated wet waste
3. Organic biodegradable to be composited.
4. Inorganics (recyclable-assist informal sector recycling)
5. Toxic and hazardous should be majorly rejected
ROLE OF NGO:
1.Development operation of infrastructure:
Community based organizations and cooperative can acquire and sub
divide the land.they can give the guidance of solid waste treatment processings.
2.Supporting innovation,demonsration and projects:
 NGO have the advantage of selecting particular places for innovative
projects and specify in advance the length of time which they will be supporting
the project.
3.Monthly charges/fee:
Rs 100or 50 per month for house hold /shops/hotels/restaurants etc with in the
commercial areas and offices should have to collect.
4.collection frequency:
Daily from the main market areas and once or twice from the house holds
of different wards.
5.they can provide training facilities ,NGOs play a significant role.