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Peter Avitabile
Mechanical Engineering Department
University of Massachusetts Lowell
p1 − hydrostatic, p 2 − atmospheric − p a
If the tank has constant cross section, A, and assume
density, ρ, is constant, then
dh ρgh
ρA = ρq i −
dt R
Head
problem.
Operating Point
Note: The head versus flow rate is
not a linear function
Flow Rate
h1 R1 R2 h2
A1 q1 A2 q2 qo
P1 P2 P2 P3
The law of conservation of mass is applied to tank 1:
d
(ρA1h1 ) = ρq i − ρq1
dt
p1 − p 2 (p a + ρgh1 ) − (p a + ρgh 2 )
= ρq i − = ρq i −
R1 R1
Thus,
& gh1 gh 2
A1h 1 + − = qi (System Diff. Eq. 1)
R1 R1
22.451 Dynamic Systems – Thermal/Fluid Systems 6 Dr. Peter Avitabile
Modal Analysis & Controls Laboratory
Example – Two Tank System cont. 6-4
Conservation of mass is applied to tank 2:
d
(ρA 2 h 2 ) = ρq1 − ρq 2
dt
p1 − p 2 p 2 − p 3
= −
R1 R2
(p a + ρgh1 ) − (p a + ρgh 2 ) (p a + ρgh 2 ) − p a
= −
R1 R2
Thus,
& gh1 1 1
A 2h 2 − + + gh 2 = 0
R1 R1 R 2
(System Diff. Eq. 2)
Mechanical Liquid-Level
Force f q Flow Rate
Displacement x h Head
h1 c1 c2 h2
q1 q2
c1
k2
F k1
c2
x1
x2
q ∂Tf
= −k f
A s ∂x s
where the subscript f indicates fluid, and s, again, stands for the
surface of the solid-fluid interface. It is often difficult to evaluate
the fluid temperature distribution, T , or the partial derivative ∂Tf at
f
∂x
the surface. It is, however, more practical to determine the heat
transfer for fluid by using Newton’s equation which was first
suggested by Newton as
q
= h (Ts − Tf )
A s
22.451 Dynamic Systems – Thermal/Fluid Systems 12 Dr. Peter Avitabile
Modal Analysis & Controls Laboratory
Thermal Systems: Heat Transfer
Convection
q
In the equation = h (Ts − Tf )
A s
h = surface coefficient of heat transfer, Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
Ts = surface temperature, °F
Tf = fluid temperature, °F
q
= rate of heat transfer per unit area,
A s evaluated at the surface, Btu/(hr-ft2)
The surface coefficient of heat transfer h, for many engineering
problems, can be found in tabulated tables in literature.
Conduction Area qo
q ∂T RA & R
= −k h + h = qi
As ∂x g g
Convection
q ∂Tf
= −k f
A s ∂x s