Design of Automatic Phase Selector from any Available three

Phase with the use of Logic Gate and Relay driver

Abstract
Power failure is a common problem. It hampers the production of industry, construction work
of new plants and buildings. It can be overcome by using a backup power supply such as a generator.
But it is cost effective and also time consuming as certain time is required to switch on the generator
manually. It is often noticed that power interruption in distribution system is about 70% for single
phase faults while other two phases are in normal condition. Thus, in any commercial or domestic
power supply system where 3 phases is available, an automatic phase selector system is required for
uninterrupted power to critical loads in the event of power failure in any phase. There is no
requirement of backup power supply in that case. Also there is no time consumption as the phase is
changed automatically within a few seconds. The main aim of this paper is to present the real idea of
an automatic phase switch for 220V to 240V alternating current. Although, there are many designs
that can perform almost similar functions like, single phase change-over switches, two phase
automatic transfer switch and three phase automatic change-over switch, but this model is about an
automatic phase switchover (phase selector) which is designed for only three phase A.C input power
to single phase output applications. The project is designed to provide uninterrupted AC mains supply
i.e., 230 volt to a single phase load. This is achieved by automatic changeover of the load from the
missing phase to the next available phase in a 3 phase system.
It is often noticed that power interruption in distribution system is about 70% for single phase
faults while other two phases are in normal condition. Thus, in any commercial or domestic power
supply system where 3 phase is available, it is advisable to have an automatic changeover system for
uninterrupted power to critical loads in the event of missing phase.
In this system auto selection is achieved by using a set of relays interconnected in such a way
that if one of the relay feeding to the load remains energized always. Under the phase failure condition
the corresponding step down transformer secondary delivers zero voltage which is duly rectified to
DC and then fed to the logic gates comprising of AND & OR to switch on the next relay that delivers
the power to the load. It also has a provision of connecting to an inverter source which delivers
uninterrupted power to the load incase all the 3 phases go missing. The project is supplied with three
transformers connected to the 3 phases supply.
Further the project can be enhanced by incorporating power semiconductor devices such as
thyristors/IGBTs for instantaneous changeover to the next available phase. This overcomes the
drawback of the changeover time generally witnessed by relay switching operations

Keywords – Automatic phase selector, power failure, single phase load

 INTRODUCTION

The basic idea for the development of the project is to provide uninterrupted supply to the single
phase load .More than 70% of the faults are single phase faults. For large complexes like hospitals,
schools, where there is incoming 3phase supply if any of the phases, out of the 3 phases faces fault
,then the supply will be automatically shifted to the next available phase from the 3 phase supply.

In an electric power system, a fault or fault current is any abnormal electric current. For example,
a short circuit is a fault in which current bypasses the normal load. An open-circuit fault occurs if
a circuit is interrupted by some failure. In three-phase systems, a fault may involve one or more
phases and ground, or may occur only between phases. In a "ground fault" or "earth fault", current
flows into the earth. The short circuit current of a predictable fault can be calculated for most
situations. In power systems, protective devices can detect fault conditions and operate circuit
breakers and other devices to limit the loss of service due to a failure.

In a poly phase system, a fault may affect all phases equally which is a "symmetrical fault". If
only some phases are affected, the resulting "asymmetrical fault" becomes more complicated to
analyses. The analysis of these types of faults is often simplified by using methods such as
symmetrical components.

The design of systems to detect and interrupt power system faults is the main objective of power-
system protection

In an electric power system, a fault is any abnormal electric current. For example, a short circuit
is a fault in which current bypasses the normal load. An open-circuit fault occurs if a circuit is
interrupted by some failure. In three-phase systems, a fault may involve one or more phases and
ground, or may occur only between phases. In a "ground fault" or "earth fault", charge flows into
the earth. The prospective short circuit current of a fault can be calculated for power systems. In
power systems, protective devices detect fault conditions and operate circuit breakers and other
devices to limit the loss of service due to a failure. In a poly phase system, a fault may affect all
phases equally which is a "symmetrical fault". If only some phases are affected, the resulting
"asymmetrical fault" becomes more complicated to analyze due to the simplifying assumption of
equal current magnitude in all phases being no longer applicable. The analysis of this type of fault
is often simplified by using methods such as symmetrical components.
The basic idea for the development of the project is to provide supply to the single phase load
if any of the phases, out of the 3 phases misses.The three transformers are connected to the
3 phases supplyIt automatically switch to next phase while one phase is misses. For
monitoring the phase shifting we are using NAND gatelogics.The relay driver IC to change
the load to the next phase through the contacts those are fed from all the three phases.At
final condition it works on inverter .

Components Requirement:

A. Diode ( IN 4007)
B. Capacitor(100nF)
C. Register ( 1Kfi , 2Kfi , 2.2 Kfi, 10Kfi, 12 Kfi )
D. Relay Driver (ULN 2003A)
E. Relay (12v)
F. Opto-coupler ( MCT2E )
G. NOR Gate ( CD7804 )
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
BLOCK DIADRAM
 I. CONSTRUCTION

The model is designed to provide uninterrupted AC mains supply i.e., 230 volt to a single phase
load. This is achieved by automatic changeover of the load from the missing phase to the next
available phase in a 3 phase system. It is often noticed that power interruption in distribution
system is about 70% for single phase faults while other two phases are in normal condition. Thus,
in any commercial or domestic power supply system where 3 phase is available, it is advisable to
have an automatic changeover system for uninterrupted power to critical loads in the event of
missing phase. In this system auto selection is achieved by using a set of relays interconnected in
such a way that if one of the relay feeding to the load remains energized always. Under the phase
failure condition the corresponding step down transformer secondary delivers zero voltage which
is duly rectified to DC and then fed to the logic gates comprising of AND & OR to switch on the
next relay that delivers the power to the load. It also has a provision of connecting to an inverter
source which delivers uninterrupted power to the load incase all the 3 phases go missing. The
project is supplied with three transformers connected to the 3 phases supply. Further the project
can be enhanced by incorporating power semiconductor devices such as thyristors /IGBTs for
instantaneous changeover to the next available phase. This overcomes the drawback of the
changeover time generally witnessed by relay switching operations.

POWER SUPPLY
 DESCRIPTION OF POWER SUPPLY
The circuit uses standard power supply comprising of a step-down transformer from 230v to 12v
and 4 diodes forming a Bridge Rectifier that delivers pulsating dc which is then filtered by an
electrolytic capacitor of about 470microf to 100microF.
The filtered dc being un regulated IC LM7805 is used to get 5v constant at its pin no 3
irrespective of input dc varying from 9v to 14v. The regulated 5volts dc is further filtered by a
small electrolytic capacitor of 10 micro f for any noise so generated by the circuit. One LED is
connected of this 5v point in series with a resistor of 330ohms to the ground i.e. negative voltage
to indicate 5v power supply availability.

And Gate discription {Ic 4081}

The 4000 Series CMOS range, and contains four
independent CMOS AND gates each with two
inputs.

Pin Description
Pin 7 is the negative supply
Pin 14 is the positive supply
Pins 1&2, 5&6, 8&9, 12&13 are gate inputs
Pins 3, 4, 10, 11 are gate outputs
INVERTER IC 4609
The HCC/HCF4069UB consists of six COS/MOS inverter circuits .
This device is intended for all general purpose inverter applications where the medium-power TTL-
drive and logic-level-conversion capabilities of circuits such as HCC/HCF4049B Hex
Inverter/Buffers are not
required.
Medium-speed operation- tphl, tplh = 30ns (typ.) A 10v. quiescent current specified to 20v for hcc
device .
standardized symmetrical output characteristics .
5v, 10v, and 15v parametric ratings input current of 100na at 18v and 25°c for hcc device .
100% tested for quiescent current
OPTO- ISOLATOR
Opto coupler is a 6 pin IC. It is a combination of 1 LED and a transistor
Pin 6 of transistor is not generally used and when light falls on the Base-Emitter junction then it
switches and pin5 goes to zero.

RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch.
Current flowing through the coil of the relaycreates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and
changes the switch contacts.
The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and have double throw
(changeover) switch contacts as shown in the diagram.

RELAY DRIVER uln2003

The ULN2003 is a monolithic high voltage and high current Darlington transistor arrays.It consists
of seven NPN Darlington pairs that features high-voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp
diode for switching inductive loads.
The collector-current rating of a single Darlington pair is 500mA.
The ULN functions as an inverter.
If the logic at input 1B is high then the output at its corresponding pin 1C will be low.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE

The main 3 phase supply is stepped down to 12 V by 3 single phase transformers attached to each
phase.
Then the 12V is passed through full bridge rectifier and we obtain 12 V DC supply which is
required for running the opto-coupler, relay drivers and NOT gate.
The opto-coupler isolates the circuit from the supply.
The three phases are connected with the relay driver via the NOT gate.
In normal working condition when there are no faults, the first phase supplies the single phase load
and the relays of the other phases remain normally open. When fault occurs in that phase, the NOT
gate sends a low signal to the relay driver and the relay connected to the next healthy phase
becomes normally closed and thus the supply to the single phase
load remains unaffected. If three phase fault occurs and all the phases become unavailable then a
separate connection can be made by another port of relay driver, relay and NOT gate connected to
alternate power source like inverter or battery.
Three phase supply are given to three independent transformers connected in together with another
transformers from receiving supply, an inverter .
The secondary of the transformers are used to develop DC by half wave rectification and then
deriving four number of opto isolators individually.
The DC supply from all the three phases and inverter supply are combined and then fed to the
regulator IC 7805 for the circuit operation power.
One quad inverter is used in combination with a quad AND the o/p of which are fed to relay driver
IC ULN2003.
The combination of inverter and AND develops a logic of the i/p to the relay driver IC logic high on
the event of any source failure for the next available supply.
The relays connected drive the load with interlocking logic from the NO/NC contact such that the
st
1 phase load automatically changes over to any available phase in the event of the phase failure.

PRIORITY SELECTION OF THE ACTIVE PHASE

R Y B SELECTION OF PHASE
0 0 1 B phase activated
0 1 0 Y phase activated
0 1 1 Priority selection required (1)
1 0 0 R phase activated
1 0 1 Priority selection required (2)
1 1 0 Priority selection required (3)

PRIORITY SELECTION OF CASE 1 :

When fault occurs in R- phase, the output from opto-coupler 1 is LOW i.e. 0. Thus the output of
N1 NOT gate is 1 and the output of opto-coupler 2 is also HIGH i.e. 1. Hence we get HIGH
output from the AND gate N4. Output of N2 NOT gate is LOW which is fed to N5 AND gate.
The other input of N5 gate is from N1 and thus we obtain LOW output from N5 gate
which is again fed to N6 AND gate. The other input for N6 AND gate is
from opto-coupler 3 which is HIGH. Thus the overall output of N6 gate is LOW.
Hence the active phase is Y- PHASE

PRIORITY SELECTION OF CASE 2 :

When fault occurs in Y -phase, the output from opto-coupler 2 is LOW i.e. 0. The other two phases
are available, so the output of opto-coupler 1 is HIGH. The output of N1 NOT gate is LOW i.e.
0. Thus we get LOW output from the AND gate N4. Output of N2 NOT gate which is fed by the
LOW output of opto-coupler 2 is HIGH which is fed to N5 AND gate. The other input of N5 gate
is from N1 and thus we obtain LOW output from N5 gate which is again fed to N6 AND gate.
The other input for N6 AND gate is from opto-coupler 3 which is HIGH. Thus the overall output
of N6 gate is LOW.
Hence the active phase is R PHASE
PRIORITY SELECTION OF CASE 3 :

When fault occurs in B -phase, the output from opto-coupler 3 is

LOW i.e. 0. The other two phases are available, so the output of opto-coupler 1 is HIGH.
The output of N1 NOT gate is LOW
i.e. 0. The output of opto-coupler 2 is HIGH as Y phase is also active Thus we get LOW output
from the AND gate N4.
Output of N2 NOT gate which is fed by the LOW output of opto-coupler 2 is LOW which is fed
to N5 AND gate . The other input of N5 gate is from N1 and thus we obtain LOW output from N5
gate which is again fed to N6 AND gate.
The other input for N6 AND gate is from opto-coupler 3 which is LOW. Thus the overall output
of N6 gate is LOW. Hence the active phase is R PHASE
 TRUTH TABLE

Inpu Outp
t ut Activ
R Y B IN R Y B INV e
V
1 1 1 1 1 Not Not Not in R-Phase
in in use
use use
Fau 1 1 1 X 1 0 Not in Y-Phase
lt use
1 Fau 1 1 1 X 0 Not in R-Phase
lt use
1 1 Fau 1 1 0 X Not in R-phase
lt use
Fau Fau 1 1 X X 1 Not in B-phase
lt lt use
Fau 1 Fau 1 X 1 X Not in Y-phase
lt lt use
1 Fau Fau 1 1 X X Not in R-phase
lt lt use
Fau Fau Fau 1 X X X 1 Inverter
lt lt lt

Here we consider the equipments/consumers of R-Phase.

In input side 1 means active phase.
In output side 1 stands for high signal which is able to operate the relay driver.
In output side X stands for faulty phases and 0 stands for low signal which is not able
to operate relay driver
 ADVANTAGE

The time required for switching between the phases have been drastically reduced.

More automatic operation with the elimination of selector switch.

Reduced circuit size and easier implementation with the use of relay driver.

The problem of unwanted rotation of gear motor does not arise.

The problem of sparking between the selector switch and the phase connection does not
arise.

LIMITATION

The ratings of the distribution transformer have to be made higher so that it can support the load
of other phases when single phase fault occurs in them. It can make the distribution process costly
but with the advantage of providing uninterrupted power supply.

CONCLUSION

We aimed at developing something that can reduce the problem of sudden power failure.often we
read news about operations being stalled, malfunction of life saving equipments due to power
failure in hospitals, exams being interrupted in schools and colleges overall everyone gets affected
due to this power failure.

We hope that this Automatic Phase selector can reduce the problems faced due to
single phase faults.
 REFERENCES
[1] Ashish Kumar Gupta, Chandan Singh, Gurpreet Singh, Arun Kumar, “Automatic Cost
Effective Phase Selector” International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 5, May 2015
[2] Oduobuk, E. J., Ettah, E. B., Ekpenyong, E. E., “Design and Implementation of Automatic
Three Phase Changer Using
LM324 Quad Integrated Circuit” International Journal of Engineering and Technology
Research Vol. 2, No. 4, April 2014
[3] Krishan Malik, Sumit Kumar, Anil Kumar “MINOR PROJECT REPORT ON
AUTOMATIC PHASE CHANGER”
KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY, KURUKSHETRA
[4] Atser A. Roy, Gesa, F. Newton & Aondoakaa, I. Solomon, “ Design and Implementation of a
3-Phase Automatic Power Change-over Switch” American Journal of Engineering Research
(AJER), Volume-3, Issue-9,2014
[5] Nwafor Chukwubuikem M., Electronics Development Institute, Awka, National Agency for
Infrastructure,
[6] Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, NIGERIA, Volume-2, No-2, March 2012