CL 232 Chemical Engineering Lab-1 [2019]

Experiment Number FM-202

Title Nature of flow

Sub Group Code A2a

Date of Experiment March 8, 2019

Date of Report Submission March 15, 2019

Roll Number Name Responsibility Owned

170020083 Abhinav Mahawar Questions and answers, Hypothesis

170020003 Saavi Yadav Observations, graphs and remarks

170020120 Manish Saich Procedure and setup

170020064 Akshat Bansal Final calculations and conclusion

Criterion TA Assigned Grade Faculty Assigned Grade

Calculations

Graphical Plots

Hypothesis testing

Report Quality

Initials with date

R&P TA initials with date

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FM-202: Nature of flow

March 8, 2019

Contents

1​ Objective 2

2​ Notes on the Procedure 2

3​ Theory and setup 2

4​ Results
4.1​ Raw Data…..…….……………………………..……………………...…….... 3
4.2​ Derived Data……………………………………………………………....…… 5
4.3​ Graphs……………………………………………………....…………………. 6
4.4​ Calculations…………………………………………………….……...……… 6

5​ Discussion
5.1​ Questions………………..……………………………………...……………. 7
5.2​ Hypothesis…………………………………………………...………………... 8

6​ Conclusion 8

7​ Codes 8

8​ Data sheet 9
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1. Objective____________________________________________
● To visually observe laminar and turbulent flow patterns.
● To determine the critical Reynolds number for the transition from laminar to
turbulent flow and vice versa.
​ ​p​ between the two tanks and understand
● To calculate the pressure drop △
the relation between this and volume flow rate Q.

2. Notes on procedure ___________________________________

● Allow the water to ll the equipment and adjust the flow rate to the lowest possible
value.
● Adjust the flow rate of the dye solution so that its flow rate is the same as the
velocity of water.
● Note the two tank heights for every flow rate and observe the flow for different flow
rates indicated by the dye solution.
● Measure the volumetric flow rate using a measuring vessel and a stopwatch.
● Increase the flow rate of water in small increments and repeat the above steps.
● From the highest flow rate decrease the flow rate in small decrements, and repeat
the above steps.
● For each run comment on the observed characteristics of the dye flow.
● Calculate the volumetric flow rate, linear velocity, pressure difference and Reynolds
number.
● Note the two tank heights for every flow rate and observe the flow for different flow
rates indicated by the dye solution.
● Plot the graph of △​ ​p​ versus Q and comment on the graph.For each run comment on
the observed characteristics of the dye flow.

3.Theory and Setup_____________________________________

When fluid flows through a pipe, tube or other conduits, the flow may be laminar or
turbulent depending upon the conditions of flow. At low fluid velocities, the fluid moves
without lateral mixing, as though a series of concentric conduits are sliding over one
another. In such a flow, the streamlines remain distinct from one another over the entire
length. This type of flow is called laminar flow.
At higher fluid velocities, eddies form in the fluids under motion causing lateral mixing and
superimposition of turbulence on the primary motion of translation, thus disrupting the
entire flow pattern. This type of flow is called turbulent flow. The type of flow and the
magnitude of turbulence is given by Reynolds number which is a dimensionless parameter
given by:
NRe = ρQD/Aμ​.

When the velocity of a fluid owing in a conduit is gradually increased, the Reynolds number
increases and at a particular value of NRe, the flow changes from laminar to turbulent; this
value of NRe, is called upper critical Reynolds number. Similarly, when the velocity of a
fluid owing at a high velocity in a conduit is gradually decreased, NRe decreases and at a
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particular value, the flow changes from turbulent to laminar; this value of NRe is called the
lower critical Reynolds number.
For a pipe flow, where N ​ Re = ρQD/Aμ​ is the fluid density, V is the (average) linear velocity,
D is the inner diameter of the pipe, and μ ​ ​ is the fluid (dynamic) viscosity.

Setup :-

4. Result_______________________________________________
4.1 ​Raw Data :
● Calculation of height difference:
Note: - yellow highlighted values are data collected by our group. Values
obtained by other group is used to calculate better value of best fit data.

Sr No. H 1 (mm) H 2 (mm) ΔH (mm)

1. 4.29 2.15 2.14

2. 4.40 2.17 2.24

3. 4.39 2.26 2.10

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4. 4.49 2.5 1.99

5. 4.66 3.36 1.30

6. 4.28 3.43 0.85

7. 4.38 4.32 0.06

8. 4.86 5.40 -0.54

9. 4.93 6.37 -1.44

10. 5.72 8.59 -2.87

11. 5.67 9.43 -3.76

12. 6.93 15.40 -8.49

● Calculation of reynolds number with flow rate(V/s)

Note: - yellow highlighted values are data collected by our group. Values
obtained by other group is used to calculate better value of best fit data.

ΔH (mm) V(ml) t(sec) Re Flow

2.14 160 20.22 403.56 Laminar

2.24 410 19.56 1069.00 Laminar

2.10 420 20.54 1071.00 Laminar

1.99 320 11.97 1363.00 Laminar

1.30 470 15.19 1578.00 Transient

0.85 830 20.50 2064.89 Transient

0.06 790 15.53 2594.33 Transient

-0.54 1020 16.97 3069.40 Transient

-1.44 1300 18.27 3638.83 Turbulent

-2.87 930 10.25 4621.31 Turbulent

-3.76 980 10.33 4838.33 Turbulent

-8.49 1600 12.14 6721.50 Turbulent

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4.2 Derived Data

● Height Correction:
H 1 = 7.24 mm
H 2 = 4.74 mm
ΔH 0 = 2.5

● Calculation of velocity from volume flow rate v=Q/A

Diameter = 25 mm
Acceleration due to Gravity = 9.8m/s^2
Note: - yellow highlighted values are data collected by our group. Values obtained
by other group is used to calculate better value of best fit data
Sr No. V(ml) t(sec) Q(ml/sec) Velocity
(cm/s)

1. 160 20.22 7.9130 1.6120

2. 410 19.56 20.9611 4.2702

3. 420 20.54 20.4479 4.1656

4. 320 11.97 26.7335 5.4461

5. 470 15.19 30.9414 6.3033

6. 830 20.50 40.4878 8.2481

7. 790 15.53 50.8693 10.3630

8. 1020 16.97 60.1061 12.2447

9. 1300 18.27 71.1549 14.4955

10. 930 10.25 90.7317 18.4837

11. 980 10.33 94.8693 19.3266

12. 1600 12.14 131.7957 26.8492

● Calculation of corrected height from error correction and pressure difference,

Δ P=density*g* ΔH corrected
Sr No. ΔH corrected = ΔH - ΔH 0 Δ P(Pa)

1. -0.36 3.5280

2. -0.26 2.5480
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3. -0.4 3.9200

4. -0.51 4.9980

5. -1.2 11.7600

6. -1.65 16.1700

7. -2.44 23.9120

8. -3.04 29.7920

9. -3.94 38.6120

10. -5.37 52.6260

11. -6.26 61.3480

12. -10.99 107.7020

4.3 Graphs
● Pressure difference versus flow rate curve

4.4 Calculation
● Calculation of pressure difference:
Δ P = d*g*| ΔH corrected | , where d is density of water
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For reading 1,
Δ P = d*g*| ΔH corrected |
Δ P = 1000*9.8*|-0.36*10^(-3)| = 3.5280Pa

● Calculation of volumetric flow rate:

Q = Volume/time
For reading 1,
Q = 160/20.22 = 7.9130ml/sec

● Calculation of velocity:
v = Q/A = 4Q/(pi*(D)^2)
For reading 1,
V = (4*7.9130)*100/(3.14*25*25) = 1.6120cm/sec

● Calculation of Reynold Number:

Reynolds Number = pVD/ u = pQD/Au = 51*Q
For reading 1,
Re = 51*Q
= 51*7.9130
= 403.56

1)Error in Δ P, (δ(ΔP)) = ΔP* (δ(ΔH)/ΔH)

= 3.5280*(0.01/0.36)
= 0.098 Pa
2)Error in Q, ΔQ = Q(ΔV/V + Δt/t)
= 7.9130*(10/160 + 0.01/20.22)
= 0.498ml/sec

5. Discussion________________________________________
5.1 Questions
● Why does the flow of ink through the channel changes when flow rate is changed?
When the flow rate is changed the velocity increases as Q=vA. when the velocity
increases the Inertial forces and thus the system becomes unstable and mixing of
layers of ink takes place.

● Why do we calculate the height difference of the fluids in both tanks when the fluid is
at rest?
The height difference is calculated to take into account the error of the method of
calculation. Ideally, the pressure difference should be calculated by taking the height
difference of the fluid but since we are calculating the height of air above an error in
the form of height difference is observed.
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5.2 Hypothesis
● The method for calculation of height difference is not accurate.
Screw gauge is used to find the difference in the height of the 2 tanks. The height is
determined by the reading of screw gauge when the screw gauge touches the
surface. Now due to like interactions between the screw gauge and water a
meniscus is formed and the correct value is hence not seen.

● The value of volumetric flow rate is lower due to water leakage from outlet tap
The value of volumetric flow rate is lower due to a minor leak from the outlet tank
due to which the value of Reynold’s number calculated is smaller than the correct
one and the lower the time of flow the higher the error. Due to the leak the transient
flow is observed at a lower value of Reynolds number calculated while if the correct
value of volume rate had been used then higher and closer values to 2300 must
have been observed for initiation transient flow.

6.Conclusion___________________________________________
In this experiment, the increasing in flow rate, leads to increase in the Reynolds number.
We observed various flow patterns: the laminar, transitional and the turbulent flow based
on some range of Reynolds number which were easily identifiable due to their distinct
characteristics. We also concluded from the plot that the variation of pressure with the
volumetric flow rate is linear.
The transient flow starts at around 1500 Reynolds number in the experiment done by our
group while in reality it is around 2300.

7. Codes_______________________________________________
● Code for Graph

q1 = [ 7.9130 20.9611 20.4479 26.7335 30.9414 40.4878 50.8693 60.1061 71.1549

90.7317 94.8693 131.7957]';
p = [ 3.5280 2.5480 3.9200 4.9980 11.7600 16.1700 23.9120 29.7920 38.6120
52.6260 61.3480 107.7020 ];
q = [ ones(12,1) q1 ];
x = inv(q'*q)*q'*p;
m = x(2);
c=x(1);
X=0:0.001:135;
y = m*X+c;

plot (q1,p,'rx');
hold on;
plot (X,y);

xlabel('Flow Rate(Q)');
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ylabel ('Pressure Difference');

title ('P vs Q');
legend('experimental data','best fit line');

8.Datasheet____________________________________________
● Data sheet of our group
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● Data sheet of the other group