SAN BEDA COLLEGE ALABANG

Muntinlupa, Philippines

COUNTRY PROFILE: INDONESIA

In partial fulfillment of requirements for Disciplines and Ideas of Social Sciences, Humanities

and Social Sciences strand (HUMSS)

Submitted by:

Lady Francesca Nicole S. Maniago

Joaquin Andre Y. Baes

Submitted to:

Sir Mark Niño I. Serrano

11 March 2019

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 I. Introduction

Spread over a chain of thousands of islands among Asia and Australia, Indonesia has

the world's biggest Muslim populace and Southeast Asia's greatest economy. Its formal name is

Republic of Indonesia (Republik Indonesia). It had been begat from the Greek indos—for India—

and nesos—for island). The term Indonesia was made-up by James Richardson Loga in his

investigation The Languages and Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago (1857). The name Indonesia

was supported by anthropologists thus to the names given to neighboring social territories, for

example, Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia. Indonesia reffered to as the Dutch East Indies and

before that the East Indies and furthermore the Malay Archipelago. The term East Indies was first

acclimated with depict contemporary India, Southeast Asia and Indonesia once Columbus alluded

to as the islands on the Caribbean the West Indies. The name "Indonesia" was formally received

once Indonesia wound up free in 1945 in part because of its past name, the Dutch East Indies,

wouldn't do. Indonesia can mean either "broadened India" or "the islands of India." The term

utilized for its Citizen(s) are Indonesian(s). Inside the Indonesian national language, the standard

articulation for country, Tanah Air Kita, deciphers as "Our Land and Water." This expression

communicates the focal truth of Indonesia's topography. A ton of the nation's dirt is phenomenally

rich. Indonesia's islands straddle the equator amid an expansive belt longer than the mainland

United States. The atmosphere shifts practically nothing, staying hot and damp all year.

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  Flag: two equivalent flat groups of red (best)

and white. The hues are gotten from the standard of the

Majapahit Empire of the thirteenth fifteenth hundreds

of years; red symbolizes valor, white speaks to virtue.

Received in 1945, it was first utilized by the

Indonesian National Movement during the 1920s. The

Indonesian flag is like the flag of Monaco, which is shorter. It is additionally like the flag of

Poland, which is white (best) and red.

Printableflags.net

 National images: garuda (legendary winged

creature). National anthem: "Indonesia Raya" (Great

Indonesia) with verses and music by Wage Rudolf (W.R.)

Supratman (1903-38). It was first performed in 1928 and

embraced as the national anthem in 1945. The national

crest of Indonesia delineates the Garuda—an old

legendary winged animal—which symbolizes inventive

vitality, the enormity of the country, and nature. The 8

quills on the tail, 17 on each wing, and 45 on the neck represent the date of Indonesia's

freedom (August 17, 1945). The shield symbolizes self-preservation and security in battle.

The five images on the shield speak to the state logic of Pancasila. The maxim "Bhinneka

Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity") on the standard implies the solidarity of the Indonesian

individuals in spite of their different ethnic and social foundations. After autonomy, the

trademark "Unity in Diversity" was pushed on Indonesians.

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 Indonesia's populace expanded from 119,208,000 out of 1971 to 147,500,000 out of

1980, to 179,300,000 out of 1990, and to 203,456,000 out of 2000. In any case, the present

populace of Indonesia is 268,685,584 as of Monday, March 11, 2019, in view of the most recent

United Nations gauges. Indonesia populace is identical to 3.49% of the absolute total populace. It

positions number 4 in the rundown of nations (and conditions) by populace. The populace

thickness in the nation is 149 for every Km2 (385 individuals for every mi2). The all out land

region is 1,811,570 Km2 (699,451 sq. miles), 56.0 % of the populace is urban (150,870,274

individuals in 2019) and the middle age in Indonesia is 28.3 years. In other hands the fruitfulness

rate declined from 4.6 per thousand ladies to 3.3; the unrefined passing rate dropped at a rate of

2.3 percent every year; and newborn child mortality declined from 90.3 per thousand live births to

58. The ripeness rate was anticipated to tumble to 2.1 percent inside one more decade, yet the all

out population was anticipated to achieve 253,700,000 by 2020. As of the center of the twentieth

century, Indonesia's populace was generally rustic, however toward the beginning of the twenty-

first century, around 20 percent live in towns and urban communities and three of five individuals

ranch. Urban areas in both internal and external islands have developed quickly, and there are

currently twenty-six urban areas with a population of more than 200,000. The above examples are

national, yet there are ethnic and provincial varieties that is yet to be known. Relocation likewise

has an impact in populace variances. Expanded perpetual or regular movement to urban areas went

with monetary advancement amid the 1990s, however there is likewise noteworthy relocation

between country regions as individuals migrate to other places, for example, South Sulawesi for

progressively gainful work or ranch openings in Central Sumatra or East Kalimantan.

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 Indonesia has in excess of 300 particular ethnic and semantic gatherings. Chinese

Indonesians represent about 3% of the populace yet they are compelling, controlling a large portion

of the nation's riches and trade. Notwithstanding this various populace, Indonesia is additionally

the world's most crowded Muslim-greater part nation, as simply over 87% of Indonesians

proclaimed Muslim on the 2010 enumeration. 9.87% are Christian, 1.69% are Hindu, 0.72% are

Buddhist and 0.56% practice different beliefs. The Indonesian constitution gifts religious

opportunity despite the fact that the administration just formally perceives Islam, Protestantism,

Roman Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism.

There are in excess of 700 dialects spoken in Indonesia. Bahasa Indonesia, a type of

Malay, is the official language and is utilized generally in instruction, media, business, and

organization. A great many people in Indonesia really will in general talk different dialects as their

essential language be that as it may. Indonesia has 11 urban areas with a populace more than 1

million, in spite of the fact that gauges from 2014 demonstrate that there are presently 14 urban

areas that have populaces that surpass 1 million. (Populace Data, 2010) Jakarta isn't only the most

crowded city in Indonesia; it's additionally the most crowded in Southeast Asia and the fourteenth

most populated city on earth. The official metropolitan region, known as Jabodetabek, is the third

biggest on the planet, and the city's rural areas expand much further. The whole region has a

populace of more than 30 million, which makes it one of the biggest conurbations on earth. It's

additionally one of the quickest developing urban communities on earth, becoming quicker than

Beijing and Bangkok. As far as openness to clean water and sanitation offices, roughly 87.4% have

improved access to clean drinking water while 12.6% still battle. Just 60.8% have improved access

to sanitation while 39.2% still have unchanged openness to sanitation services. However,

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Indonesia maintains a fairly high literacy rate of 95.4% among the entire population with males

having a slight advantage of roughly 4% over females.

Another intriguing measurement includes the times of the Indonesian populace. Birth

rate was solid contrasted with the demise rate as well and dependent on a 2012 gauge, it's trusted

that there are 17.76 births per 1,000 individuals contrasted with simply 6.28 passings. As indicated

by the Jakarta Post creator, the high Muslim populace in Indonesia is prompting an exceptionally

high birth rate, which can't be continued. In an additional 40 years, the nation's populace is relied

upon to climb a lot higher. Tragically, Indonesia's endeavors at family arranging instruction and

populace control have not been exceptionally fruitful, and it's difficult to state how manageable

the nation's development will be.

II. History

ANCIENT INDONESIA

The primary individuals in Indonesia touched base around 40,000 years back when

ocean level was lower and it was joined to Asia by a land bridge. At that point toward the end of

the last ice age around 10,000 BC another rush of individuals came. At first they chased creatures,

gathered shellfish and accumulated plants for nourishment. By around 2,500 BC they figured out

how to develop harvests, for example, taro, bananas, millet and rice. The early ranchers

additionally made earthenware yet the entirety of their apparatuses were made of stone.

However by 700 BC the Indonesians had figured out how to make bronze and iron.

Moreover around then wet rice development was presented. Indonesian towns were compelled to

co-work to manage the supply of water to their fields. In time composed kingdoms developed.

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 From around 400 BC Indonesians exchanged with different countries, for example,

China and India. Hinduism and Buddhism were likewise acquainted with Indonesia and they took

course.

By the eighth century AD Indonesian human advancement was prospering. Among the

kingdoms was a Hindu kingdom in focal Java called Sailandra. There was also the incomparable

Buddhist kingdom of Sriwijaya in south Sumatra. From the seventh century to the thirteenth

century Sriwijaya succeeded and it turned into an oceanic domain controlling western Java and

part of the Malay Peninsula. It was also a focal point of Buddhist learning. However in the

thirteenth century the Sriwijaya Empire separated into discrete states.

In the mean time Islam was conveyed to Indonesia by Indian traders. It previously

picked up a foothold in Aceh in north Sumatra and in finishing hundreds of years it spread

whatever remains of Indonesia.

However in the thirteenth and fourteenth hundreds of years a Hindu kingdom thrived.

It was known as the Majapahit Empire. It was established in 1292 and before long rose to rule a

large portion of Indonesia. In the mid fifteenth century the Majapahit Empire went into a quick

decrease.

COLONIAL INDONESIA

In the mid sixteenth century the Portuguese touched base in Indonesia. around then

there was an enormous interest in Europe for flavors, for example, nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon,

cloves and mace. Enormous benefits could be made by transporting them to Europe and offering

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them. The Portuguese along these lines chose to catch the Moluccas, the central wellspring of

flavors. In 1511 they caught Melaka, an imperative port. They additionally caught the Moluccas.

However in the mid seventeenth century the Portuguese lost their situation to the Dutch.

The primary Dutch armada cruised from Holland in 1595 under Cornelis de Houtman. In 1602 the

Dutch East India Company was shaped to control exchange with Indonesia. In 1605 they took

Tidore and Ambon from the Dutch. In 1619 the organization caught Batavia. In 1641 they took

Melaka. Amid the seventeenth century the Dutch bit by bit broadened their capacity of Java and

the Moluccas. Although they had little impact in whatever is left of Indonesia. In addition amid

the eighteenth century the Dutch East India Company slipped into obligation. At long last in 1799

the Dutch government assumed control over its regions

In 1806 the British and Dutch did battle. In 1811 the British under Lord Minto cruised

to Batavia. The British before long caught all the Dutch belongings in Indonesia. The British

nullified subjection and they additionally divided the nation into regions called residencies for

organization. However in 1816 the British gave Indonesia back to the Dutch. Numerous

Indonesians opposed the arrival of the Dutch. But the Dutch in the long run crushed them and

recaptured control.

In 1825 the Javanese War, in central Java, started. It was driven by Prince Diponegoro.

The war finished with Dutch triumph in 1830. Diponegoro went into outcast and kicked the bucket

in 1855.

Amid the nineteenth century the Dutch broadened their command over different pieces

of Indonesia. In 1825 they took Pelambang in Sumatra. They additionally battled wars with the

Balinese in 1848, 1849, 1858 and 1868. However Bali was not at long last vanquished until 1906.

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 In 1873 the Dutch did battle with Aceh. The war went on until 1908. In the interim in

1894 the Dutch caught Lombok and in 1905 they caught the entire of Sulawesi.

In the mean time the Dutch improperly abused the Indonesians. In 1830 the Dutch

presented the social framework. Indonesian ranchers were compelled to set aside 20% of their

property to develop crops for fare. They were paid just an ostensible total by the Dutch government

for them. Indonesians were compelled to develop coffee, indigo, tea, pepper, cinnamon and sugar.

Because of this measure rice generation was diminished.

In 1870 the Dutch changed to a free market framework. The Dutch government's

imposing business model on sugar and different items was finished. Private manors were made.

However the Indonesians were not really happier. Presently they were utilized as coolies on the

extraordinary manors.

In the mid twentieth century the Dutch chose to treat the Indonesians all the more

decently. They presented what they called the ethical policy. This implied building schools and

burning through cash on medicinal services, sanitation and water system. The new arrangement

had little impact on the lives of most Indonesians. It did however imply that a least a few

Indonesians turned out to be profoundly instructed and acquainted with western thoughts, for

example, liberalism and socialism. Thus in the mid twentieth century patriot developments were

shaped in Indonesia. They started clamoring for autonomy.

At that point in 1940 the Germans occupied Holland. In 1942 the Japanese attacked

Indonesia. The last Dutch troops surrendered on 8 March 1942. At first the Indonesians respected

the Japanese as deliverers. However they before long became disappointed. The Japanese were

merciless and they savagely misused Indonesia's assets.

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 Yet when the Japanese were losing the war they begun to support Indonesian freedom,

planning to make the Indonesians their allies. Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945. Youthful

Indonesian patriots were resolved to declare the nations freedom before the Dutch could return. A

gathering of them captured two patriot pioneers Sukarno and Hatta. On 17 August Sukarno

announced Indonesian freedom. He turned into the main president and Hatta progressed toward

becoming VP. However Dutch were not willing to release Indonesia so effectively. At first British

troops arrived in Indonesia. They attempted to stay impartial despite the fact that there were

outfitted conflicts between the British and Indonesians in spots.

By November 1946 the British were gone and the Dutch had landed numerous men in

Indonesia. In November the Indonesians and Dutch consented to the Linggadjati arrangement. The

Dutch perceived the new republic, yet just in Java and Sumatra. Regardless they asserted whatever

remains of Indonesia. Moreover the understanding expressed that the republic would unite a

government association with Holland in 1949.

As anyone might expect neither one of the sides were content with the understanding.

The Dutch developed their strength trying to retake all of Indonesia. In the late spring of 1947 they

attacked the free territories. However they were compelled to pull back, halfway as a result of

Indonesian opposition and incompletely due to solid global judgment (particularly by the USA).

In December 1948 the Dutch attempted to retake Indonesia. This time the Indonesians

swung to guerrilla fighting and they were fruitful. The Dutch confronted solid judgment from

forces like the USA and they understood they couldn't win the war. At last on 2 November 1949

the Dutch consented to perceive Indonesian autonomy. Their troops pulled back in December 1949.

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 MODERN INDONESIA

At first independent Indonesia was a parliamentary democracy. However in February

1957 President Sukarno presented another political framework, which he called 'Guided

Democracy'. The intensity of parliament was decreased and his very own capacity was

extraordinarily expanded. His rivals shaped a different 'parliament' called the PRRC (the

Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia). The military stayed faithful to Sukarno

and he remained in power. In the interim in October 1957 the military assumed control over the

staying Dutch organizations in Indonesia. Accordingly the military became affluent.

At that point in the mid 1960s the economy floundered. There was very rapid inflation.

In September 1965 the Communists endeavored an upset in Indonesia. They killed various officers.

They likewise caught key focuses in Jakarta. However General Suharto rapidly made a move. The

upset was pounded. Suharto was allowed controls by President Sukarno to reestablish request.

After the overthrow Suharto captured and executed an expansive number of socialists. Sukarno

lost help and on 11 March 1966 he marked over his presidential forces to Suharto. From 1966

Suharto led as a despot (in spite of the fact that there were races held at regular intervals popular

government was a veneer). However Suharto brought strength and under him the economy of

Indonesia recuperated.

From the 1960s stores of oil in Indonesia were misused. After 1973 Indonesians

profited by the high cost of oil. Agriculture likewise wound up unmistakably increasingly

profitable. Numerous Indonesians stayed poor and in 1997 Indonesia was hit by a monetary

emergency. Thus the economy contracted. Indonesia was hit by mobs and Suharto surrendered in

May 1998. Democracy returned to Indonesia with elections, which were held in 1999.

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 Toward the start of the 21st century the Indonesian economy started to recoup. Today

the economy of Indonesia is developing relentlessly. Today the number of inhabitants in Indonesia

is 261 million.

III. Politics and Governance

The Indonesian political system is a republican republic, and the Indonesian Republic

is a federal state in which the authorities are concentrated in the hands of the central government.

The Republic of Indonesia was born in 1945 once an extended amount of Dutch colonial rule and

Japanese occupation throughout the World War II. It continued to adopt the federal government

model for five years after independence until December 1949. The model of the United Republic

of Indonesia was adopted for seven months until August 1950 but returned to the model of a central

unitary state based on the 1945 Constitution. As the judicial and legislative authorities were

reorganized they faced a crisis on to reducing centralization to the provinces thus, a form of

autonomy was given as a decentralization of power and therefore the future transformation of the

system into a republican, decentralized constitutional democratic system.

After 1965 and the destruction of the Indonesian Communist Party, the military

dominated Indonesian politics. The leaders concentrated power and authority in a small military

and bureaucratic elite. President Suharto was the elite head and a former army general who was

instrumental in the forcible termination of the Guided Democracy of his predecessor, Sukarno. To

emphasize the discontinuity with the failed and discredited policies of the Sukarno era - what the

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new regime called the Old Order - Suharto's government called itself the New Order. The policy

priority of the New Order was economic development supported security, stability, and consensus.

The post-1965 organisation system was simplified with the establishment of Golongan

Karya, or Golkar. The two constitutional legislative bodies, dominated by Golkar and the Armed

Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (ABRI), were often little more than rubber stamps for

government policy in a strong presidential system. The latitude of action the government enjoyed

conjointly was increased by a judiciary during which the rule of law usually appeared bent to the

desire of the government. Moreover, the media within the early Nineties were tangled during a net

of formal and informal controls that created them comparatively ineffective as a check on

government.

In 1992 Indonesia was a unitary state with a extremely centralized governmental

administration. Suharto had been inaugurated 5 times as president, and a central political question

since his fourth term had been that of succession. This centralization was seen by Indonesia's

leaders as necessary during a fragmented geographical and extremely plural ethnic setting with a

history of regional and ethnic rebellion. The succession issue might be resolved solely with

interaction among the leading political forces and establishments. All institutions had factions,

dividing not only on issues of interest but also on religion, race, and ethnicity. Issues of interest

enclosed economic equity, corruption, the role of ABRI in society, environmental concerns, and

democratization.

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 Current Political System of Indonesia consists of Executive Authority, judiciary and

the political parties. Whereis the President is the head of the executive authority, the head of state,

head of government, commander-in-chief of the Indonesian armed forces and responsible for local

administrations in Indonesia according to the Constitution. Starting from the autumn of Suharto's

New Order, which marked the beginning of the Reformation period, every election in Indonesia is

regarded to be free and fair. This is why by direct voting they shall elect The President and Vice-

President every five years and shall be governed for two consecutive terms, which was previously

(before 2004) through the Shura Council. The prime minister is appointed and has wide powers to

manage the country independently in emergency situations. The Supreme Court is the highest

judicial body whose judges are appointed by the President of the Republic. It is composed of a

different group of courts, which are distinguished according to jurisdiction. Most civil cases are

adjudicated before national courts and appeals are heard before the Supreme Court. Other courts

include: a) The Commercial Court examines bankruptcy and insolvency cases. b) The

Administrative Court of the State and considers cases of administrative law against the government.

c) The Constitutional Court examines issues related to the legality of laws, general elections, the

dissolution of political parties and the scope of authority of state institutions. d) Religious courts

to deal with legal cases. While for the Political Parties it is known that the Indonesian arena has a

wide range of political parties that differ in their intellectual and ideological dimensions and

backgrounds. However, the state isn't free from corruption, nepotism, collusion similarly as

money-politics through that power or political positions may be bought.

Foreign policy wasn't a big issue in domestic politics. An example of this is the

Sukarno's confrontational foreign policy which restored Suharto's government and Indonesia's

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international image as a peaceful and cooperative member of the international community. In the

Nineteen Eighties, Indonesia began to project a more assertive presence in the international arena

corresponding to its huge population, natural resources, economic success, and growing

nationalism. This was capped by Suharto's succession in 1992 to the chairmanship of the

Nonaligned Movement. Indonesia's international image continuing to suffer, however, from

international criticism of its human rights record, particularly its suppression of an independence

movement in East Timor.

IV. Economy

 Indonesian Economy

The country of Indonesia, apart from being a fertile agricultural land, is a country rich

in natural resources. It varies from petroleum, natural gas, and coal, to metals such as tin, bauxite,

nickel, copper, gold, and silver. However, despite its rich natural resources, its economy is still

developing slowly for the most period of its history.

 During Sukarno’s regime

In the period 1949-1965, during the Sukarno regime, there was little economic growth

predominantly in the years from 1950 to 1957 where very moderate policies in the government to

support the pribumi of Indonesia were seen. In 1958-1965, its economic growth rates declined

because of political instability and inappropriate economic policy measures.

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 Indonesian Economy under Suharto

After the fall of Sukarno’s regime, the New Order government under President Suharto

came into power having obtained financial assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Under the New Order, Soharto restored the inflow of western capital, brought back political

stability and led Indonesia into a period of economic expansion.

There are two main forces that influenced the economic policy during the New Order

government:

• the technocrats who favored market reforms and the limitation of government role

in the economy and

• the economic nationalists who demanded that there must be trade protection, direct

government investment and regulation in the economy contain foreign influence.

The New Order of President Suharto rejected political mobilization and socialist

ideology and established a tightly controlled regime which put Indonesia’s economy back on the

rails. Its economic ideology was far different from the previous regime’s socialism. Under his

leadership, the government capitalized on its tax revenues and explored on the heavy industries

such as steel and aeronautics which paved the way for its rapid industrialization while agricultural

program by the government helped farmers become commercial suppliers.

The Indonesian economy progressed during the term of Indonesian President Suharto

with the use of modern technology. During this period, its economy experienced the following:

• increased in industrial output which includes steel, aluminum and cement.

• new flows of foreign investment and foreign aid programs were attracted

• population growth was reduced due to family planning programs

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 • transformation took place from a predominantly agricultural economy to an

industrializing economy.

From the 1970s onward the increased oil price on the world market provided Indonesia

with a massive income from oil and gas exports. President Soharto managed to apply part of these

revenues to the development of technologically advanced manufacturing industry.

Indonesia’s economy further grew and transformed with impressive speed during the

1980s and 1990s with the production of steel, aluminum and cement. This big transformation of

its economy can be attributed to the altering of the economic polices especially those which are no

longer applicable. Sweeping reforms began in 1983 to continuously transform Indonesia's

government-controlled financial sector into a competitive source of credit at market-determined

interest rates

 The Asian Financial Crisis and today

The Asian financial crisis in 1997, however, revealed a number of hidden weaknesses

in the Indonesian economy such as

• weak financial system which lacks transparency

• unprofitable investments in real estate

• shortcomings in the legal system.

In addition to these weaknesses, the increasing corruption in the government became

widely known.

Today, the Indonesian economy is still suffering from severe economic development

problems following the Asian financial crisis of 1997 and the political reforms implemented after

President Soharto stepped down in 1998.

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 V. Society and Culture

Indonesia - a vast archipelago comprising more than 17,000 islands - contains a

population numbering around 255 million people; a number that makes Indonesia the fourth most

populous country in the world. At least 669 distinct languages and well over 1,100 different

dialects are spoken in the archipelago, that is why Indonesia is considered as one of the most

complex and varied in the world. The landscape ranges from rain forests and steaming

angiospermous tree swamps to arid plains and snowcapped mountains. Major world religions--

Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, and Hinduism--are depicted. Some Indonesian communities

depend upon ancient feeding systems and wedding exchange for economic distribution, whereas

others act as refined brokers in international commerce networks operative throughout the South

China ocean. Indonesians even have a large kind of living arrangements. Some come back at the

hours of darkness to extended families living in isolated bamboo longhouses, others come to

hamlets of small homes clustered around a house of prayer, whereas still others come back to

nuclear families in urban high-rise living accommodations complexes.

There are, however, placing similarities among the nation's numerous community.

Besides citizenship in a very common nation-state, the only most unifying cultural characteristic

may be a shared linguistic heritage. The majority of the nation's speak one among many

Austronesian languages, which share several vocabulary things and have similar sentence patterns.

Most vital, the overwhelming majority of the population will speak Indonesian, the official

national language. Employed in government, schools, print and electronic media, and in social

cities, this Malay-derived language is each a very important unifying image and a vehicle of

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national integration. Older generations still speaks Dutch as a second language and English is

spoken for tourist areas.

Indeed, most Indonesians within the early Nineteen Nineties, as their ancestors before

them, were closely related to agriculture, stockbreeding, or fishing. Whereas some isolated farming

communities were comprised primarily of subsistence farmers most depended to some extent on

money profits earned from mercantilism their turn out at mercantile centers. Except for occasional

and rubber plantations, large-scale, extremely capitalized agribusinesses, like industrialised rice

farming or chicken farms, remained the exception in Republic of Indonesia.

Describing Indonesia's culture is very broad, due to its distinct customs. Indonesians

tend to keep tight relationships with members of their family. For many Indonesian youths, moving

out of parents’ house is simply not a thing, even when they already have a stable income of their

own. For them it is not a sign of dependency it just shows the values and principles the nation has

when it comes to family. As for they are known as a country with a lot of religions and beliefs,

Indonesians are generally very spiritual. They take their religious practices very seriously, and that

is reflected in daily rituals, ceremonies, even the grandness of their places of worship. Indonesia

is also full of landmarks and cultural places that are very much known from around the world.

They celebrate everything and gives a huge deal out of life events mixing them with mesmerizing

traditional customs and celebrations. Also many Indonesians who find themselves in modern

settings still find ways to integrate their traditions and cultural values into the contemporary

lifestyle.

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 Over the course of the Nineteen Eighties, population quality, academic action, and

urbanization inflated as Indonesians were exposed to the sorts of their nation's cultures through tv,

newspapers, schools, and cultural activities. Linkages to native geographic area and mental object

heritage weakened. Quality became a method of identification in bound things however not in

others.

VI. People and Ethnicities

People in Indonesia are called “Indonesians,” Malay Islanders,” and East Indians.” The

population density of state is 131 persons per square kilometer (2009), compared with 33.8 per

square kilometer in the U.S. In Java, Madura, and Bali, population densities are more than 900 per

square kilometer. Census authorities in 2007 calculable a median density of 118 people/ square

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kilometers (Departemen Kesehatan, 2008). The population density on Java and Bali (977 people

per square kilometers) was much higher than on other islands (50 people per square kilometers).

Its motto "Unity in Diversity'" signifies the country's myriad of cultures and ethnicities

with all its people living together largely in peace. Being a culturally very diverse nation, there is

great variety of ethnic groups. The people of Indonesia are unified by national language, economy

and religion. Many Indonesians will first identify themselves from their ethnic groups when

strangers ask where they are from. Ethnic identities are not always clear, stable (even for

individuals), or agreed upon; ethnic groups may appear or profess to be more distinct socially or

culturally than they actually are. Indonesia consists of 1,300 ethnic groups with at least 95 percent

native to the archipelago. Minority migrant groups, such as Chinese, Arab and Indian, make up

the remainder.

Many people in Indonesia go by the island of their origin— Javanese, Balinese,

Sumatran, Moluccan—or their ethnic group—Batak, Toraja or Sundanese. Some names like

Madurese or even Javanese, refer to both an ethnic group and a people from an island. But there

are about 350 recognized ethnolinguistic groups in Indonesia, 180 of them located in Papua; 13

languages have more than 1 million speakers. [Source: Library of Congress]

Javanese folks principally known as Muslim, with a small figure of Christian, Buddhist

and Hindu. It makes up 40 percent of the whole population. Their population unfold everywhere

the country, however is very targeted in Java and Bali Islands. Sundanese folks makes up 16

percent, from the country's total population, known as the natives of the eastern part of Java. The

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ethnic group is predominantly Muslim and that they follow their own language. They traditionally

inhabit provinces of Banten, West Java and Jakarta. The third largest ethnicity is Batak from North

Sumatra with 3.8 percent of the whole population. These ethnic groups are clearly connected and

speak an equivalent language, whereas additionally active similar customs. As predominantly

Christian, Batak settle for this Abrahamic faith as a part of their identity since the early 20th

century. The fourth largest are the Sulawesi ethnic groups with 3.2 percent of Indonesia's total

population. Madurese made up for 3.03 percent out of Indonesia's total population, identifying

themselves as the people who originally lives in Madura Island. They’re predominantly Muslim

and ordinarily related with Nadhatul Ulama, the biggest Islamic organization in Indonesia.

However, Madurese additionally inhabited several regions in Indonesia as most of Madurese

native are migrated to the other parts of the country for a century. The Betawi ethnic group is the

term for those that live in Batavia, the Dutch name for Jakarta. The native Jakartans made up for

2.9 percent. Their language ——a Malay-based creole that borrows extensive words from Hokkien,

Chinese, Arabic, Portuguese and Dutch languages additionally as different native language —

remain used as slang language in Jakarta. They’re predominantly Muslims, with some number of

Christian and Roman Catholic believers.

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VII. Conclusion

Indonesia has a rich and wonderful culture, with this paper many students and adults

in our community will learn more about Indonesian culture, environment, and country institutions.

On the one hand, this paper has shown the traits of current Indonesians; on the other

hand, this paper has also revealed the expected traits of Indonesians for the future which tend to

be more optimistic that hopefully will enable Indonesians to fix.

It cannot be denied that Indonesia has had a troubled past, but fortunately it seems to

have emerged from these times and moved on to a fruitful future. Seems like Indonesia made it as

the asset of their country. With the richness of landscape and culture that Indonesia possesses, it

is somewhat surprising that it is not a more popular tourist destination. There is potential for

activities that cater to every conceivable taste. Despite the varied culture, the one thing that people

do have in common is their friendliness. Indonesians are amongst the friendliest in south east Asia,

which is in itself one of the most sociable areas in the world.

When it comes to government issues, I suggest that the government could focus on

having a synergy. It could be a precaution now that Indonesia have various cultures. Synergy is

needed to develop a multicultural society because Indonesia consists of various cultural

backgrounds. By establishing synergy among cultures, they are in a position to develop cross-

cultural understanding among local, national, and global cultures. Through cross-cultural

understanding, Indonesians will be prepared to face globalisation.

Indonesia has numerous chances to acknowledge a lot quicker development.

Improving, be that as it may, will require some recalibrating of the change motivation. With the

worldwide monetary condition set to wind up increasingly troublesome, financial arrangement

should more than compensate for any shortfall. Framework venture should be a lot higher yet in

23
addition supplemented by more profound duty and business atmosphere changes. Doing as such

would make the exchange off among development and steadiness less official while creating the

more grounded efficiency increases expected to make a quicker development progressively

reasonable.

24
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