STABILITY OF A FAMILY WITH FIVE MEMBER EARNING

200,000.00 A YEAR

A Humanities and Social Science Project

Presented to the Faculty of the Science Department

ACLC SHS

Submitted By G12-B3 HUMMS

Jessa O. Jaime Joan Laurino

Matthew P. Enales Sophia Amor Comendador

Nichk Lorenz Advincula Vanessa D. Viojan

Dandreb Diaz Sharabell Calvadores

Melany Espinosa Sherry Rose C. Rotairo

Researchers

October 2017
 Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………..1
Background of the study
Statement of the problem................................................................................... 3
Null hypothesis
Alternative hypothesis
Conceptual framework...................................................................................... 4
Significance of the study................................................................................... 5
Scope and limitations........................................................................................ 6
Definition of terms

Chapter 2: Review of related Literature and studies…………............................ 7

Related literature
Related Studies................................................................................................ 10

Chapter 3:
Methodology............................................................................................................. 14
Research Design
Research Locale
Research Respondents
Research Instruments

Chapter 4: Results and Discussion……………………………............................ 16

Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations................................. 18

Summary
Conclusions......................................................................................... 19
Recommendations
Appendices………………………………………………………………………… 21
Appendix 1
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………. 23
Reference links
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

A "simple, comfortable life" means having enough money for day-to-day needs, owning a

medium-sized home, owning one car, educating two children until college, taking occasional trips around

the country, and relaxing with family and friends. (http://www.rappler.com/business/economy-

watch/137891-ideal-monthly-income-neda-2040 vision)

However, according to Manila Philippines- If a family of five wants to get out of poverty, the

National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) estimates it needs 258.96 per day. This is

equivalent to an average income of around 7,768.80 per month or 93,225.60 per year.

NEDA director General Arsenio Balisacan said these are the amounts a household must earn to

afford basic needs like food, water and clothing. (http://www.rappler.com/business/21431-how-much-

does-a-family-need-to-keep-out-of-poverty)

In a nutshell with the diminishing finances, it is rarely possible for a family with a five members

to have enough resources to fulfil the needs of each and every one. Collaboration is widely recognized as

the best way for a family with such a big number with the ever increasing financial needs: volume of

demands and needs such as education and basic necessities could triggered to unstable financial support

to a family. Needs and expectations, too much debt and insufficient income. However, although these

challenges have continued to prevail, proper work and lesser debt could result to financial stability and

proper dispensing of money could help to achieve a much more simple but comfortable life.

1.
 On the other hand despite of improvements in the country’s economic indicators still more than 26

million Filipinos remain poor, with about 12 million living in extreme poverty.

More than 26 million Filipinos remain poor with almost half, or a little more than 12 million, living

in extreme poverty and lacking the means to feed themselves, according to official government statistics for

the first semester of 2015. (http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/775062/12m-filipinos-living-in-extreme-poverty)

With the high regards of the increasing rate of poverty this study was realized through the typhoon

Yolanda survivor who was relocated in the north barangay of Tacloban City considering that they’re away

from their livelihood.

Through this study the researchers, would like to give value on contributing the families-which is

known to be the basic foundation of the society mainly focusing to those family consist of five earning

200,000.00 a year.

Furthermore, a family earning 200,000.00 annually could possible live this simple but comfortable

life. Just to be more precise, this study aims to know if the 200,000.00 annually well be enough throughout

the year. It’s all about how the 200,000.00 can sustain based on how does their life go annually. This paper

will define how does the family consisting of five will leave for simple and comfortable if they will be

earning 200,000.00 annually, considering the fact that lifestyle could be subject for changes throughout

the years and would this 200,000.00 annually earning would be enough and how or when we could declare

it as stable family as it was being valued and define

2.
Statement of the problem

The main objective of this study is to determine the stability of a family with five members earning

200,000.00 a year. Particularly the researchers intended to answer the following questions.

1. Is 200,000.00 sufficient for a family with five members at varying levels of personal needs?

1.1 Physiological needs

1.2 Academic attainment

2. Does a family earning 200,000.00 a year with five members can be considered stable?

Null hypothesis

1. 200,000.00 pesos is not sufficient for a family with five members at varying levels of personal

needs.

1.1 Physiological needs

1.2 Academic attainment

2. A family earning 200,000.00 a year with five members cannot be considered stable.

Alternative hypothesis

1. 200,000.00 pesos is sufficient for a family with five members at varying levels of personal

needs.

1.1 Physiological needs

1.2 Academic attainment

2. A family earning 200,000.00 a year with five members can be considered stable.

3.
Conceptual Framework of the Study

1.
INDEPENDENT PROCESS DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIABLE

SCJBVHBRIOBJ

Family with Five

Members
200,000.00
Earning a year
Conduct a survey
interview to 20
families in GMA
Kapuso Village, Brgy
106 Sto. Nino kawayan
ville.

EVALUATION

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

4.
Significance of the Study

The following are the potential benefits of this study:

To the researchers. Other researcher can make use of this study as a guide for future research and

can be used in conducting further study to gather more data to its related topic.

To the community. If this study proves to determine that 200,000.00 can sustain a family for a

year, then this must be helpful to the community who is practicing family planning in terms of income

budgeting.

To the youth. This study also aims to advocate the children how to spend wisely their money

especially in determining the financial status, their family are going through, in connection this study can

also be a motivation to the youth for their future.

To the government. Government can make use of this study as a basis in implementing a law

regarding on the family income. It will also help to determine how stable the family in the country in terms

of financial and job rate in the Philippines.

To the industries. In the manner of saving the money, companies such as bank can make use of

this study to extend their program and advertisement to promote proper usage and dispensing family

income.

5.
Scope and Limitation

The main concern of this study is to determine the stability of a family with five members earning

200,000.00 a year.

This research study, only focuses on determining the stability of a certain family and does not

include their educational background as a contributing factor for data gathering.

Researchers will be conducting a survey and will be providing a questionnaire at GMA village

Brgy. 103 New Kawayan. Tacloban City.

Definition of Terms

The terms which are used in this study have been defined for better understanding as follows:

Stability- The state of the respondents in occupancy at the current time.

Family- The subject of the study where stability will be determined.

6.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The continuous increase in number of population was presently one of the major factor to the

current increase of prizes in terms of goods. The available program of government such as family planning

has necessitated the search for other solutions and more effective way against the rapid increase of

population resulting to poor stability of a family.

The past years provide and shows description towards the effects of improper dispensing of a

certain family, there are also a large group who conducted studies that give information about the stability

of a family in relation to their monthly and even annual income.

Related Literature

Home to 76 million Filipinos, the Philippines is currently the fourteenth most populous nation in

the world. In an article written by Dr. Jaime Galvez Tan, he states that “the Philippines is one of the few

countries in the world with a runaway population growth rate of 2.36 percent. Since 1996, the national

contraceptive prevalence rate has been on a plateau hovering between 47 and 49 percent. More than two

million Filipino babies will be born this year. That means four every minute, 240 per hour, 5,760 per day.”

By 2005, the population is expected to balloon to more than 84 million. This is increasingly
becoming a national concern, in light of the present economic and political instability and widespread
poverty in the country. The family, as the basic unit of society, will directly feel the impact of an increasing
population size. Since an increase in population size directly translates into diminished access to food,
education, health and employment. (http://www.aer.ph/pdf/sw2003/Part%204.pdf)

7.
 Likewise according to recent median UN global projections, our population is likely to reach 9.8

billion by 2050. Broader estimates range from eight-and-a-half to 11 billion, depending on how quickly

and effectively reproductive health and development programmes can be implemented in developing

regions of the world. In order to ensure our population does not exceed these projections, it will therefore

be necessary to address the key drivers of population growth: limited access to education and family

planning, lack of women’s rights and poverty. (https://www.populationmatters.org/the-

issue/population/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMItKT4hYnd1QIVCAYqCh3yigenEAAYASAAEgL2M_D_Bw)

However In 1967, President Ferdinand Marcos joined other world leaders in adding his signature

to a Declaration on Population that had been made the previous year by representatives of 12 countries

(often incorrectly cited in Philippines government documents as "the UN Declaration on

Population"). Two years later, Executive Order 171 established the Commission on

Population (POPCOM), and in 1970 Executive Order 233 empowered POPCOM to direct a national

population programme.

The Population Act [RA 6365] passed in 1971 made family planning part of a strategy for national

development. Subsequent Presidential Decrees required increased participation of public and private

sectors, private organizations and individuals in the population programme.

(http://www.consciencelaws.org/law/commentary/legal055-002.aspx)

The establishment of programmes imposed by the government resist to qualify the stable lifestyle
of each Filipino family wanted to.Almost ten percent of the estimated 39 million Filipinos 6 to 24
years old were out-of-school children and youth (OSCY), according to the results of the 2016
Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS). In this report, OSCY refers to family members 6 to 14 years old
who are not attending formal school; and family members 15 to 24 years old who are currently out of
school, not gainfully employed, and have not finished college or post-secondary course.

8.
 The most common reasons among OSCYs for not attending school were marriage or family

matters (42.3%), high cost of education or financial concerns (20.2%), and lack of personal interest

(19.7%). Among females, marriage or family matters was the main reason for not attending school

with 59.3 percent; while it is the lack of personal interest among males with 36.5 percent.

Nationwide, about 53 percent of OSCYs belong to families whose income fall at the bottom 30

percent based on their per capita income. (https://psa.gov.ph/content/one-every-ten-filipinos-aged-6-24-

years-out-school-child-and-youth)

Filipino families had an annual income of 235 thousand pesos, on average. In comparison, their

expenditure for the same year was 193 thousand pesos, on average. These figures translate to an average

annual savings of 42 thousand pesos per family (Table 1). These estimates are based on the results of the

2012 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES), and were computed at prices in year 2012.

Considering the inflation in the period 2009-2012, the average annual family income in 2012 would be

valued at 180 thousand pesos at 2006 prices, while the average annual family expenditure would be valued

at 148 thousand pesos.

(https://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/popn_pub/Downloaded%20res%20materials%20fr%20POPCOUNCIL%20an

d%20UNFPA/FP%20Studies%20in%20RP%20by%20VMiralao.pdf)

9.
Related Studies

With globalization, challenges facing the Filipino families have become more complex. Families

try to cope with these challenges the best way they can, and, in the process endangers the cohesiveness of

families with children the hardest hit victims of such conditions. Government try to provide programs and

interventions to help families; but oftentimes, these interventions are not sufficient since the problems are

more deeply-rooted in the family system and is something mere that prevision of services cannot simply

address.

And yet, the family remains to be enduring institutions in Philippine society. It is the web that links
the past to the present, and gives the sense of an anchor for the future. It is for these reasons that a study
on possible indicators on the well-being of the Filipino family was conducted to track changes on family
life over time. Family stability, parenting effectiveness, social responsibility and rights perspective were
the four major rights initially identified and discussed. This study is expected to lead towards the
development of a score card for the Filipino family well-being which can be done on a periodic basis.
(http://familyrepository.lppkn.gov.my/345/1/Indicators_on_Family_Well-Being.pdf)

The quality of poverty estimates relies heavily on the data sources. One of the sources of data for
poverty estimation in the Philippines is the Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES). The FIES,
with its 72 page questionnaire and with its two visit scheme of collecting data have been open to comments
and suggestions for its improvement. This included among others the improvement concerning data item
content, lengthy interview time resulting to respondents and enumerator’s burden, questionnaire format,
field operations procedures, data processing, sampling design as well as data quality. Briefly described
below are concerns often raised by data users. Any improvement that have to be implemented would
require sufficient research study. Generation of Family or Household Weight for FIES One component
for adjusting the FIES weight is the projected family count. Since there is no official methodology in place
for projecting the family or household, the FIES depended on a derived estimate for the number of
family/household; a ratio of 1:1 was adopted or one family to one household. The total number of family

10.
 is determined by dividing the projected household population for the current FIES years with
household size available from the latest Census of Population & Housing (CPH). For the 2006 FIES, the
projected household population and the household size from the 2000 CPH was used. A methodological
study to address this concern will be beneficial to improve the FIES estimates. Lower Level
Disaggregation for FIES Estimates Starting 2003, the FIES adopted the 2003 Master Sample (MS) design
for household survey. The region was the domain for this MS, hence reliable estimates were generated
down to regional level only. During the developmental stage of the 2003 MS, the critical importance of
generating disaggregation lower than the region such as province was considered. However, if provincial
level estimates were to be generated with corresponding adequate precision, the design would require a
larger sample size. Given the resources available for the conduct of survey such as FIES, a survey with
large number of samples and to be conducted in two visits may not be feasible. Clamor for lower level
disaggregation (province, municipality, even barangay) have often been raised by data users. For the
updating of the MS in 2012 (using the 2010 Census results), this concern should again be looked into.
Meantime, the use of small area estimation can be tapped seriously to answer this data need. Different
Approach in FIES data collection The FIES is conducted in two visits, and the estimates for these two
visits are added up to provide annual estimates. More often, response burden for the sample households
has been noted considering also that interview time would on the average be completed in 3 to 4 hours. A
different approach in the data collection may be pursued to minimize interviewing 29 the same households,
such as conducting FIES quarterly using a different sample for each quarter. Another suggestion is to
conduct the FIES in one visit only collecting information for six months, and estimating the annual data
using a defined formula. The 1995 study of the UPLB on the difference between the results of the FIES
first and second visit can be used as a base study for this. Enhancing Data on Quantity of Food Items The
FIES survey instrument has a column on quantity for the expenditure items. The quantity is collected
alongside the price of the items. Starting 2000 FIES, the quantity on food items were included in the FIES
PUF and made available for public use. There have been studies made using FIES quantity as input to
poverty measurement. Since several food items are measured in bundles, cans and certain other local
measurements, it would be helpful if the quantity reported in FIES can be standardized.
(https://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps0918.pdf)

11.
 On the Annual Financial Education Summit in the Philippines, Amando M. Tetangco Jr. Governor
of Banko Sentral ng Pilipinas stated “Indeed, the ability to make sound financial choices and decisions is
essential... to ensure one’s financial well-being. And yet, most people are sorely lacking in this necessary
skill’’. The summit’s keynote session pushes to raise the social, economic and moral imperatives of
bridging the financial capability gap. On the present education trend in the Philippines can be considered
as critical competency that need to address the unique financial education need of students. There has been
great news about the Philippines with respect to economic gains, increasing remittances, record-breaking
stock market performance, strengthening of the peso—all pointing to breakthrough economic growth.
With all these great news, how the benefits will result to improving quality of life, specially the quality of
education? The target of this study is to present the low level income, the middle income, the high income
Filipino families on their expenditures as their capacity to educate young people inside the family. The
quality of poverty estimates relies heavily on the data sources. One of the sources of data for poverty
estimation in the Philippines is the Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES). “The FIES is the
source of detailed information on income and expenditures of Filipino families. Conducted by the National
Statistics Office every three year, it is an input to the calculation of critical poverty data necessary to
monitor the condition of the poor in the country. In this document, one will be able to look into how the
FIES is administered, how it evolved through time, how the concepts of family and income are defined,
what the survey covers, how much it costs to conduct the FIES, how detailed the survey questions are,
how long it takes to complete the enumeration, and what the issues surrounding it are” (Ericta and Fabian
2009). One of the basis of identifying the capability of the Filipino family in education is the report of
FEIS 2012 publish on December 26, 2013 of the National Statistics Office, Consumer Expectation Survey
of 2013 conducted by Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas respectively. The Financial Capability of a Filipino
Family for Education In 2012, Filipino families had an annual income of 235 thousand pesos, on average.
In comparison, their expenditure for the same year was 193 thousand pesos, on average. These figures
translate to an average annual savings of 42 thousand pesos per family (Table 1). These estimates are
based on the results of the 2012 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES), and were computed at
prices in year 2012. Considering the inflation in the period 2009-2012, the average annual family income
in 2012 would be valued at 180 thousand pesos at 2006 prices, while the average annual family
expenditure would be valued at 148 thousand pesos (Table 1). The gap in income between the richest
decile and the poorest decile remains wide. Families in the richest decile, earned an annual income of 715
thousand pesos in 2012 or 60 thousand pesos monthly, on average. On the other hand, the families in the
poorest decile, earned an average annual income of 69 thousand pesos or about 6 thousand pesos monthly.
The income of the families in the richest decile is 10 times that of the poorest decile. This finding is true
for both 2009 and 2012. For this report, families were ranked according to their per capita income and
were grouped into per capita income deciles. The richest decile represents families belonging to the top
10 percent in terms of per capita income, while the poorest decile represents families in the bottom 10
percent, ( source Philippine Statistics Authority). Number of Families, Total and Average Annual Family
Income and Expenditure by Region: 2012 Region Number of Families in Thousand Income Expenditure

12.
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

To be able to achieve the aims of this research, it is essential to have a sound of

Methodology for the research. In this chapter, the researchers thus discuss the design of the research study,

the materials used, and the procedure that was used for the experiment. Furthermore, the researchers

present the statistical treatment used that provided the data needed for this study.

Research Design

This research utilized an experimental method, particularly a single group design.

This study employs an observational design particularly descriptive research design. The

observational descriptive research design is used when an observation is being conducted in a particular

subject and being discussed. In this study, the design was utilized in determining if: (a) Is 200,000.00

sufficient for a family with five members at varying levels of personal needs and (b) a family earning

200,000.00 a year with five members can be considered stable.

Research Locale

The researchers will be conducting the research in Barangay 106 Kawayan Ville Tacloban City

focusing on the families who has been relocated in the said area.-09876

Research Respondents

The study will be focusing on the families who has been relocated in the area earning P200, 000.00

with five members in their family.

13.
Research Instruments

Researchers will be using a survey questionnaire as their material in answering the question or the

main problem the study.

14.
 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

This study focuses on the stability of a family, earning 200,000.00 annually. The objective
here is to know if a family with five members will be stable with this amount of annual income. The
researchers hypothesize that yes indeed, it is enough for a family consisting of five members this initial
amount annually. This research utilized an experimental method, particularly a single group design. This
study employs an observational design particularly descriptive research design. The observational
descriptive research design is used when an observation is being conducted in a particular subject and
being discussed. In this study, this method or design and utilized to determine if the 200,000.00 is enough
for a family of five members and does this amount is sufficient for them considering their basic necessities
list below.
The collection and gathering of data in a rural area specifically in Barangay 106 Kawayan Ville,

Tacloban City, Leyte was conducted. The researchers surveyed 20 families as respondents, measuring

their financial stability. The figure below shows the outcome of the conducted.

Percentage
Stable

Unstable

Stable Unstable

Figure 2. Shows the stability of the 20 families as a respondent.

15.
 Wherein their financial expenditures was tabulated, defined as the 75% out of 100% was unstable,

and the remaining 25% was distinguished stable.

Every families that was surveyed was taken into account. Their annual expenditures was

divided into four section, namely, education, bills, miscellaneous, and food. Every section was calculated

and tallied based on their highest account to the lowest of its amount. The result will be shown by the

figure below.

Highest Expenses
20
18
18 17

16
14
14

12

10

6
4
4

0
Education Bills Miscellaneous Food

Fig 3. Measurement of the given section and were their annual expenditures takes place.

Out of 20 respondents 18 of them gained the food section as the highest point. Education section
takes the 2nd spot at the highest expenditures wherein 17 out of 20 families. Next is the miscellaneous
section which gained 14 out of 20 families, lastly the bills section takes the lowest yet part of the annual
expenditures of the families, it takes 4 out of 20.

16.
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

This study focuses on the stability of a family, earning 200,000.00 annually. The objective here is

to know if a family with five members will be stable with this amount of annual income. It has been stated

that there are so many factors that can affect the income stability of every filipinos. Food, clothing, job,

education and permanent shelter are the basic things needed to prioritize. Every filipino must have income

in able for them to live and finance their needs and also at the end of the day individuals must learn to

save and use their money wisely.

The earning amount of two hundred thousand per year can be said enough for the important

expenditures, except if the family would add some insignificant things. The questionnaires indicate the

primary necessities namely the food, education, bills and miscellaneous. It has been recorded that the

annual expenditures of every family in Barangay 106 Kawayan Ville, Tacloban City, Leyte was different

in terms of each and every family member needs. In the survey conducted the results shows that only 25%

out of 100 % is being said stable, while 75% was considered unstable.

Moreover the results shows that two hundred thousand per annum is enough but there are still

complications in maintaining the stability because of the issues and challenges faced by every filipino

family especially in the area which was being used as a subject in these research.

17.
Conclusion

The 25% of the family which was stable verified that a 200,000.00 income of a family is sufficient

enough to stand for the annual expenditures. In a nutshell, the result does not implies that it can over all

provide the things needed of the family with a member of five due to some factors that affects the result

especially age and gender. Furthermore, the continuing growth of population can be considered also one

of the reason of the family to stay instable having less resources for each individuals and the never ending

increase of prices of goods through the succeeding years.

Recommendation

The continuous increase in number of population was presently one of the major factor to the
current increase of prices in terms of goods. The available program of government such as family planning
has necessitated the search for other solutions and more effective way against the rapid increase of
population resulting to poor stability of a family.

Over the diminishing expenses of a family it is rare to sustain, individuals necessities especially in

the poor sector of the community.

From the findings, discussion, and conclusion, the researchers recommend the following actions

and problems:

1. It appears to be that the variables and some deeper background details that the researchers unable

to apply. Furthermore the researchers highly recommend to study these subject including terms

that is appropriately needed.

2. Other researcher may also conduct studies, widening their research locale and respondents for

more subjective data of families’ stability rate.

18.
3. Academic attainment and background of the family can also be an intervening variable to these

research, so it is with the high regards of the researcher to study further on these matter.

4. The existing result of these research may also be studied in comparison with studies that is

relatively concerns about financial stability.

In the field of research where problems are very wide open and vast. The researchers are

positive thinker and open minded not only in helping and developing the data and census about

Filipino families’ economic standing but also in exploring other studies that is very comprehensive

and economical and God-given.

19.
Appendices

20.
Appendix 1: Name (optional):_____________________ Gender: ___________
Age: _____________ Date: _____________________
Direction: Indicate, monthly expenditures in each value by putting the letters for the
corresponding amount.
Refer to the code below.
EDUCATION
o Pre-School

o Junior High

o Senior High

o College

A. 5,000 – 10,000 D. 20,000 – 30,000

B. 10,000 – 15,000 E. 30,000 – 40,000
C. 15,000 – 20,000 F. 40,000 – 50,000
BILLS
o Water

o Electric

o House

A. 300 – 500 E. 1,500 – 2,000

B. 500 – 700 F. 2,000 – 2,500
C. 700 – 1,000 G. 2,500 – 3,000
D. 1,000 – 1,500 H. 3,000 – 3,500

MISCELLANEOUS
o Fare
o Clothes
o Personal
hygiene

A. 500 – 1,000 E. 2,500 – 3,000

B. 1,000 – 1,500 F. 3,000 – 3,500
C. 1,500 – 2,000 G. 3,500 – 4,000
D. 2,000 – 2,500 H. 4,000 – 5,000
FOOD
o Breakfast
o Lunch
o Dinner
o Snack

A. 5,000 – 10,000 D. 20,000 – 30,000

B. 10,000 – 15,000 E. 30,000 – 40,000
C. 15,000 – 20,000 F. 40,000 – 50,000

21.
Bibliography

22.
References

http://www.rappler.com/business/economy-watch/137891-ideal-monthly-income-neda-2040 vision

http://www.rappler.com/business/21431-how-much-does-a-family-need-to-keep-out-of-poverty

http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/775062/12m-filipinos-living-in-extreme-poverty

http://www.aer.ph/pdf/sw2003/Part%204.pdf

https://www.populationmatters.org/theissue/population/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMItKT4hYnd1QIVCAYqC

h3yigenEAAYASAAEgL2M_D_Bw

http://www.consciencelaws.org/law/commentary/legal055-002.aspx

https://psa.gov.ph/content/one-every-ten-filipinos-aged-6-24-years-out-school-child-and-youth

https://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/popn_pub/Downloaded%20res%20materials%20fr%20POPCOUNCIL%20and

%20UNFPA/FP%20Studies%20in%20RP%20by%20VMiralao.pdf

http://familyrepository.lppkn.gov.my/345/1/Indicators_on_Family_Well-Being.pdf

https://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps0918.pdf

23.