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Footing Subjected To Biaxial Moment and Axial Force PDF
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Mahendra SuryavanshiCopyright:
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POINT OF VIEW
Analysis of isolated footing subjected to axial load
and high biaxial moments and numerical
approach for its solution
Bija Sa ka
& &
&&
In this paper a rigid isolated foundation of square or area
& coincides
with the centre of the footing. The
rectangular shape is analyzed on the action of a vertical Parameters = ; = ; . =
P, ,= and dimensions of the foundation
.
load and high biaxial moments at centre. The pressure along with its =
== ; ; sectional
= .
. properties are known and we get
intensity corresponding to any given set of above loads on pressure ; = . the foundation at any location
= distribution
, , , , under
footings resting on elastic soils has been found through a (X,
Y) with respect to centroidal axis of the footing by
,, , ,
general method of analysis and solution is made through using
, ,following
bending equation :
a comprehensive numerical procedure. The common = ± = × ± ± × ×±
×
assumption of linear contact pressure in footing-soil == ±± ××±± ×× ;
interface is adopted for the solutions. Special attention has = ± × ± ×
been given where there are inactive parts of foundation, ∴ = −
∴ = × − ×× − × × − × ×
×
without contact with soil and necessary equations on ∴
== −−
∴ ×× ×× −− ×× ××
case to case basis are deduced. Flow Chart for computer ∴
= − ×
× − × ×
procedure is also provided at end. The solution for these
∴ =∴ −= −− −…………….….…….. …………….….…….. (1) (1
−− −− …………….….……..
cases is not yet given in any Indian Standards.
∴∴== …………….….……..(1)
(1)
∴ = − − …………….….…….. (1) ... (1)
IntroductIon
× ×
When a rectangular/square isolated footing of size L x B
××
× × ×
where
is subjected to a set of forces comprising of compressive
L=
× × Length
of the footing
axial load P and bi-axial moments Mx & My at centre of
B=×Breadth
of
the footing
footing, load P alone may equivalently beconsidered
&
X
= Perpendicular distance from the Centroidal
at eccentricities in X & Y directions from origin
at the
& the on the Cross-Section at which pressure
following location from centre of footing : ; Y-axis of point
= ; = to
is . be determined.
=
Y =
Perpendicular = distance from the Centroidal X-axis of
= ; = .
, , =point
the = on the Cross-Section at which pressure is to be
= = =
determined.
, When pressure at any location under the footing is
P ==Vertical
=
Force Acting on the section at centre.
compressive in nature, Centroid of the effective
footing
= ± × ± =× × ×
×
= ± × ± × ×
60 The Indian Concrete Journal ×
June 2014 − −− >= − , or,>= , or, + <= + <=
∴ = − × × × ×
−
− − >= ,or, ++ <=
>=, or, <=
=
= ± ×
±= ± × ±×
± ×
×
∴
± ×
±= −×= − ×= −± × −× ± × × ×
= ± ± ∴××
× × × ×
×
± ×
×
POINT OF VIEW
∴ = − × × − × × + = , assuming =
∴ = − ×
× − ×
×
×
− ∴ = −= −× ×
−× −×
=
∴ × × ×
∴
= ∴− ∴ × ∴ − =
−×−×…………….….…….. −
…………….….……..
× × − (1) × ×
× × = −× −× area
× (1)
= BL
× × × A− = ×
Compressive of
the section Due
to
uplift of the footing area from
× − × ×
× ∴ = −
−
soil, Neutral Axis
(1) equation (1), do not
…………….….…….. (1) remain
and yaxis at
= − Y-axis …………….….…….. (1)from
My = Bending moment about∴the Centroidal −= as calculated
at the
× ∴ ∴ =
= −
− −
−
…………….….……..
…………….….…….. (1)
= ×
P − ex − …………….….…….. ∴
=
− −
…………….….……..
calculated(1)location, however, it gets shifted to other
− − …………….….……..
(1)
(1)
(1)
location to adjust the phenomena of uplift
−− − …………….….…….. …………….….…….. (1) × × redistributing
x M ×
Bending × moment about the Centroidal X-axis = P × e the base pressure under the footing − for obtaining
on xaxisan and −
× ×
y
× Ix = Second moment of area× about Centroidal
X-
×
equilibrium.
axis
= ×
× ×
× Iy = Second moment ofarea × about
Centroidal Y-axis = First we divide the whole footing into four equal quadrants.
Assumed, biaxial moments are such that vertical load P
e =
x = Eccentricity of Load along
X-Axis alone may be considered acting at in the upper
=
=
rightmost quadrant wrt centre. Thereby, the lower
e y = Eccentricity of Load
along Y-Axis = left most corner of the footing will experience the least
= = =
= = + > , the lower left most
= = pressure. When
=
=
× × = = corner of the footing starts to uplift i.e. the neutral axis
= However, above equation remains valid till
= × whole starts to enter into the footing area from lower left most
− − >= , ×
− −
>= , or, + ×
or,
+
× <= <= corner intersecting the footing sides. Depending on the
× cross-sectional
area
× of
footing remains
intersection
of axis
neutral
with the sides of the footing,
− − >= , or,
bearing + <= underneath foundation is
−
− >=
, or, , or,
the + <=
pressure scenario
under compression
− − >= i.e. − −− − >= >= , or, +
, or, + <=
divided <=
>= , or,+
=+
+
, , =
or,
<=
assuming
, +
assuming
=
− <=
, =
= −
, =
>=
, or,
+
<= into ve different
cases :
>= >=, or,,or, + +<=<= which can be represented as
a general
+ =
, assuming 1. = , NA
When = lies outside the footing area. Effective
+ = , assuming = , = = , =
form of straight
line
and yaxis equation
at
+
= , assuming
.+ = , ,assuming assuming = , = shape remains rectangular and equation (1) is
+
assuming = , assuming
= , = = , =
and yaxis at +
.
= ,
assuming = , =
ing = , = applicable.
Issue is already discussed above
ssuming = , = i.e. intersecting the x-axis at and
yaxis at .
(Case – I).
and yaxis
and at at .
at
− on xaxis and −
yaxis
and yaxis . .
axis atand −yaxis
y-axis .ataton xaxis
. and − and
Considering the
yaxis.
on
yaxis on
opposite yaxis. .
at quadrant, . the adjacent two sides of
. 2. When NA intersects
xis at . − and
x-axis on xaxis and − lower left most corner of the footing. Contact area
on yaxis.
we can get the co-ordinates − on − on yaxis.
−
onxaxis
−and to apentagonal = ;shape. =Issue is. discussed
− on xaxis on xaxis and and − on yaxis.
on yaxis. reduces
−axisand on − xaxis and − on −
yaxis.
on xaxis and −
on
yaxis.
on y-axis. on yaxis.
Connecting these co-ordinates, we
under Case – II.
nd and
axis − − onyaxis. on yaxis.
geta diamond
shaped bounded zone around the centre 3. When NA intersects the + shorter +
of the footing which is called “KERN” or “Central Core”
= + two opposite
+
sides of the footing. Contact − reduces to a non-
area −
of the footing. So as the load is located
within this zone, rectangular shape. Issue is discussed under
whole cross-sectional
area
is effective in transferring Case – III.
loads to soil as compression.
4. When NA intersects the two opposite longer sides
ProBlem defInItIon Contact area reduces to a non-rect-
of the footing.
When the eccentricities are such that the load location angular shape. Issue is discussed under Case – IV.
crosses the boundary of the “KERN”, equation (1) shows
a negative pressure i.e. tensile pressure at some zone 5. When NA intersects the adjacent two sides of up-
under the footing. As underneath soil can not resist such per right mostcorner of the footing. Contact area
tensile forces, the footing area in that zone gets detached reduces to a triangular shape. Issue is discussed
& uplifted from soil and thus the above equations for under Case – V.
base pressure calculation do not remain anymore valid.
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 61
POINT OF VIEW
AnAlySIS of the foundAtIon By assuming,
For Case – II to Case – V, analysis of footing has been +
= +
done and general equations on case to case basis are = − = Constant for given section and
+−
deduced here. In all the cases, aim is to nd out the =
effective area, CG of the effective area, sectional properties loads −
+ > , +
of
of the area wrt centroidal axes system i.e. through
the effective
= +
CG
effective area. As we
are not
using principle = − = Constant for given section and
+
> , + > , +−
+to calculate
axis > , the sectional properties, we are to
=
product moment of area of the effective
the
calculate loads −
footing also and use all such data in General Form of =
=
Equation
Bending and assembling all the cases into a
graph. Assumed that a set of forces P, M , M are acting = = Constant for given section and loads
b l
at the centre
of a rectangular i s o l a t e d
,
, We can write, Am + Bn + C = p. This is the General Form
footing of size (L x B). P is acting in the vertically
Equation
of = ++
pressure
underneath foundation =
+
subjected to
downward,
M is acting along B (from down to top of
, =
b
high
Bi-Axial +
Eccentricity.
− −
+ + −
This is a straight line equation.
and M l is acting along L (from left to ∴ = + + + +
this paper)
∴= +
Further, it can be observed that at some combinations of
right
of this paper)
respectively. When a portion of +
− + +
m
and n,pressure pmay − constant.
remain
footing area is lifted, CG of the effective compressed ∴ = +
+ +
= = +
− =
.area shifts away from the
footing centre
and as CG is + +
∴ = Now, ………………………..(3)
+ that +−− at+neutral
changed, the equivalent eccentricity of load also changes + we know
pressure
axis is equal − to 0.
∴ = Therefore, + for
− value
+ of Co-Ordinate
− ………………………..(3)
+−any
+− (m, n) being on
from = . el , e;b to = say,
. . . Therefore,
∴ = the +neutral axis,weget, + Am + Bn + C = ………………………..(3)
. Moments
0. Thisis nothing
Revised acting at revised CG location are
but a straight == − − =
line equation representing the
Neutral
= ; = . = ; = .
Axis.
= ; = .
+of + Bending
Dimensional Stress
General Form Two
= +
+
……………………..(2)
= − × = where = −
− − = −Substituting
× = valuesof= − , , for moments in
Equation be
will :
,,
thewhere
+ +
+ +
= + + + = + + = −+equation
……………………..(2) × =(2), where = −
we get ……………………..(2)
= + − + − −...(2)
……………………..(2) − + + +
+ +
− − = =∴ ∴
= = ++= + ∴
where = + +
= = where =
−−
where,
p = Pressure = = where =
at co-ordinate (m, n ) wrt
Centroidal
+
+
= + × = = + + +
Axis
where ++ =
= × = = + + ………………………
∴ = + where ∴+ +
∴+ = + − + − ………………………
P = Vertical Load at centre of the footing
= × =
−
where = − −
...(3)
Ar = Revised Effective area of the foundation
= Revised Moment at Revised CG location about = −General × equations = where for Sectional = Properties,
− Eccentricities
= − × = where = −
Revised Centroidal Axis YY & co-ordinate of Maximum Pressure Location wrt Revised
CG location about = −Centroidal × = where = −
= Revised Moment at Revised
Axis are found out and used in the above
== −− on
+equation × ==to case
wherewhere += ==nding − − × = where
I y
Revised Centroidal Axis XX
= + × = ×
casewhere = + for
basis − out the location
= × = where =
= Second Moment of Inertia of the effective area +of Neutral Axis as wellas Maximum + Bearing Pressure :
about Revised Centroidal Axis YY = × = where =
I x
= Second Moment of Inertia of the effective area = cASe
==× ==-II
where
where
where
= = = where =
=
=
= × = where =
about Revised Centroidal Axis XX NA cuts AB and AD.
I xy
When
Here uplift portion is APQ
= Product Moment of Inertia of the effective area = × = where =
m + portion is PQDCBP.
effective +++is
considered that
= X-Axis Co-ordinate of the location where pressure and
== + ×× == where
where
==This
= × = where =
NA cuts AB at P & AP = yBand NA cuts
AD at Q & AQ
is to be found wrt Revised Centroidal Axis = × =
where =
= × = where
=
= xL
= Y-Axis Co-ordinate of the location
where pressure
= × = where =
is to be found wrt Revised Centroidal Axis = − × = where = =− −
= − × = where = −× = where
62 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014
++
where +++ where
= +
= ++ − −
==
=
− −
+ −
−
= + +
POINT OF = = VIEW = +−
= + − −
+
= =
−
+
Therefore, uplift == fraction
− in side
AB is y & in AD is x and
= − −
neglecting the ineffective = = triangular uplifted portion APQ,
,
all the sectional =properties of effective portion PQDCBP
, =
of the foundation
= = area are calculated as follows :
+ + +
, ∴ = +
, ,
1.
Effective
Area of the + and
Section Revised + −Centre +
of
∴ ,= +
, :
Gravity + −+
+
,,∴
= +
+ +
+ +
+ +
∴∴ = = ++ +axis
+system
− +
++
located at
Considering
an orthogonal origin
∴∴ = + ++
−
= + −
………………………..(3)
+ +
CG
+ +
−
+ + +
−
A, co-ordinate of at O of the effective
foundation area
∴∴ = = + + + −
+ +
++ as +
∴∴ == −
………………………..(3)
PQDCBP is calculated −+
follows :
+−
∴ = + + + + −− + + ………………………..(3)
∴∴ = = + + +− + + +− ………………………..(3)
………………………..(3)
Area − ………………………..(3)
(i)∴ =
Effective
+(Rectangular
+
− −
PBCS)+
+:
−
∴ = + ++−++ +
+− ………………………..(3)
∴∴ =
= = +
+− ×− = + where − = −………………………..(3) ………………………..(3)
−− −−
= − × = where = −
Centre = of −Gravity × from = AB where = −
:
= = − −= ××
= = =
where
where= =
where = − −
= − × = where = −
= − = ×
=
=
where
where = = − = × = where =
=
= −
− ×
× = where
= where =−
= −
= = +where
= +
= =of Gravity = from ×AD =:== where =
=+ where
Centre where
+ From
(i),(ii) =& (iii), × = where =
= = × = = × = where =
==
where = where = = × = where =
= +where = +
= =
==+ where × = == where
= + = × = where =
+ where
× = = ×where where
= +
= where =
TotalEffective Area,
== +
=
× − × = = +
=
where = − = × = where =
+=
× (Rectangular
= where
= × = where =
+ =
(ii)
= Effective ++ Area
where QRSD) :
+ − = + + = − = × Where = −
= ×− = ×= =× = =
where
= where
+
=
== ××
==
wherewhere
=
= × = where =
= = =−
= − +×= =×
=
where where
= = − −× × = =
× =
where = =
where
where
+− − = + + = − = × Where = −
= where = = + + = − = × Where = −
= +− × = where +=−
= Centre + +
=×== × = =
− = ×
where
where
where = = −
−
==
+ + = −
== of −−Gravity
+×× =
from = AB:
=
where =
=+−−
= = ××=Where × =
−
+ × =+ +where
where
= =− + + = × Where Therefore, = − Distance
=+
of revised
Centre
− of Gravity from AB
= = + ×=× =×==where where
where = = =
× = where = + : + + −
+= = + + + = − = × = − ×
= × =+ + where
=
−= = × = Where = − = × = × =
+× = where + − + −− −
= = +
+
== +=×××===where =
= =
wherewhere + + = − × = ×
+ + === − × = × Where, == = −
Centre
ofGravity
= =××= from==AD:
wherewhere
= − × = ×
× × = =where = − −
= = where
=
−
= ×
= + + =
where
−
− +
+ −
= ==××× = ==
where
= where = = where
= = × = ×+
+
Similarly, = =
distance
− of revised
Centre = of Gravity × from= AD −
×:
=
= × = × −
=
where = −
−
=
(iii)Effective = = ×
× =
× = = where
= =
+− + − −
Area (Triangular
+ +where PQR) :
−
= − = × = ×
× = ×
= × == where = = =
−
= × = where = − −
== ×× == + where +
== −
−
where
= = × = × Where, =
=
+ × −− − ×
− × −
−
Centre of Gravity from AB:
= + ×
− −
× − × −
= + × − − × − × −
= +
− −
= × = where = − −
2.
Second
Moment of
Inertia wrt revised Centroidal Axis
= + × − − × − × −
= =
× +=
× where − = − × − × XX −:
from AD: = − − −
Centre of Gravity + −
=
×=
= + =
+ − value − − −
where
× −= −
× − × Putting
Ix− = the MI of
of Area ABCD and about simplifying,
XX-axis –MI of Area APQ
= × = where =
=about XX-axis
+ − − − −
= + − − − − Putting the
value of and
simplifying,
Putting the value
of and
simplifying, −
= + + = − = × Where = −
= − +
=
+ − − − − Indian − Journal June 2014 63
= + + = − = × Where = − Putting the value of The Concrete
and simplifying,
and simplifying, −
Putting thevalue of = − −
+
= + + = ×−− Where
−
−
= × Where = −
+ + − −
+ == + ++ ++−
+
+=++ +×
= −−
+ = − −
× = × =
−
×
= × − =
−−
− −
−
== =
=
==
=
×
− × × =
=× =× × =
× =
=
=
−
POINT + OF VIEW
+− −−−−=
− −−=
× −
=
− = × ×=
−
−
−
= =
− − × = −
× = × = − −
−
+ + − 4. −Product Moment of Inertia (PMI) of the effective
== = −
×
= ×
=
+ × − − −
× − × − section wrt revised Centroidal Axes :
−
+ +
− −
− = = − × = × = If NA lies outside the section, Centroidal Axes are
× = = −
−
×
+ − =×
== − ++
××−
−
−× −− ××× −
−−
−
×× −
− − symmetrical at the centre of the footing. As in such
= + = + ×
×
+
−
−
− −
−
×
−
× −−−×
×
−
− −
= + ×
−
−
× −
×
condition, Centroidal axes are the principle axes, Product
Moment of Inertia of the section becomes zero. But, when
− −
== of −
−−simplifying,
− −and − × NA lies within the footing area, the Centroidal Axes may
×++value
−
=+ Putting +
−the − × −− −− −
−
= =
+ +
− − −
− − −
= + − − − −
not be symmetrical or in other words, the Vertical and
× −
Horizontal axes at Centroid are no more the principle axes
= + − × − ×
− Putting the value of and simplifying,
−
he
× Putting
valuePutting of−Putting
the =×value
value
simplifying,
of
of − − and
and +simplifying,
simplifying,
simplifying,
of the section. Principle axes may be in other orientation
Putting
Putting =
thetheand
thethe
value
+
of
value
value
of
of
−
and and − −
simplifying,
simplifying,
−
−
Putting the value
of thanthe vertical and horizontal axes. Therefore, when we
and simplifying,
Putting the value of and simplifying, −
−
Putting the
value of and simplifying, =
are considering − Vertical
+ ×
and Horizontal axes at centroid
= +
− −
− − − − −
=
− × + − −−
− −−
Putting == +
=
−−−
−
+
+
and
+
−
of the effective section, we must consider the Product
the
=
value
of −
− + simplifying,
− −
−
+−= − = − + × −
Moment of Inertia of the effective contact area which
−
= − × − + ×
Putting
the value of − = Putting
Putting
willsimplifying,
take ×
thecare
the
value
of of
value as
of if pressures and simplifying,
are
and simplifying, − being calculated with
and
Putting
× == thevalue
××
of and simplifying,
−
−
respect to Principle Axes.
=
= = ×
=
−×
+
mplifying,
×
−−−
− −
−
−
−
==
× −− −
× ==Moment + + ×× × of the Revised
= =×−−− ++ ×= − ×−− Putting the value of and simplifying,
− −
=
==
+ − + × ×−− = − +Product
Where,
of Inertia + (PMI) − Effective
= − = +
−− +×
+ ×
− −−
Where,
−
−
−
× − Footing Area,
=
− − − −
= − + =× − + ×
= = ×
− = −= × + × Where,
Where,
= − + × −Ixy
= PMI ×of
−
ABCD wrt
revised CG −
- PMI of APQ wrt
= =× + × − − × − × × −
of
− Ixy =
revisedPMI CG ABCD wrt revised CG PMI of APQ wrt revised CG
Inertia
3.
Second Moment of
wrt
−
Centroidal Axis YY:
−
= − + × = × Where,
− − −
×
−
−
Where,
= − Where,
+ ×= = − ++ × × −
+ × − × − ×× ×
− −− wrt − APQ
−I×y====
− ABCD
PMI
MI revised CG − = APQ of CG CG − −PMI × wrt+revised
− × CG×
+ MI − +of
Whole × − Area − × Ixy −
−
about
= of
××YY-axis ×
ABCD −
– −
wrt of
×
Ixy
PMI =PMI
of
ABCD
wrt revised revised of
= =
+
+ ×
+
×
×
−
− −
− −
×
× − − − × × × −
× × × − −
= + −about × − − − + × −
YY-axis
Triangular Area APQ
Where,
=
−
=
=
−
−
−
Putting−
× , in + −
above ×
and ×−
simplifying, − − −
− × +wrt × ×CG
revised
===−+ −−×−
+
− −
Ixy
=
− × ABCD
− wrt
Ixy = PMI
of ABCD
wrt
revised
CG PMI of APQ
+
+ +
× −− −
− −− −
×
PMI − of
−−
Ixyrevised = PMICG of
ABCD
PMI of wrt
APQ
revised
wrt CG
revised
PMI
CG of
APQ wrt revised CG
= =
=
++
−
−
−−− −−−
−
in above and
simplifying,
××
,
=
+ ×
− −
Putting × , in−
above × and ×
simplifying, −
of ABCD=wrt
Putting Putting =
G
x
, G −
in −
above
−
and − +
simplifying,
− −
−
×
−
+ −
− ×
− × × −
Ixy
= = PMI
− − = revised
−
CG−
y −
PMI
×
of
APQ − + wrt
−
revised
× − ×
CG
× −
+ −×
= + − − − −
− + −
= − =
− + − = =−
Putting
×−
,
, −
−
in −
above − and
× + × ×−
simplifying, −
− −
= + − − − −
Putting
in
above
and simplifying,
Putting
, in above and simplifying,
− − −
− − −
Puttingthe the valueofof and andsimplifying,
simplifying, , = ×
Putting
Putting the value value of F
and =
simplifying, × Putting in
above
and ==
simplifying, −
−
−
+
−
+ − −
gx = −
=
− +
−
−
+ − − −
−
−−
− −
== −− ++ ×× = − = − +
=
− − == −−−
− −
×
+ − −
+ −
−
− −
−
− = × = ×
and
; =
− −
−
=
= × ×
− = −×
Where,
= −
=
−
=
− + − −
and = = = −
; and
−
=
+ −
−
;
−
+
−
− −
−
− −
− −
− + −− and along Band
L−respectively
was calculated based
on Centroid b
Where, = ×
Where,
Where, = − + × = − − + − − −
− area, eccentricit
−− − is relocated = − − =−
=
due
to uplift of some ; portion of the footing
and =
on the
;andand = ;
=
− andnew Centroid tofind
− L− out the revised
− − moments
:
along − B and respectively
was calculated based on Centroid
and along B and L respectively was
(i) calculated
Revised based
Eccentricity on Centroid
along B : being
at centre of the footing. As Centr
is relocated due to uplift of some portion −
is relocated
of
the footing due toarea, −
uplift
of some portion
eccentricities are of the footing
required to be area, eccentrici
recalculated ba
and = ; = find :
64 Ixy Ixy
The Indian ==PMI PMI ofofABCD
Concrete
ABCD Journal wrt on
wrt June
the
revised
revised new Centroid to
CG PMI of APQ wrt revised
2014 CG PMI of APQ wrt revisedCG
find out the revisedon
CG − the new
moments Centroid: − to
= + − = + − × = + −
out the revised moments
(i) Revised Eccentricity along
and along B and B :
(i) Revised and Eccentricity
and
L respectively along along Band
was Bcalculated
along
and L respectively
B:
L respectively
based on Centroid
was calculated
was calculated
based
being at based
on Cen
centre on ofCentro
the
is relocated
due to uplift of some portion of the footing area, ecce
CG PMI of APQ − −revised
wrt ×CG + × × −
= PMI
ofPutting ABCDwrt
,revised
in above and
simplifying, == + +− − =
+ +− −××
= − = =
= Putting − −in − and − simplifying,
× + × × − (ii) (ii) =
− +Eccentricity
Revised Where,
Eccentricity −along along = L: := ++−−− ; = = = − −
= , ×
above
Revised
=
= =+ + +
−
Where, L =
=
− × × ;
= −
−+ +
−:−−
++ − :L
(ii) ==
Revised ++
Eccentricity Where, along (ii) (ii) L Revised
:
Revised
== −−− Eccentricity
Eccentricity
;;; ; === along along L
==
Where,
− = −−−−−−
=
+
Where,Where, =
Where, = − ;
=
− − − − × + × × − −
−
; = = −
Putting , in above and simplifying, = + + Where,
− = = − = −;
, POINT OF VIEW − = Where,
=
−
simplifying, − + −
−
ng in above and
= =− − − −+
+ − − − −
=− + − = + −
−
=
= +
= = −
+ − ×
=
×
=
+
+
+
+
=
= +
−
−
Where, Where,
=
+
=
−
+
−
+
−
=
=×
− − −
×
+ −
= + −
× =
+
== −− ; ; −
=
(ii) Eccentricity
== ++
L:
Where,
Revised Where,
along
ing , in above = and −
simplifying,
− + Centroidal
Co-ordinate
− −
−
System:
=
×
− − − −
= =− ×− +
−
− ; =−−
=
+
= +
Where, =
= −
==intersecting −
and; = = ; =
+ − × = (i)
of
P whereNA
Where, ;
− + − − = + = −
and
Co-ordinate
point
is=
= −+ + ;the
Where, footing
− =
+ = −
Where,
−
Where,
= −= × − + − −
− side =AB − = − ×
: where = − −
Revised
= ×5. = − of − + − − −
==−=−− = − ×
==−−−− ××××
where
=== =−−−−
− −
Eccentricities
= − Load − + revised
wrt. −Centroidal − −
== −− == where wherewhere
= − = − ×
where
where =
− −− −
= −−
− × where
=
Axes : =−
= −
× = −
− where where = −
− ; =
− = + Where, − − = − − − where
= × = − + − = = − − = − ×−
= − × − where =
and along −B and
Lrespectively − calculated = − = × − = −−
was
based on Centroid being at centre of the where
footing. As Centroid
=Earlier −
eccentricities
= − +
− e and e along
−= − Bportion
− −
= −
= = −
−
= =× = − −
−
× × where
where
where =
−−− − −
==
and
= due −to
;
; − and
L respectively
== == −− −−
area,
= ==required
×××× −−−− where where
where
= ==based
− −
−−
and is relocated = of the footing
b uplift l of some eccentricities
= − are =
= × − to
be
where recalculated
where
where
− =
− −
was calculated
based −
o n
Centroid − being at centre of = −
= × −
=
= −
− −
− : = − = × − where
= on−thenew
where −
=Centroid to find− out the
− − + − revised moments −
−
−− where
theand footing.
(i)
Revised As
Centroid
Eccentricity is ; along
relocated =B due
: to
uplift
of some ==−− ==−−×× = = where −where − = =− ×=×= − − where −−where
=
− − −
−
= −
= − × =
where =
−
− = =
− =− × ×
− − wher
=
portion of the ; footing = area, eccentricities are required to == −− ==×× −− where
where ==
and−
respectively
−
− −−
be − = + based
re-calculated
along −
B and −on L
the = new
− × to =nd
+ Centroid was calculated out the + −
based on Centroid
(ii) being
Co-ordinate of point Q at centre of the footing.
where NA is intersecting the
As Centroid footing
=is
revised
relocated along
and moments ;due
Bto =: and L respectivelysome portion
was calculated based on
Centroid AD being atrequired centre of to thebefooting. As Centroid − −
− uplift
− of of the footing area, side
eccentricities
=−= : are
−− ==××
−− where recalculated where==−−
based
is
onrelocatedthe new Centroid due to uplift of=some
to find −the
out = revised
portion− × of moments
the footing = =
area, eccentricities
: where = −−
are =
required = =××of to×−− be recalculated
=
where =
where where − −
based
==
= − −−×
× −
− −
where
wher
and along B and L respectively was calculated based on Centroid = − =
being −
at
− = × − where centre the −
footing.
As
Centroid
= =
−−−
−
on the
new Centroid to find out the revised moments :
== = −− − = = × − =
= −
(i)BRevised Revised Eccentricity along B :: based on Centroid being at centre =of = ××
= × Centroid to−
−−be
recalculated where
where
where
where ==−−
nd along (i) and Eccentricity
L respectively was along B
calculated
the −are
required
footing. As
where
−based
= −−−
is relocated
(i) Revised Eccentricity due to uplift along of some
B :
portion of the footing area, eccentricities
−= −= =− × = −× − where
where =
ocated due on to the new
uplift = of Centroid
some + tofind
portion of out
Where, the the
footingrevised =area, − eccentricities
;
moments : = are required
to be recalculated
=
based − −
= − × − − −
= −Centroid + where −being −
= = ×
− where
where
nd
e new along
Centroid
(i) B= and +respectively
Lfind
to
Revised
out−the = was
revised
Eccentricity +=calculated
along −B
moments−:×=based
: × on
−
at =
centre
= −ofthe =footing.− × As
where
Centroid where =
− −−
= + − = + − × = + − −=− = − − ×
= = − − = = × × −
where − where
where
= − −
−− −
= =
be =recalculated
=−−− ××× based where
= −
==− −−
where
located Eccentricity
Revised due to uplift along of some
B : portion of the footing area,
eccentricities required
are = =−to − = where
where
−=
=
−
= − = − ×
where −
−−−
he new Centroid = + − = + − × = + − =
to find out the revised moments : − = = − − × = − × wherewhere
= = − −
−× −− where
=Revised − = along
+ Eccentricity + −B : × = + − − 7. ==
Co-ordinate −− of ==maximum×× −− == − −where
where
pressure = = −
−location
× =
= C −: where −− whe
=
= − ; = −
= −
=
==−− ==−− × −
××
= where=
− −
where
= = =
where ==× − ×− −
−
where
= + Where,
− −−
= − ; = − = =− = −
= + − = = ++
− = −
− × Where,
= + −
− = =
= − − − = =
= −
− −
− ===−−−
==
× − −−
= −
where==
= + Where, ; = − ; = = − == = −−− −
= = =−
− × − −
= where −
= − = ×− − where = = −= −=−=× where = =
− − == −−= −−× −
× −
= + Where, = − ; = −
==−
−
= = − − = =
where wher
= −− − ===−−−−
−
− = − ===−−
== −−
− = −
=
− =
=− −
= + Where, = − ; = = =
− − = −
= −
− where = −
= − = − ×
===−−− ==BETWEEN −−
RELATIONSHIP
− = − − KNOWN
=
and = − = =
ECCENTRICITIES = − and = −
−
− = = − −
&
AND FOOTING
and and
and
(ii) Revised Eccentricity along L : and
and
(ii) Revised
(ii) Revised Eccentricity Eccentricity along L L :: = FRACTIONS
= −
x& y:
LIFTED =
and
−&and −
= −
= −& & = −
= = − − = = − −
and
and
&
& &
(ii)
Revised Eccentricity along = −LL:: = −
along As &points
&
and and and lie on NA, Pressure
i) Revised (ii) =
Revised
= ++ −−along
Eccentricity Eccentricity
=L = : ++ −− ×× == ++ −− (i) For
&
=
=
p is(i)0For
at these
= locations.
for NA
for
NAcoordinate
& in
&
and
form as
≠ , substitut
= Now general of
two ≠ substitu
coordinate and as
, subst
= − = − (i) (i) For For == = =
= for
== = NA coordinate
for NA coordinate
andand as as ≠ ≠the
≠ ,,, ,substitu
substit
+ − (i)For
(i)
dimensional
(i) For
For
and
bending
& &
= =for NA coordinate and
for
pressure
for
NA
NA
coordinateequation
coordinate and
(3),
and as
as
weas put ≠ , substitu substitu
− == =++ +−− =×++ =−− ×× = and
+ ==−
− =
+ − = = = ≠ ≠
= +
(i) For(i) For for for
NA NA
coordinate coordinate
and as and
as
, substituting , substitu al
; = −− −
along L :
co-ordinates and of NA points & and and one by
evised
Eccentricity == ++ Where, =
−
(i) (i) ForFor += = −= = for forNA NA coordinate
coordinate an a
Where, =
− ; = − ∴ + other + sectional − +
+of
− + area
effective
+ of
one and properties the
− −
& =
= = =++− + +as ≠
− ∴ +and + &
(i) (i)For +
For the −−
for
for NA NA −coordinate
−−coordinate
+and and
as ≠
+
−−same + & + +
− ∴ ∴
footing ∴ ++ & equate+ +
−
+ to
+ zero.
−
−&
−
+ +
+
−
=== + + − ∴ + +
+
+ + +
× Where, + ==−−− −;; ; −−−−
== ∴ ∴
+ ++
−+ −−
== −
+= − +
Where, − +− − +
+ Where, and ; =
+ +
−
−
− (i)For
= = ∴ ∴ − +
+
− + +
≠
(i) For = =
forfor
For NA
NA
NA coordinate
coordinate
co-ordinate
− −
+
and and
+
and
as as
as − − ≠
, , substitu
substitut
(i) For = ∴ + = for NA coordinate
(i) For
(i)
(3), For = =and
= = for ≠NA
for −
NA ,−
coordin
+coord
as to substitu
substituting∴ allthe+terms ++ in
+ +
& eqn
we simplify
− − get,
−
=
+
Where, = − ; = −−++ −−
+ ++−
− ∴ + + −
++− −
++ ++
∴ to
(i) For = = for −−NA coordinate and + ≠+, substituting
= − = − ×
where =
∴ as
∴
all ∴
the
−+
−
terms
+
+ in+
eqn +
(3), we
−−
+simplify
g
= − = − ×
where =
−
6. Co-ordinate of points P & Q of NA intersecting
−− the
−
footing side
= − = − ==×−− AB = −−&
= ××AD
wrt revised
where
=where
where
− ==− − + − − −
∴ + + − + +
− −
−
=
== −− == ×× −− where
−==
−
where −
−
−
−−
− − ∴ × + × + = ......…….……(4) ... (4)
− = − × =
= −
− =
=
where×
×
−
− =
where
==
=−
= −
× −
where
where −
− −
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 65
− − + − − −
where
− − − + −
= +
− − −
− +−
∴ +
+
POINT OF
∴ × + ×
VIEW
+ = ......…….……(4) −
− − ... (6)
∴ × + × + = ......…….……(4)
= ∴ × + ;× + = = …….…….…(5) ……………….(6
× + = ......…….……(4)
− + − − − − −
Where Where = ; ; =
− −
+ −= ......…….……(4) − − Where = − − −
∴ ×∴ × − +
+ ×
×
+ = + ......…….……(4) ; =
× +
− + −
Where = =
......…….……(4) − − ; = = − ;
In equation (6), it may beseen = − ,
−that
all right hand side
−= −
;
− − + − − − − terms are in x & y only.
= + +
− = = where, =
− − −+− − − − −
− ......…….……(4)
+ − = + − − = −
cASe – III − − − +
Where ∴ ×
Where − =+ ×
;+
+
==
−−
......…….……(4)
; ;
=
− −
− = +
+ ∴−=×
− + × +
− =
− −+−
......…….……(4) −
When +NA cuts
AB and
DC. −uplift
Here
portion
is APQDA −
+
− +
−
= = where, = ; = − = wh
at−= =
(ii) − Similarly, for NA location
and effective portion is PQCBP. This
is considered
that
− ∴ × + × −+ =−
......…….……(4)
+ × Where + ; −
==−=......…….……(4)
− + −
+− − ; = −
−− − NA
− cuts
AB at P where, AP = yB and NA cuts DC at Q
− +(ii) − − + + − − − −
− −
− −
=
NA
−
=;+
− + + =
where, DQ = xB
=
= +
Where Similarly, =
for +
location − at
=
+
;
= ………
=
= −−
−
−
−
−
−
+
−− − − −
for NA location − at
− − −
=
∴ + − + + + = = where, =
+
− − −
Therefore, considering
effective fraction in side AB is v
+ × Where + =
......…….……(4) − −
=− − + = −− − − ; − =
& in DC is u, and
uplift part in AB is y & in CD is x,
−
+ − ;
−
− −= −
−
− − + −
+Similarly,
(ii) (ii) Similarly,
Similarly for for
NA NA location
location
at at
+=at
= =−+ = and
= −+ ; = = − , where x, u and y, v are
for NA ∴
−
(ii)
location = − +
at =
for
− NA
location
−= + − − + + +
−
−
−
we
have +
=×
the
+ −+ −eqn we
− + = − parts of B & B respectively. We will now involve
+get
substituting all
×terms
+ in
(3),
fraction
+
− ∴ − + = …….…….…(5) −
+ −
− − −
onlythe effective
−
=
=
fractions u & v to ease formation of the
− +;− − − − − − + − = which
= can = in terms of
− − − − − + − bewhere,
equations as follows transferred
− ∴
=
− +=× =− −
+ −− + −
+
+ −
− +
onat
∴
∴
+ for + +
× − + − =
…….…….…(5)
=
+
=
+ −
+ +
+
+ = + =
× +Where
(ii) Similarly, = +
NA
location
− +
− ;
at
−
+ x=& y
from above.
= =− −
=− …….…….…(5)
−
−
Similarly,
(ii)
forNA
location
−
at=
− −
= = where, = ; = − =
− + − − − − − − + −
1. Effective Area of the Section and Revised Centre of
− − Where = +−−+ +;−
−Similarly, =−= + − Gravity
(ii)
+− ∴ × for
+ + NA ×
location − + − at =
=
…….…….…(5) + = + −
×= :
+∴ × + + − = = …….…….…(5)
+ −−
; = −− +
−× =
∴ −
arly, for
location + at
…….…….…(5) −− + −
+ =
NA
−∴
− −
− + −
−
−
+− = axis system origin located
=
+
+ + +
Considering
−+ an orthogonal at
−
− −
− −
+ − =
= =
− − area
;− of
− − +
where,
−
A,
co-ordinate
− Where − Where = − −
− + = −
+ − CG
at O of the effective foundation
− + = ;= − =− ;
− + =
− + + −−− is calculated
NA
−
= for
arly, ∴location
…….…….…(5)
at
− − …….…….…(5)
+
...(5) −
PQCBP
+ as=follows :
− −−∴
= ×
+ ×
+
− + =
−+ +
+
−
−
+ − = +
∴ ×−++ ×
− + = …….…….…(5) +− −
− −
−
−
−= −− + ; − =
−
……………….(6)
−
= − − −−− −+−
− −+ + + −−
; −
− −
+
∴
Where × +
=
=
×
−
− +
−
+
−− =
+
−+
…….…….…(5)
; −+ − =
− +
+ = +
× Where + =
=
=− −
…….…….…(5)
−
−;
+
; ; =+−
−
− +
=− −
Where +
−
=
− −
……………….(6)
−
−
−
− −
=
; ……………….(6)
= − ; = −−−− , − + −
−
Where
× + −= …….…….…(5) − = +
− ; + = −
+ −−−
= + =
−
−
−−
;
+ −− − −
+ − −
− == −
=
= ; =
−−
;
,−
;
+
= =+=
− ……………….(6)
+……………….(6)
− +
; =
= =
=
−
−
where, ……………….(6) − − +
− = − , − −
−
− − − − +
− −
=
− −
; = − + −
− =− − = == where,
− = = ++
− −− = where, + = −
−
= = where,
; =
= − , − + −
−;−= ;+
= = = −,
=where,
−
= − , =− −
−
……………….(6)
; = − − ……………….(6)
= −
; = −
……………….(6)
− − =
− =
where,
−
=
+ ;
− −=
− = where, = −
= where, =; = − = = − =+ −
= = + = where, where,
where,
= where, −−= = = −
− = =− = = − ;
where, = − =
……………….(6)
;− ;− ==
− , ……………….(6) −
− = − ; = − − , = −
Solving −&
=
(4) == =where,
(5), where, = ; = ;=−− =− = =where, where, = −
= −where,
= where, = = ; = = = −
=where,
−
here, − = =
where,
− =
=
=
−
=
= ; ; = = −
where,
, ……………….(6)
−; = − , ==
− where, =
−
e, = ; = =−= − =
− = where, = − −= −
66=
=
= = =
where,
June where,
= where, = =− = where, = −
;
The
Indian where, =
Concrete =
Journal where, 2014
= where, = ; = − = where, = − =
=
,where,
= ; == − =
=
−
− + +
+ ++
== ; ;; = == where, += =
……………….(6)
……………….(6)
……………….(6)
where, +
= =
− −
−
−
−
− = where, =
=
=
− =
=+ + −++ +
− +
+ − =
= = =
− ……………….(6) − + +
=POINT where, ==
= − OF VIEW = + =+
; where,
= = ++=
== ; ……………….(6)
= =
= − − ; − ; =
; =−=−
−
− , ,
, − = where, = −
+where, −
=+
+ − =
+ + + +
= + = ==
= = = −
(i) Effective Area (Rectangular PBCS) :
where,
+
=
+ + + − + + + −
=
,
= = =
=
− =; = = =
, =
== where, = =
=
− =
−
where, where, = = + − +
+ − =
where,
where,
+ +
=+++−+
== where, +
− =
=
− =
+ where,
+
=
where, = == = ==where, = = ; ;; =
= ==−−− ====where,
−= = = −
=−+−= − +
= −
where,
where, where,
=
where, where,
= = where, = = + − + where,
=
= − − −
+ − −
+
−
== + − + −−+
− =
where, 4.
here, = ; = − = where, = −
=
=
Product +
Moment
+ =+− − −+ − of
Inertia + (PMI) of +the −
+ −section
effective
==
= ==where,
−−−= = where, = ;−− −= − − − −
+ − −
= where, wrt
revised
Centroidal Axes : −
=
−= + −
= == = ==
= + + − =
where,
where,
where, =
Area (Triangular PQS) = + − +(i) + − = B:
(ii) Effective
Revised Eccentricity − along
= + − + + − − =
−
− = − − − −−− + − −
where, = − = = where, = = + ; −
Eccentricity
=
= + along + + −
−B + +
+ − +
+ − − =
=
=
= = where, = (i) Revised = + − :
+
= + −
= − −×
= = where, = ; =
− + − +
+ − =
== == where, where, == ;; − = − − − + − − =
= = where, = ; =− = where, =+ ;−
− −
= = where, = =; = where, =
= + =Revised − = − +
+ − along + −
× B:=+ −
=
− − −
(i) Eccentricity
− − −−
− − − −
= + = = − = −− −− −−− =++
+ + −− −−+
− − = − =−
where,
=
== − −
==
== − − −−
5. =
Revised
+
−
Eccentricities −
Where, of Load
with
− = − ;
respect to revised
where,
where,
= = where, −= −: = +−− − × = ++ −− −
== − = where, ; = where,
= ; ==Revised
= along
− − Eccentricity where, = +=
= = where, (i)
= B=:
Centroidal Axes −
= + = =
+ −
+
== +− Where, − − = −+ ; − = − =
+− (i)
− − − − (i) RevisedRevised Eccentricity − along BB::
From
−
==(i)& (ii), −
where, ++= = where, = + =
= =
−
+ −== = + −
(i)
− Revised
× − =− Eccentricity
Eccentricity
+
+ − − − =
along
== =++ + == = + + = +
= = +
= + = = (i) Revised Eccentricity along B: +
= + = =where, = = +
Where,
= −
; =
Total Effective Area + (i) Revised
= +
= + −along
Eccentricity −
= + −
×
B= : + − × = + −
= + −
+ == + + ++ where, =
+ Revised Eccentricity
+ where,
where,
=where, =+
+ = (i) + = along + B−: = +
−
+ ×
= + −
= + = = = =
where,
=
= + Where, = = − ; =
where, =
= + − = + − × = + −
+ +
++
++ + = ++ − ×Where,
+ = ++ = + + = = + = + +
−= = = + = += = −−− ;; ==
, = where, = = = Where,
= = + = + = = =
+
= = where,
==
= + Where, = − ; = +
+ +
+ + + ++
+
where, = = + Where, = − ; =
where, =
= += = = = + =+
= =
+
= − ; = +
= where, = = +
where,
where, + =
where, =
Where,
+ +
++
++ =
= =
= = = ++ = + ==
+ +
== +
+ =
+ + == =
, = where, = = = where,
=
= Revised Eccentricity along L :
(ii)
(ii) Revised Eccentricity along
(ii) Revised along LL ::
+
+ + + ++ where, = (ii) Revised Eccentricity along L :
= == += = + where,
+
where,
where,
where, = = + = = (ii)
L : − × = + −
= + − = +
Revised Eccentricity along
2.
=
−
= + − × = + −
+ = + − −
where, Second Moment
of
Inertia wrt revised Centroidal Axis
+ − +
= =
XX :
+
(ii)
Revised −
Eccentricity
= along + L −
: = + − ×
=
+ −
+ =−− +
− +
= ++−
−
= = + −
−−
, = where, == ++= − ++ − ++ = − = + − ×
− =
=
+
− +
− + = + −
− = + + −
= +
= + − + − =
+
= + Where, = − ; = +
= + − − = + − × = + −
= − ; =
+ −= +
=Where,
= + − +
+
−
+ =−
− = +
+ =− + + − + + −−=−
−
Where,
Where, = − ; + =
+ − + ==+ + − Where, =
== = − ; =
++ −− ++ −+
+ −− ==
−
=
+
− +
− + = −
+ − = + − =
+
+ − =
= + − +
+ − = − ; = +
3. Second Moment of Inertia
wrt
revised
Centroidal
=Axis − =Where,
= − − −
+=− − − =
YY : −
− =
+ =− ++ −+ + −
−
+ − =
= = − − −
= −− − − − + − =
== −− − ++ −− =−−−
−− −− =− ==−− −
= − −
− − = +
−− −−
− = +
− =
= − − −
+ − −
= − −
=
(i) Revised Eccentricity along
= − B=:
− −
− (i) Revised = − 67
+B− :−−Eccentricity
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014
(i) − Revised
= −Eccentricity
−− along − + − −along B=: − = = −
(i) Revised Eccentricity along B :
along B : = − −
(i) Revised Eccentricity (i) Revised Eccentricity along B :
(ii) Revised Eccentricity along L :
(ii) Revised Eccentricity along L :
(ii) Revised Eccentricity along L :
(ii) Revised Eccentricity along L :
alongL L: : − + − −
POINT (ii)(ii) Revised
Revised
Eccentricity
Eccentricityalong ∴
= + OF
− VIEW = + − + + + +
= + − ×
= + − = + − × = + −
−
= + − = + − × = + −
= (ii)+ Revised
6. Co-ordinate − of = + P &
Eccentricity
points
Eccentricity − Q × NA
:=of
along :=intersecting
××+ −the
=
Wherefrom, we get
(ii) (ii)
Revised
Revised = = + +
Eccentricity −
(ii) −
along
(ii)Revised
L=along
Revised +L:Eccentricity
+Eccentricity
L − − along =along
L:L+
:+ −−
footing side AB & DC wrt revised Centroidal Co-ordinate
+
System :
= = + +− Where, + =− − = ; =+ +− × + × + = ......…….……(7)
∴ …(7)
== + = +− + = − + =
= − +
×
=
− −×
=×
=
+
−
= + − +
==+
Where,
+=−− =+=
;
++ −Where,−×
×+=
= −+
=
+ −; − =
=
L : (i) = +
Co-ordinate of point Where,
P where
NA is=intersecting − ; the footing
++ − + − −
== ++ Where, Where, = = − − ; ; ==
Where = − ;+ − −
side
AB : − +
Where −
−
= − ;
=
−
=− ; +=++ + + − Where = − +
Where Where ; ;
× = = −+ − + Where,
= = −==+ + Where, Where, =
= = =+−+ − = −
; ;= =
= = − − ==
Where, Where, − ; ;
−
+ − −− −
= −
Where = ; −
= =− −
= − − − =
− − −
= − −
= − − − − − −
=
= − − +
=
− − − −
= − ; = = = − −
− −
−
+
NA is intersecting − − −
(ii) =
=Co-ordinate
−Where =
−
− =ofpoint Q=where
; the =
−=
−
−
− − − −
footing side CD :
= − =
− + − −
= =−− + − −− ; − − −
= −−==−−− − Where + −−
−− = − = −
− + + −−−−
= − = = −−− − Where =
= =
;
; +
−
− − Where
+ +− −
− −
− − −
= − − = = − − =
−
+ −−
− − −
Where = ; − + −
= − −
− − −
= − = − = − − =
==−−− − −
− + − − − − − − − − −
= − ==−− = = − −+ −
+
= =
−
−
− − − − −
7. Co-ordinate
of maximum pressure
location C :
= = = =
−
−
− −
−
= = −
= =− −== −−− −−
= − − += =
− −
− − − −
− − = − = =
−−
= −
=
= −
+ (ii)
Similarly, for
+ NA + at
location − −= = and
−
∴ − + − +
−
− − +
+ −+ −
− − −
= − = =
− − substituting
all the
terms ∴ in eqn +
(3), we get
−
= = −
+ − − −
−
= −
− + +
−
=
− + −
= −
∴
+
−
− +
− − + −
−+ +
=+− +
=
= −
− − −
− ∴
+
− −
= = − − − −
−
− − − + −
= − ==−− − + = +
−
RELATIONSHIP = =
BETWEEN −−DIMENSIONLESS ∴ + +
− + −
= =
ECCENTRICITY
∴ × −
+ ×
+
=
−
RATIOS AND …….…….…(8)
× + × + = …….…….…
∴
= −==
− −
and
DIMENLESS FOOTING
= =
−−FRACTIONS
LIFTED x & y : ∴=× =+ × + = …….…….…(8)
and − + and
− −
+ + −
= = − + −
= + = − +−∴=× ..(10)
+ × + =
∴ and +
−
+= − −− ;+ − −
& and lie − on = = = −
points ∴ × + × + ∴
As and NA, Pressure Where −Where
&
and = +…….…….…(8) −
+ − − −
+− −+−
Now in general
& form = − +
+
of two − −
p is 0 at these locations.
−
& Where − ; − +
we put the ∴ + ∴ −+ − Where +
+
dimensional bending and &&pressure equation (3), Wherefrom,
we get
+ − − − = −
==and =and −+ +
=
for
NA coordinate
NA and as ≠ , ∴ +
co-ordinates
of NA pointsfor
coordinate
and and
and
& as
≠ by one
, − + − −
one
× + × + == …….…….…(8) =
∴
Where for NA = coordinate and as
≠ − −
, +; − −
and =allother = for NA properties
sectional coordinate
ofand theaseffective ≠ , areaof
−=
− − + −
&
=&=& == forforNA NAcoordinatecoordinate and andasas ≠ ≠ , , − − −+
= …….…….…(8) −
footing and equate the same to zero.
& & ∴ × + × + =
−− + + − − − − ∴ ×= −
+ − × −
+ = …….…….…(8) − − ...(8) − +
− + −
−
− −
− ∴
− ×
+
× + = = …….…….…(8)
∴ Where + = + = +
;
+ =
=NA ≠≠− …….…….…(8) −
− ++ −≠ −, − − −
∴ = + =+for = for for NAcoordinate
coordinate and and ≠NA
as ,,+ ∴
−,×
+
−×
+
==
+ −
(i) For
−
NA
coordinate
=
co-ordinate
= +
− and
= −=as
−
and
− as
as ,coordinate
coordinate
as
≠ − − −
∴ +
+
−−−
−− + − + + −
− =
− −
in
for NA
for
= and and
as
−
∴ + all − −− + =
substituting + the terms eqn (3), we
+
simplify + to−+get,
Where− + − − −
−− ++
−=−
− −
− − + −+;
−−−−
−
∴∴ ++ ++
− +
+
Where
+=
=
−= ;
−
=
− =
+
− −
− = −
−−;
−−
Where + +
− − −
−
−
− −− = =
+ −
− − +
−+− −++−
Where ;
× + + = + −−− −
Where −−−− −− ;
− − − =
nate and as∴≠× , = +
−
+ + + + = = = = −
−
∴ +
......…….……(7) −
+ +
− + +
+ −+ − −
−
− − = − − −
∴ ×+∴+ + + + = +
∴ × + ∴ ∴ − + +
......…….……(7) + +
+
∴
−−+
×
−
−
× + =......…….……(7) −
− −
− − −
−+ − − − + −
∴ × −− −
+ × + = ......…….……(7)
=
− − = −− + +
+
∴∴× × ++ × × ++ == ......…….……(7) ......…….……(7) − =
−
−
−− + −
− −
=
=
− −
− ; + = − −
……………… −
+ − − +− − −
−
− − − − − =
+
− −
− = −
−
;
=
∴ =+× + +
+
=
− −
……………… −
= − +; =
∴ ×∴ +× ×+ + ×
×=
++ = ......…….……(7)
......…….……(7)
= ......…….……(7) −
− ∴
∴
×
× + + −
× × + + = =
= −
−
......…….……(7)
......…….……(7)
− −
+ − − ;
− − −
− = −− + − − +
= ; = − + − − − −
−……………….(9)
−− =,
− = =− ; = −
+ − − − + −+−
......…….……(7) =
= − ; = − −+,
= − ; = − , −
68
−
The Indian =Concrete Journal June 2014 ;
−
= ……………….(9) = − ; = − ,
− − − where, −
= − ; = −
= ..(10)
∴
+−
+ + +
− −
−
− − + − = − = where,
= − ; = = wh
= − −
POINT OF VIEW =− =
= = −
=where, where,
= =−
= = − w
−
− + − −
− − −
where,
; = =
= + +
∴ × + −× + = …….…….…(8) −
+ − − − − + − where, − −
= − =− ; = = w
= − = =where, ===− where,
where, = = =
+
+
− − −
;
− − − − where, =
− = − +− − +
− − +
− + −
= − + = where, −
= Area A2 : = = where, == where,
CG of
−
Where
= − ;
= = −
− −− − − −
Solving (7) & (8), = =− − = = =
where,= = =
==;;
−
−−where,
= = − == = where,
where,
where, ==
where,
==
; = = where,
− − + − − − − −+− −
= + ……………….(9)
;
−= − − + −− + + = − − = where,
∴=
−
=
+ = ..(10)
where, =
; −
...……………….(9)
(9)
From
= (i) & (ii) −
above,; =
=
− − −
− − −+
+
−− − = + = = + where = where =
= = =
=
=
where,
where,
− − =
= =
+ =
where, =
In equation (9), see that all right hand side terms are in x = Effective
Total Area
; = = where, =
& y.
∴ × + × + − + − − − −− ++ + +
, = −
= − ; = − ,
…….…….…(8)
+ − − ===+ +−=
= =+ + = where
= =+
= = = =w
= ; where, where,
− = = ; = − = =
where, = =
− − = where,
cASe – IV +
+
= where =
− + − −
= + =
CG of total Effective
+ + Area :
When NA
here, =Where = cuts BC and AD. Here uplift portion ;is ABPQA
= = = where, =
− −that − + + + + where +
and effective portion is PQDCP.
= = where, = This
is considered = = + ; = +== =+ = ===++
=
+ where, + where,
=
=
= where = =
= == == where, = =
NA cuts BC −
at P where, BP = yL and −
NA cuts AD at Q
where, AQ==xL − ; = ……………….(9)
− − + − − ++ +
= + = = + == === + ==
where,
where,
Therefore, considering −
effective fraction in side = + = where
= +where,
−
=BC
is + v = = =
− − = =
= ++ = −
+
& in AD is u, and uplift part in BC is y & in AD is x,
=
= +
= ++where,
+ − + −
we have = − ; = − ,, where x, u and y, v are
ofL−&L respectively. now
− +
+
+ +−
+
fraction parts + − −We will =involve −
+
=+= =+
−+ =− =where, +== −where, +
+ ==
only =
the
effective fractions u & v to ease formation + =
of the
=
+ =
where, =
− in − − − −
equations as follows which can be easily transferred = = + +− − + + +
= from = where, = =
++ −
+ −− + = =
−
terms of x& y above.
+ + +
−−
= = = +− =
− +
where, += − − = =
1. Effective Area of the Section and Revised
Centre = of + − =
+ + −
+ +
− +
=
− −
= : =
− − + − − −
Gravity ; ……………….(9)
− − = = + −−= +−− − + − −
+=−
Considering an orthogonal axis system origin
located at + −
=
− −
= +
− = + − + − + − + + − =
A, co-ordinate of CG at O of the effective foundation area
= + −
=
+
−
+ −
−
−
= − −
= − is
PQDCP ; = − as
calculated follows
, : B :
−
= −
B :
− − + − −
(i) Effective Area (Rectangular QSCD) :
−
= + − B: + = + +−−
=− + −− =× =
+ − ×+ =−−
= − = − + − − = + −
=
= = where, = = − − − + − −
B :
= + − = + − × = + −
CG of Area A1 : = − = where, = − ; = = where, =
B : −
B=: − − = −+ − += +− − ×
− =
+ =
−
= where, = − ; = = where, =
= − = where, = − ; = = where, =
− + −− = = + + − −
= × = = + −+ × − = + −
= = where, =
PQS) :
B :
(ii) Effective Area (Triangular
−
− =
= =where, −
= where, =
=
− − = + − = + − × = + −
= where,
−
− −
= where, − −
= == where, ; = = where, = The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 69
+ = where = where,
where, = = + Where, =− ; ; =
== − = − + Where,
− − = where,
; = = where, = − −
= + = +
=
= =
+ where, =
+ − − +− − = +
where +
= = where, =
=
where, = =where,
= = + Where, = − ; =
POINT = OF + ; VIEW = + = where, = where, = L :+
= + L=:
= −
+ +−
+ +
+ = = = = = where
= where, = − −
= =
2. Second
Moment ofInertia wrt
=
revised where,
Centroidal =
Axis
where,
= = where, =
: = += −+ −= += −+× − ×= = + −+ −
=+−XX : − + +
+ + L
==− += where,
− += = = where, where = = +
+ =
; = = −
where,
=
= =
− = where, − −= =
+ + + + + −; = =
= = +where, = + = − × = + −
−
−= + += + = where, = + == +
−
==−− ;; =+ ++
= = = where ; = = == where, == where, = = +
++Where, Where,
Where, =
− ; = =
− +
+
+ − = ++ =+ +
+
= − =
where ++
= where = + +
+ = = − =
where, +
+ =
= === + Where, = − ; =
= = = + where,
− + = + −
− +
= L−: = −− Where,
+ +
+ − + =−
+ + =−
= += = ++ + =
where + =+ − = = + Where, = − ;; ==
=
=
+
= = +
3. =
Second
Moment
=
of Inertia wrt
= Centroidal
revised +
where,
where, Axis =+
= ++
Where, = −
− = = =
− =
− where,=
+ = Where,
=
− ; =
+ YY −+
: + − + −
+ = = + − −6.
=
Co-ordinate
+ − of points = +
P &−
Q ×ofNA=intersecting +
the
−
+
+ −
= + + −− +
= − =−side − −& = wrt + Centroidal
Where, = − ; =
= = − =−− where, + =− − = footing Co-ordinate
= = =BC AD revised
=
− where,
L
L ::
= + − −
+ + + − + =
= − System
:
+ − +
L :
= = + − = + ===
= +where, + = −==− +
L : + + = −
= = − −
=
Where,=
;
=
−
(i)
=
Co-ordinate
= +
+ −
where,
−ofpoint
=
= Pwhere+
+ − − NA ×
× is =
intersecting
=
+
the
+
−
footing
−
− + − − +
− + + − − −
=
+
L :
− × =
=++B:−−+ +=
= where, = =
= − side BC : = + − = +
− = = + − = + − × = + −
−
= − − −−
+ − − =−
+++
= − = − × =
; = −
== ++ − + ++
−
− = = =
−
− = + − = +
= + − = + − ×
= + − − = = + +
Where,
Where,
= = − − ; =
= of + the − + = −
+ = − − =
4. Product Moment of Inertia (PMI)
effective
section
− −Axes = + Where, = −
+ : = = −
− wrt Centroidal = + Where, = − ; =
== + − + +−− − + += − − − = = −
−
B :
== − − = + Where, = − ; =
+ − = + − × = − + − − = − − − −
(ii) =
Co-ordinate − of
point Q where NA is intersecting the
== +− − − + − + + − − = −
− = = − −
= + − − + footing + = −side − AD : =
= + − = + − × = + = − = − −
−
and
= − and
= + − − + + − =
= − −
− − + − − = = − − = −
= − − = −
−
B : & & = − −
+ − = =
+
− − ×
− = − +
−
+
− − and
= =
= −− −
− ==−−
= − − −
= +− − − =
5. Revised Eccentricities of Load to &= == = = − − =−
= + − = − − with respect revised
+ × =
+ − = −
= Centroidal
− − : − +
− − =7.
Co-ordinate
= of − maximum
Axes
pressure location C :
≠ , = −
B : = =≠ , = −
= + (i)− Revised
× Eccentricity
= + along − B: = −
= = − −
= −
B : = −
= + − = + − × = + − ≠, and = −
= + − = + − × =
=
+=− −−−−− −+ + − −
∴
−
∴ + +
+ KNOWN +++
= + − = + − × = + −
RELATIONSHIP
&
=
−
BETWEEN
− −
ECCENTRICITIES − AND FOOTING
FRACTIONS − − + − +
∴ + LIFTED
and
x&
y : + +
+ =
and =
= + Where, = − ; = −
and
∴ + × ∴ + × × +
; + × =+ = +
......…….……(10)
= lieon NA, Pressure p is 0
As
points and ......…….……(10)
& and
= + Where, == − + ; =Where,
=
−
&
≠
, Now in &
general
at these locations. and form
of two dimensional
+
+ L : Where, = − ; = bending
=
∴ × + ×= + = = ......…….……(10)
pressure
= &
equation
(3),
we put the co-ordinates of
NA points & = one = by one and all other
L : Revised Eccentricity along LL:: = = and
(ii)
sectional
≠ , properties
− − + area
of the
effective − of footing
equate ∴ ≠ + ,
the same =
=
to zero. +
+
= + − = + − × = + −
≠ −
,
= + − = + − × = =+ − + =− + − × = ≠ + , −
,
≠
+ − − + −
+ − = += − × = Where, + − = − +
− − + − +
+ ; =
∴
∴ + + +
+
+ ∴ ×
+ × + = + − − −
......…….……(10)
+
−
= ;=∴
= + Where, == − + ; =Where, − + −−
− +
−
70 The Indian Concrete
Journal June 2014
∴ +
−
+ +
− − + −
+
−
+ +
+ Where, = − ; = ∴ +
= − − − + −
− −∴ −+ − − ++ +−
−
& ∴ + & +
+ −
+
and = = ∴ − × + × + = …….…….…(11)
−
POINT = = OF VIEW
− − + −
= = Where =
= = −− + − ; −
&
− − −
and
∴ + ∴ × + × + ++ = …….…….…(11)
+
− − − − − −
∴ × + × + = +
≠ , = = for NA co-ordinate and
≠ , …….…….…(11)
=
− −
−
=
−
(i) For as
Where ;
& ∴ + −− + − −
+ +
substituting all the terms in eqn (3), we simplify to get,
=
−
− −
= =≠ ,
− − − +
∴ × + × − + − =
Where −
…….…….…(11) = − + ; − − =
− − + −Where = − − + + −− − +
− −= −
∴ + ∴ + +
; −+ =+ − + −
−
=
− + −
≠ , − ∴ ×
+ × +−−=−…….…….…(11)
+ −
−−
−
−= + − −
+
− − + − − − − − + − −
− =
− + = − −
∴ + − + − −
− Where
= +
+ −
−−
; −
+
+ +
+ = − −
−
− =
+
− − + −
∴ + − = ∴ × + × + +
− = + ......…….……(10) −− −− + − − +
× + × +− −=−......…….……(10)
∴ + +
+ −
Where =
+ − = ; =
−
−
= = − =
; −
−
= −
………………
−
Wherefrom ∴ we × get, + × + = ......…….……(10) − − − − + − −
= + − − − +
…(10)
− =
−
+
−
− +
− ∴
−
; − =
+
− ………………
= − − − ……………….(12) + −
∴ × + × + = ......…….……(10) = ...(10) = −
−
; +
− = − ; −=
− ,−
−
Solving (10) & (11),
− − + −
Where = − − + −−− + ; −− −
Where = Where = ; ; ; ∴ = × + × +……………….(12)
= −
− − − = − ; =
=−
− , = …….…….…(11)
= − ; = − , = where, =
− −
− − + = − ; = ………………
+ − − + − − − ; − ...(12)
= ;− −
+
− − Where =
=
− −+ +−
− −
− =
− −
= = where, =
− −
= −
− Where
=
; Where
; =
− − == − ; = = − where,
= = − = where,
−
, −
− + − −
− − = In = equation
−
;(12), = see − that , all right hand side terms are in
− − − −+ +
− − −
− − +
y.
− −
= = − − + −−−+ = − + −−=−− +
x &
−
+ −
= = +− −−where,
− −
== − +
= ; +
where, +
= − − −
− + −
− =
+
where, − =
+ +
Where =
−
;
−
V − −
−
− cASe
= –
= where, =
− + − − + − − − − +When −
NA cutsBC
− + − −
= =+
= + + and DC.
Here uplift portion is ABPQDA +
= =− − −+ + − −− = − =− −+where, − − portion is PQC. This
−
=
= − +
− =
and effective
+
is considered that NA
=
− − cuts − BC − −BP =yL and NAcuts at−Qwhere,
at P where, DC
− − −
− + =− ; =
= −
+=xL − − where,
= ………
∴ + − −
−
− − + − −
+ −
DQ
+ −
+− − = −
∴ Similarly,
+ ∴ for NA −
+ location at =+ =+
and −
+ = +
+ + =
(ii)
− substituting
− + in
−− −we
− − −
+= =
all the terms
equ (3), get
− − + +
Therefore, considering effective
fraction in side BC is v
− − + − −
− DC is x, we
− − =
− +∴ + −+− − − &
−
in DC
is u, and
+
+
uplift
+
part in
− BC isy+&in − −
+
=
+ +
×
− −
−= …….…….…(11)
− +
= −
−− + − −
have = − ; = −
, where x, u and y, v are
− ∴ × +
+
× + = …….…….…(11)
−
−
∴∴ ×+
+
+ × + = +…….…….…(11)
+ fraction parts of B & L +respectively. =
We will now involve
∴ ×
−
−
only the effective fractions u & v to ease formation of the
= = can be easilytransferred in
− − − − + equations − − =as follows = which where, =
−=…….…….…(11) −− − +− −∴ −× + −× ++ = …….…….…(11)
terms of−x+&yfrom above.
+
Where + == − − ;− + = = − − − −
∴
×+−=−= − = − =− + − −
× + Where
Where ; ;
…….…….…(11)
+ −
∴ − − + + 1.− Effective Area − ofthe + Section = and Revised Centre of
− −
− Wherefrom − + Where − − − − Gravity − : = − =−where, + − −
we get, = ; =
=
−−−−−− −−− − − + −− −
;
+ − −
− +
−
− + −
−
…….…….…(11)
Where =
= − − − + −; =
−
Considering +
− − axis system origin located at
+ an orthogonal
= −
+
−
∴ × + ×= + −=
−
…….…….…(11) +
…(11)
−
−
+
−
A,
co-ordinate
−
of CG at O of the effective foundation area
PQC is calculated as follows :
− − − − + − −
−
−
− +
+ − −
− − = + +
+
= −− − − − + − −
+ +− −− −
;
− −Concrete
Indian Journal June 2014
=− −−−
− = + −
+ The 71
= −
Where
;−− = − ; =
……………….(12) −
−
= ; =
……………….(12)
……………….(12)
− −
= + Where, = − ; =
B : +
= + Where, = − ; =
= − ; = − , L :
POINT
= − ; = − ,
OF VIEW L : B :
= + − = + − × = + −
= + − = + − × = + −
Total Effective Area :
= = where, = L : = + − = + − × = + −
= + − = + − × = + −
= = where, =
= + − == + − + × Where,
= + =−− ; = +
+
= + Where, = − ; =
= + Where, = − ; += +
= − = where,
= + Where, = − ; =
= − = where,
+
= + L: Where, = − ; =
= − −
= L− : −
= − ; = − = where, = −
== − + − = + − × = + −
= − ; = − wrt
ofInertia = revised =Axis − P & Q of NA intersecting the
= −−=−
2. Second Moment where, Centroidal 6. Co-ordinate of points
XX :
= side
footing + BC − =
& DC wrt+revised − × = Co-ordinate
Centroidal + −
= − ; = − = where, = − System:
= −
= −
= = − where,
; = = = ; = = − − = where,
where, = − +
= −
= =
− + Where,
= − ; =
= = where, = = −
(i) Co-ordinate of point P where NA is intersecting the footing
+
=
3. Second −
Moment
; = −
of Inertia wrt = where,
revised
Centroidal = − side BC = : + Where,
= − ; =
= −Axis ; : = − = where, = −
=
− −
YY = ==− where, = = =−−
where,
=== −
; == =
= = − ; = − == − −
= = − −
where, = −
= =
where,
where, = where,
− ; = =− =
= where, where, =
=
−
= − − = − −
= = =
where,
= −
= 4. =
== where,
= = =
= =the effective
of where,
where,
=
Product Moment Inertia (PMI)
of
=
==
where,
where, = == = where, =
= − of point Q where NA is intersecting the
Co-ordinate
= = Axes = : = = where, (ii) =
section
wrt revised Centroidal
where,
=
where,
=
footing side AD :
= −
== = = =
where,
=
where,
= = =
where, = = where,
= =
=
where,
=
B= :
= where, ==
= where, === −−
: to revised −
5. B Revised Eccentricities
of Load with
respect
= = where, =
: = where,
=
= Centroidal Axes = = − −
= +
= +
− =
where, + − × = −
BB: : == +
where,
=
where,
=
=
= =
Eccentricity − = + B−::
× = + −
(i) Revised where, along
= =
B: = + − = +
− × = + −
= + − +
× = + −
= + − = + − =×
B : = + Where, =+ − −; = =+ −
= − ; = +
B :
= + Where, B:
= + − = + − × = + −
= + − =
+ − × = + − +
L:== + −+ = Where, + − × = =−− ;+ − = +
= + Where, ==+
− ; = = +− × = + − +
= + Where, = − ; =
+ − L : = + − × = + −
+
L: == ++− =
Where, + −× = = − ;
= + +−=
= + Where, = − ;
L : = + + − =Where,
+ −
× = −= ; + =−
+
+
=
L : = +
Where,
= − ; =
+
+ Where, = − ; =
L: = + − = + − × = + − +
= + − = + − ×= +=− + −+ − × = + −
L : = + Where, = − ; = =
+
L :
(ii) Revised = Eccentricity + Where, along L L : = −
: ;
=
= + − = + − × = + −
= + − =
+ − × = + − +
===+− −+ = Where, + − × == − +; − = +
= +Where, =
= +− − ; = = + − × = + − +
− − =
+ Where, = − ; =
=
+ − = + − × = + −
= − +
== − −+ Where, = − ; + =
= + Where,
= − ; =
+
− Concrete Where, +
==
− − ; =
72 The Indian + Journal June 2014
= = = − − + − ; =
=
Where,
−
+
+ =Where,
= − − − − + − − − −
=
− −+− −−−++ − −=−
+ ; −=
− − +
− − + − − − ∴ − +
Where
+ − −
× += × ++ −
∴ +× ++ × + = ......…….……(13)
; Where = ......…….……(13) = −
+ ;
=
Where = ∴ +
−
− −− −
POINT
= − OF VIEW −
− − + − −−−− +−+ − − −
+−− −+
7. Co-ordinate of maximum −Where
− location
pressure C :
+= −
Where
=
− =
+
; −
−
= −
− +
−= = − +
and
+; =
(ii)
Similarly,
for NA location
at
= +
= ∴ × + × + =+−......…….……(13)
= =
−−
+ −
− substituting
all
−
the terms
in−eqn (3),
we get
= − = −
= − =−
= − =
=−
−− −− ++ −− − −
− − +
−
+ + − −−
−
+ − −
+
= −
Where =
= =
−
=
=
+ =
; = − + ∴ −+
+ − +
= − =
−
= + = +
−
= − = = −−
∴
−
−
+ +
= −
RELATIONSHIP = − BETWEEN
KNOWN −
ECCENTRICITIES AND FOOTING
x
y:
− − + −
− −+ + −
−− −
LIFTED FRACTIONS & = = −= + − − ∴
= +
+
= + − − − + + ∴ −× − ++ × + + + =
−
+ + and
+× ++
× + = …….…….…(14)
∴ ∴
+ +
and ∴ − + + − − =
−
As points and
and
lieon NA, Pressure − p is 0 −
==
−
−
and
& Now ingeneral
and
of
& form and − + −− − + −−−− + −
at these locations.
two dimensional
× × + + + = …….…….…(14) + −+ +
∴∴∴ +× + +
== −
bending −
pressure
&
equation
&
(3),
we ∴
=put
+
the +
of
=co-ordinates
+
×
− + + = −
…….…….…(14) −
Where = −
…(14)
= & = ∴ × = + × + = …….…….…(14)
Where− =
−
; −
= −
& one = by one NA &and all
other
NA points for
−
sectional
== −properties = =
= = the
of for =NA
effective
for area NA of footing and
for NA − + − −
thesame
= to zero.
= × += ×for NA − = +…….…….…(14) − − − − +− −+ −
= (i) NA NA ×− − ++
equate forFor for ∴ +
=≠ −, ≠ ,∴∴ + +
− + − −
+
Where = − ×−
−−+
+
++
=…….…….…(14)
−
− − = ;
−
=− −
Where =
; =
co-ordinate
and≠Where as , ≠ =, , substituting
all the terms in ; − =
−
+ − −
− −
≠ ,and
and
−
−
≠ , ≠ ,
eqn (3), we simplify to get,
− − + − −
− + − −
& − ∴ − + + +
− +−−−+ + −− −− ++
−
+
−
− −
+
+++
−−− − −+ −− − + − − − = − − −
& ∴ − × − + − × + = − − −
= − − − −
∴ + −
Where
+ =
−
+ − +
−
…….…….…(14)
Where
=
− =
− ;
+ = −
+ +
; =
+ −
− +
∴ ∴ + +
+
−
+
+
+=+
−
+
− −−
+=
=
=
−−− −
+
− +
− +
−=− −
− −
+−
−
− +
∴
+ +
== and
− +
+−−
+
−
+
−
−
−
=
=∴
= for NA
for
+ NA +
− ∴ + −+
+
− −
+ −
+
− −
−
∴ × + × + =−− + −−−− − +−−−−−+− − − − −
......…….……(13)
= + +
&
= = + = + +
− ∴ ∴ ×
≠≠×,, + × + = ∴ + × × − + +Where
+ × = +
=
......…….……(13) ......…….……(13)
−− −−
;
∴
× + × + =
......…….……(10)
......…….……(13)
+ × =+ = ......…….……(13)
−
−
−
+
+ ∴ ×
∴
×
forNA
+
×
+ =
− − ......…….……(13)
+ − − +
− −
=
=
= −
Where
; −= +− −
− − − + − −+ − + − − −
Where = − −− +=−− −++
−− −
− + − −=; − −− − −++
−− −−− + −
−Where =
∴∴ ++ =++ − −=− +
− − −++=−; ++ + + − −
+ + − −− ==+ − − +
− = −
Where ≠ , =
;
……(13) Where = − Where
−
−
;
− −
= ; −
− − − −
−
Wherefrom, we get,
−− −
+ −
− +
− −
=− − − +− −+ − +−
+− −+ − − − +
− − ∴ ∴ +
××+
−
+
=
−
×
−
++
−
+ =
=+−+−− −
−......…….……(13)
......…….……(13)
−+ −
−+−…(13)
−− −
+−
+
+
−−− + −
−
−+ +
∴
= = +
+ × +
=
− + −
+− −
+
+
+
Solving =
−
−
−
+
(13) & +− + −
(14), − − + = −
−=
+
;
−
=
−
+
+
− − −
−
−
−
− −
−
−
− ...(15)
−− −−=+ +
= − −
−− ++ = −− −− ; = ………………
Where
Where
==
;; == − −
= =
......…….……(13)
−∴ × −+
=
− ×+
+ == − =−−−
=
−
−
−+ + + − − −
=
......…….……(13)
+
+ +
= =
= = =
− − − − + − −
+ − −−−−−−∴ +− +− − − − + − − − − + −
+
++ +
−
−
−
− − +
+
−
−+− − + − in =
−− − + + − terms are
In equation (15), see that all
−right hand side
+−
+ −+ = − +− −+ −
+ +
=
=
Where ∴ ; =
=
;
+ +
−
− ∴ + + + ∴
+ + − +
+ − −
+ − +− − − += −
=
−−− −− −+−−
x−− +y − −
&
= ......…….……(13) ∴
+ −
−
+
−
−−
− − +
=−−
+ + ∴ − + + + + −+ +
− =
− ProBlem
−
−
= −
;
=
− −× − + = …….…….…(14) L or B.
and SolutIon
+ − −∴ − + ×++ − − + −
= −
−
−−
=
+
==−
+==
∴
× ∴
+ × × −
+ + × + =
+ …….…….…(14)
+ −
= −
+ …….…….…(14)
+ ; ………………
− − ∴ × + ; ×
= − − +
−= − −
(A)Method − generating
for thewhole − for
graph all cases
− + +
+ ∴ × +
×
…….…….…(14)
+ ∴
=
− ×
…….…….…(14)
+ × = + =: −…….…….…(14)
−
− + − − − − + −
−− =++ −− −− ; −− =−− + −
+ ∴ ∴ −
= ++ = ++
−
Where
− + +
−
−−− + − −++ ++ − − −+−+
− − +
− −− −
==of x and y which
Where
+ −
Where
= + = − −− − +−
;
+ − =;
−− − =
+ − −
− are all
functions
− −
− + − − − − + − + −
= ; ;−
− Where =
…….…(14)
Where =
− −
= −;
−
=
=
Where
−
− −
−
−− + − −
in
turn are
the
fractions−
− − + − of LL or or B. B. and
are known
− + − −
+ −
−=
= + − − −+− + −
L + or B. −
and − + − +
∴∴ ∴+×× +++ ×× + ++ = − −
+
…….…….…(14) +
− −
=
− − +− −+
−
+
…….…….…(14)
− −
=
−
=
+
− − − + − −+
+ − − +
= +
−
+−
− − − −
+
−
− &− −
+ − − −
− + −
; = +− +−
= =
−=
−+
−
+ − The Indian Concrete
+ Journal +
− −
June 2014 73
− − −
++
++
= − ; = − −……………….(15)
− −
−
−
−
−
= ; = = − ……………….(15)
; =
= ; −
−
= =
……………….(15)
− −
−
−− − −
− ; − = ……………….(15) ……………….(15)
= ; = L or B. and ……………….(15)
−
POINT
−− OF
∴ VIEW
= × −−
= ; L or B. = and ……………….(15)
− −
known
parameters. Equations involving
on
the
−
right + −
− + −
− Where =
+
− L or B. and + + +
= side
and
terms
involving
;
= on the right hand
……………….(15)
hand
……………….(15) − L or B. x, y − −
−
and
L or(Case L or
B. – and B. and
side are deduced
for all the cases
IItoL Case or B.– V). and , and
Right hand side parameters shall be calculated on
L or B. and
Equations
involving
known
on the left hand side case to case basis depending on the NA location. After
L or B. and , , and and
terms involving
x, y on the right hand side generating numerous sets of dimensionless parameters
and & are also in Xaxis and
two
deduced for all the cases (Case – II toCase –V).These of x and y, and
and against different sets and
, ,
&
equations with two unknowns x& y for one particular case and
inXaxis
L or or B. B. and considering of in
in Xaxis
X-axis and
and in Y-axis, we can
L non-linear and , and Kmax
are
simultaneous equations and can
& be used
, and
plot incorresponding
y values and K values.
x values,
& Xaxis and , and Kmax
in Xaxis max
and
for generating the graph as a whole & by assuming various K K
After plotting manyof
max max
get thex-curves,
& such sets, we y-
combination
of x & y and nding &
& the corresponding in Xaxis and
, and
Kmax & K -curves
and
& ,
, . 8 (Eight)
Kmax
curves in K Xaxis
max plotted and againstKmax
& . However, for a particular known
& max
in Xaxis and
and ,
&
beadopted Kmax
example hand calculations K for each case
max Kmax using the above
values, ef cient trial and error & method &shall K ,
,
in Xaxis and
&
and
&
,
equations on casetoKcase
max
K basis are placed in
decrease the number of iterations. the equations, , a tabular form
and ,
to From
max
& max
and , ,
(Annexure Table
Kmax 1 for Case – II, Table 2
for Case – III,
can
see that though it is an to nd ,
we
&&
iterative
process
Table 3 for Case –IV,
Table Kmax4 for Case – Kmax
V) atAnnexure-A.
& and ,
and
, ,,
the values
and , and and , ,
out of x and y for known
values of Here, the curves for whole graph showing Kmax NA locations
and , ,
and ,
, however, in reverse, if we think and that x and y are known and
,
Pressure contours in
,respect of , are drawn
and , and , and
&
,
parameters and unknowns are and
, , the
Knowing problemx, y, and by, preparing a
computer
, program and
is, presented in
and ,
and ,
gets
and ,
mucheasier. For several such known
Knowing x, y,values and of x and , Figure.
5 above. ,
and ,
y,weand
and
can nd
,
, out corresponding and
and by using
and intensity
for
,
and (B) To −nd out+ the maximum − pressure
− a +
equation and (6) for Case-II, (9) for Case-III,∴(12) for= Case-
Knowing x, y,+ and
,
+
+ ,
− +
given set of : + − −
and
and for ,Case-V. Knowing Knowing ∴ x,x,y, y, = and + − −+ + −
+
IV, (15) Knowing Knowing x, y,
,
x, y,and we can
and
,
, , ,
Knowing x, y, and 1. −,
METHOD
: Onceafull − is
calculate x,
corresponding
maximum pressure on the base
MANNUAL
graph
with
Knowing y, and , we can use future design
, − + −
this graph for our − +
ready,
corner Cof
footing by
,
x, the putting all known parameters
∴ = + + +
Knowing and
and
y,
and
, ∴ = ×
purpose by reading
off values of maximum
(3) − + ,K − +
with
along coordinates of C in pressure equation −
and + −
− − −
with with −
+ −
− − .(1
∴ ∴= ∴= +×= − coef +cient NA uplift +
+
+pressure −+
+ − and
+ − quantity + −+
∴ = + , + +
max
simplifying :
− +
∴ −
=
−
+
−− + set of− +
−
+
−−
− with
, fordesign
,
purpose
.−
+ +
against − given+ − − .(16) with + −
∴ = x, y, and + ,
+
+
Knowing
− + − Where
− = +
− + −
− +
∴ =+ ×+−
multiply − −
get
−
+ and . + to −the ,+ −
maximum
∴ = + this Kmax
, , +
with
with
. .(16)
Where
−
= +
− +with
+
∴ = ∴× = × −
pressure under footing.
with
−
∴ = ∴ × = × , .
− + −
− − + PROCEDURE
− − with , .
2. COMPUTER + −
− ∴∴
=
=
×
+ − + −
Where
+ = + +
+: Acomputer + .(16)
.(16)
+ program
∴+ +=
− + .(16)
...(16)
− +−
−
−
−for . −
,solution +non-linear
− + −
+be
× may created
− of the −
−
= + − + +
− , +.
−Pmax . + +− +
= + + −
− −
Where Where
+.
= + + +
= −+ −
Where
, + fractions
+ of the
− +Where −
equations − for+ nding out the uplift −
−
−
Where = +
+ +
− −
−
+
∆x & ∆y
− + − − + −
−
footing
against
− the
P known
P . . values
of , . Once
+ +
max
max
∴
Where = =× +
+
−
the uplift fractions
−
i.e.
the neutral
axis location is
Pmax. ∆x
Pmaximum
∆x & ∆y
& ∆y
∆n
known, we can calculate the Kmax and =. a
max
− + − pressure
−
& ∆y under
∆x
+
the . A Flow
P−footing.
max
Chart for
−
Where
Where = +
−
+ − + +
+ ∆x &&
xprev ∆yyprev
P−max
∆n. ∆n
= aany
in= a computer
+
+
− +
framing a program
language is
∆x &Pmax
∆y.
−
∆n = a ∆x &x∆y &&
xprev
prev yprev
yprev
∆x & ∆y ∆n = a.
Pmax
74 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 xprev & yprev ∆n = a x∆x &∆y
yprev
prev&
∆n = a
∆n
& =y a
POINT OF VIEW
shown later in Figure 6. Following notes may be 2. As the nal equations are dimensionless (as
read in conjunction with the ow chart : discussed above), L or B of the footing are not
necessary to use in a program and hence, equa-
1. Sets of Equations used in the Flow Chart are all tions in the given Equation Sets are provided as
taken from the above discussion in the paper and independent of L or B except for calculation of the
are provided at the end of the ow chart. Different Maximum Pressure Pmax.
variable names have been used in the Equation
Sets with that of the paper for use in VB Macro. 3. For each of the Equation Sets, different function
may be created and called as necessary by passing
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 75
POINT OF VIEW
76 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014
POINT OF VIEW
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 77
POINT OF VIEW
parameters for necessary calculations and getting Case – III : Equation Set (3) : Effective Sectional Properties
Area1 = v ; cgx1 = 1 / 2 ; cgy1 = 1 - v / 2 ; Area2 = (u - v) / 2 ; cgx2 = 2 /
the result. 3 ; cgy2 = (3 - 2 * v - u) / 3 ; Area = Area1 + Area2 ;
CGX = (Area1 * cgx1 + Area2 * cgx2) / Area ; CGY = (Area1 * cgy1 +
Area2 * cgy2) / Area
4. The values of fractional part x & y have been var-
Icgx = v ^ 3 / 12 + Area1 * (CGY - cgy1) ^ 2 + (u - v) ^ 3 / 36 + Area2 *
ied from 0 to 2 (considering x= 0 to 1 for edge AD (CGY – cgy2) ^ 2
& x= 1 to 2 for edge DC and y= 0 to 1 for edge AB Icgy = v / 12 + Area1 * (CGX - cgx1) ^ 2 + (u - v) / 36 + Area2 * (CGX
– cgx2) ^ 2
& y= 1 to 2 for edge BC). Icgxy = Abs(Area1 * (CGX - cgx1) * (CGY - cgy1) - (u - v) ^ 2 / 72 + Area2
* (CGX - cgx2) * (CGY - cgy2))
X1 = -CGX
5. A check is to be kept on x & y so that calculated Y1 = 1 - v - CGY
eccentricity always falls on the rst quadrant X2 = 1 - CGX
Y2 = 1 - u - CGY
(+ve) i.e. upper rightmost quadrant of the footing.
Case – IV : Equation Set (4) : Effective Sectional Properties
6. Different values of ∆x & ∆y may be chosen by Area1 = u ; cgx1 = 1 - u / 2 ; cgy1 = 1 / 2 ; Area2 = 1 / 2 * (v - u) ; cgx2 =
calling a function for the same. For each new itera- (3 - 2 * u - v) / 3 ; cgy2 = 2 / 3
Area = Area1 + Area2
tion, ∆x & ∆y shall be less than the ∆x & ∆y values
CGX = (Area1 * cgx1 + Area2 * cgx2) / Area ; CGY = (Area1 * cgy1 +
of the previous iteration to gradually converge Area2 * cgy2) / Area
into the solution. Icgx = u / 12 + Area1 * (CGY - cgy1) ^ 2 + (v - u) / 36 + Area2 * (CGY
- cgy2) ^ 2
Icgy = u ^ 3 / 12 + Area1 * (CGX - cgx1) ^ 2 + (v - u) ^ 3 / 36 + Area2 *
7. Mark-A and Mark-B of one page of the Flow (CGX – cgx2) ^ 2
Icgxy = Abs(Area1 * (CGX - cgx1) * (CGY - cgy1) - (v - u) ^ 2 / 72 + Area2
Chart shall be considered merged with the same * (CGX - cgx2) * (CGY - cgy2))
Mark of other page to study the Flow Chart. X1 = 1 - v – CGX ; Y1 = 1 – CGY ; X2 = 1 - u – CGX ; Y2 = -CGY
8. Abbreviations Used in Flow Chart : P = Axial Case – V : Equation Set (5) : Effective Sectional Properties
Area = v * u / 2 ; CGX = 1 - v / 3 ; CGY = 1 - u / 3
force, Mx = Moment about x-axis, My = Moment
Icgx = v * u ^ 3 / 36 ; Icgy = v ^ 3 * u / 36 ; Icgxy = Abs(v ^ 2 * u ^ 2 /
about y-axis, Eb/B = (Actual ecc. / fdn. Dimn.) 72)
along y-axis, El/L = (Actual ecc. / fdn. Dimn.) X1 = 1 - v – CGX ; Y1 = 1 – CGY ; X2 = 1 – CGX ; Y2 = 1 - u - CGY
along x-axis, ElByL and EbByB = Ecc./fdn dimn
based on assumed x & y i.e. NA location to com- Equation Set (A) : Stress Equation on NA for calculating EbByB and
ElByL :
pare the same with the actual ones to reach at a Feccb = 0.5 – CGY ; Feccl = 0.5 – CGX ; a = 1 / Area
solution for x & y. ∆n = a negligible prede ned P1 = (Icgx * X1 + Icgxy * Y1) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2) ; Q1 = (Icgy * Y1 +
Icgxy * X1) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2)
number to verify whether a solution is reached or R1 = (a + Feccl * P1 + Feccb * Q1)
not. p, q, r, s = variables keeping record whether P2 = (Icgx * X2 + Icgxy * Y2) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2) ; Q2 = (Icgy * Y2 +
Icgxy * X2) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2)
y or x is increasing or decreasing. xprev & yprev
R2 = (a + Feccl * P2 + Feccb * Q2)
are keeping the values of x & y which are being ElByL = (Q2 * R1 - Q1 * R2) / (P2 * Q1 - Q2 * P1)
changed in the later part of the program. EbByB = (P2 * R1 - P1 * R2) / (P1 * Q2 - Q1 * P2)
Set Of Equations for Use in Flow Chart :: Equations given below may Equation Set (B) : Max Pressure Equation at Corner of footing :
be directly used in computer program in excel sheet (VB macro) with X3 = 1 – CGX ; Y3 = 1 - CGY
the same variable names and suitable changes of operators are required a3 = (Icgy * Y3 + Icgxy * X3) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2) ; b3 = (Icgx * X3 +
for other languages :: Icgxy * Y3) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2)
Max Pressure Coef cient Kmax = a + ((EbByB + Feccb) * a3 + (ElByL +
Case – II : Equation Set (2) : Effective Sectional Properties Feccl) * b3)
Area = 1 - x * y / 2 ; CGX = (3 - x ^ 2 * y) / (6 - 3 * x * y) ; CGY = (3 - x * Max Pressure = Kmax * P / (B * L)
y ^ 2) / (6 - 3 * x * y)
Icgx = 1 / 12 * (1 - (x * y ^ 3) / 3 + x * y / 3 * (3 - 2 * y) ^ 2 / (x * y - 2)) References
Icgy = 1 / 12 * (1 - (x ^ 3 * y) / 3 + x * y / 3 * (3 - 2 * x) ^ 2 / (x * y - 2))
Icgxy = Abs((CGX - 0.5) * (CGY - 0.5) + ((x ^ 2 * y ^ 2 / 72) - (x * y / 2 * 1. “Foundation Design” by Wayne C. Teng published by Prentice Hall
(CGX - x / 3) * (CGY - y / 3)))) of India Private Limited, New Delhi-110001 Published in : 1979 pp
X1 = -CGX ; Y1 = (y - CGY) ; X2 = (x - CGX) ; Y2 = -CGY 130-133
78 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014
POINT OF VIEW
Annexure Table 1. Calculation of pressure co-ef cients Annexure Table 3. calculation of pressure co-ef cients
CASE - II (Short Side & Long Side Intersected) - A Triangular Part is uplifted CASE - IV (both the long sides intersected by na)
Example No → 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Example No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Notations used Assumed x, y are +ve fractions ; x<1 in AD portion, y<1 in BC portion, x>y to keep the
Assumed x, y are +ve fractions ; x<1 in AD portion and y<1 in AB portion
in paper ↓ eccentricity in rst quadrant.
x 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.900 0.800 0.700 0.300 x 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000
y 0.000 1.000 0.000 1.000 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 y 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900
a1 1.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 u 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100 0.000
c1 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 v 0.800 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100
d1 0.500 1.000 0.500 1.000 0.850 0.800 0.750 0.700 a1 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100 0.000
a2 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.070 0.120 0.150 0.280 c1 0.650 0.700 0.750 0.800 0.850 0.900 0.950 1.000
c2 0.500 0.500 1.000 1.000 0.950 0.900 0.850 0.650 d1 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
d2 0.000 0.500 0.000 0.500 0.350 0.300 0.250 0.200 a2 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050
a3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.500 0.315 0.240 0.175 0.060 c2 0.267 0.367 0.467 0.567 0.667 0.767 0.867 0.967
c3 0.000 0.000 0.667 0.667 0.600 0.533 0.467 0.200 d2 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667
d3 0.000 0.667 0.000 0.667 0.467 0.400 0.333 0.267 ar 0.750 0.650 0.550 0.450 0.350 0.250 0.150 0.050
ar 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.500 0.685 0.760 0.825 0.940
Fgx 0.624 0.674 0.724 0.774 0.824 0.873 0.922 0.967
Fgx 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.667 0.592 0.574 0.557 0.526
Fgy 0.511 0.513 0.515 0.519 0.524 0.533 0.556 0.667
Fgy 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.667 0.623 0.595 0.571 0.523
Fix 0.062 0.054 0.046 0.037 0.029 0.021 0.012 0.003
Fix 0.083 0.083 0.083 0.028 0.042 0.050 0.057 0.074
Fiy 0.035 0.023 0.014 0.008 0.004 0.001 0.000 0.000
Fiy 0.083 0.083 0.083 0.028 0.051 0.058 0.063 0.073
Fixy 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000
Fixy 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.014 0.019 0.019 0.017 0.009
Feccl -0.124 -0.174 -0.224 -0.274 -0.324 -0.373 -0.422 -0.467
Feccl 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.167 -0.092 -0.074 -0.057 -0.026
Feccb -0.011 -0.013 -0.015 -0.019 -0.024 -0.033 -0.056 -0.167
Feccb 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.167 -0.123 -0.095 -0.071 -0.023
x1 -0.424 -0.374 -0.324 -0.274 -0.224 -0.173 -0.122 -0.067
x1 -0.500 -0.500 -0.500 -0.667 -0.592 -0.574 -0.557 -0.526
y1 0.489 0.487 0.485 0.481 0.476 0.467 0.444 0.333
y1 -0.500 0.500 -0.500 0.333 0.077 0.005 -0.071 -0.123
x2 -0.324 -0.274 -0.224 -0.174 -0.124 -0.073 -0.022 0.033
x2 -0.500 -0.500 0.500 0.333 0.308 0.226 0.143 -0.226
y2 -0.511 -0.513 -0.515 -0.519 -0.524 -0.533 -0.556 -0.667
y2 -0.500 -0.500 -0.500 -0.667 -0.623 -0.595 -0.571 -0.523
x3 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.333 0.408 0.426 0.443 0.474 x3 0.376 0.326 0.276 0.226 0.176 0.127 0.078 0.033
y3 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.333 0.377 0.405 0.429 0.477 y3 0.489 0.487 0.485 0.481 0.476 0.467 0.444 0.333
P1 -6.000 -6.000 -6.000 -24.000 -13.209 -11.326 -9.900 -7.543 P1 -11.327 -15.204 -21.461 -32.520 -54.857 -110.769 -320.000 -2400.000
Q1 -6.000 6.000 -6.000 0.000 -4.132 -4.168 -4.195 -2.594 Q1 7.267 8.252 9.535 11.267 13.695 17.164 20.923 0.000
R1 1.000 1.000 1.000 6.000 3.181 2.545 2.069 1.317 R1 2.662 4.084 6.486 10.927 20.294 44.782 140.615 1140.000
P2 -6.000 -6.000 6.000 0.000 0.630 0.039 -0.468 -4.047 P2 -9.912 -13.032 -17.884 -26.016 -41.143 -73.846 -160.000 0.000
Q2 -6.000 -6.000 -6.000 -24.000 -14.519 -11.854 -10.094 -7.552 Q2 -8.685 -10.138 -12.165 -15.185 -20.139 -29.638 -54.154 -240.000
R2 1.000 1.000 1.000 6.000 3.182 2.436 1.952 1.344 R2 2.663 3.941 6.013 9.634 16.659 32.557 77.231 60.000
el/L 0.083 0.167 0.000 0.250 0.170 0.149 0.130 0.139 el/L 0.249 0.282 0.316 0.349 0.382 0.414 0.446 0.475
eb/B 0.083 0.000 0.167 0.250 0.227 0.206 0.187 0.103 eb/B 0.022 0.026 0.030 0.037 0.047 0.066 0.107 0.250
Kmax 2.000 2.000 2.000 6.000 4.108 3.560 3.143 2.496 Kmax 2.840 3.307 3.956 4.918 6.486 9.474 17.143 60.000
Max Pressure p = Kmax * P/BL Max pressure p = Kmax * P/BL
Annexure Table 2 . calculation of pressure co-ef cients Annexure Table 4. calculation of pressure co-ef cients
CASE - III (both the short sides intersected by na) CASE - V (Long Side & Short Side Intersected) - A Triangular Part remains effective
Example No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Example No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Assumed x, y are +ve fractions and x<1 for DC portion, y<1 in AB portion, x<y to keep the Assumed x, y are +ve fractions ; x<1 in DC portion, y<1 in BC portion
eccentricity in rst quadrant
x 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 0.800
x 0.000 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800
y 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900
y 1.000 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900
u 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100 0.200
u 1.000 0.800 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200
v 0.800 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100
v 0.000 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100
a1 0.280 0.210 0.150 0.100 0.060 0.030 0.010 0.010
a1 0.000 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100
c1 0.733 0.767 0.800 0.833 0.867 0.900 0.933 0.967
c1 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
d1 0.767 0.800 0.833 0.867 0.900 0.933 0.967 0.933
d1 1.000 0.650 0.700 0.750 0.800 0.850 0.900 0.950
a2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
a2 0.500 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050
c2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
c2 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667 0.667
d2 0.667 0.267 0.367 0.467 0.567 0.667 0.767 0.867 d2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
ar 0.500 0.750 0.650 0.550 0.450 0.350 0.250 0.150 ar 0.280 0.210 0.150 0.100 0.060 0.030 0.010 0.010
Fgx 0.667 0.511 0.513 0.515 0.519 0.524 0.533 0.556 Fgx 0.733 0.767 0.800 0.833 0.867 0.900 0.933 0.967
Fgy 0.667 0.624 0.674 0.724 0.774 0.824 0.873 0.922 Fgy 0.767 0.800 0.833 0.867 0.900 0.933 0.967 0.933
Fix 0.028 0.035 0.023 0.014 0.008 0.004 0.001 0.0003426 Fix 0.008 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Fiy 0.028 0.062 0.054 0.046 0.037 0.029 0.021 0.012 Fiy 0.010 0.006 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000
Fixy 0.014 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 Fixy 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Feccl -0.167 -0.011 -0.013 -0.015 -0.019 -0.024 -0.033 -0.056 Feccl -0.233 -0.267 -0.300 -0.333 -0.367 -0.400 -0.433 -0.467
Feccb -0.167 -0.124 -0.174 -0.224 -0.274 -0.324 -0.373 -0.422 Feccb -0.267 -0.300 -0.333 -0.367 -0.400 -0.433 -0.467 -0.433
x1 -0.667 -0.511 -0.513 -0.515 -0.519 -0.524 -0.533 -0.556 x1 -0.533 -0.467 -0.400 -0.333 -0.267 -0.200 -0.133 -0.067
y1 0.333 -0.324 -0.274 -0.224 -0.174 -0.124 -0.073 -0.022 y1 0.233 0.200 0.167 0.133 0.100 0.067 0.033 0.067
x2 0.333 0.489 0.487 0.485 0.481 0.476 0.467 0.444 x2 0.267 0.233 0.200 0.167 0.133 0.100 0.067 0.033
y2 -0.667 -0.424 -0.374 -0.324 -0.274 -0.224 -0.173 -0.122 y2 -0.467 -0.400 -0.333 -0.267 -0.200 -0.133 -0.067 -0.133
x3 0.333 0.489 0.487 0.485 0.481 0.476 0.467 0.444 x3 0.267 0.233 0.200 0.167 0.133 0.100 0.067 0.033
y3 0.333 0.376 0.326 0.276 0.226 0.176 0.127 0.078 y3 0.233 0.200 0.167 0.133 0.100 0.067 0.033 0.067
P1 -24.000 -8.685 -10.138 -12.165 -15.185 -20.139 -29.638 -54.154 P1 -53.571 -81.633 -133.333 -240 -500 -1333.333 -6000 -12000
Q1 0.000 -9.912 -13.032 -17.884 -26.016 -41.143 -73.846 -160.000 Q1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
R1 6.000 2.663 3.941 6.013 9.634 16.659 32.557 77.231 R1 16.071 26.531 46.667 90.000 200.000 566.667 2700 5700
P2 0.000 7.267 8.252 9.535 11.267 13.695 17.164 20.923 P2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Q2 -24.000 -11.327 -15.204 -21.461 -32.520 -54.857 -110.769 -320.000 Q2 -61.224 -95.238 -160.000 -300.000 -666.667 -2000 -12000 -6000
R2 6.000 2.662 4.084 6.486 10.927 20.294 44.782 140.615 R2 19.898 33.333 60.000 120.000 283.333 900 5700 2700
el/L 0.250 0.022 0.026 0.030 0.037 0.047 0.066 0.10714 el/L 0.300 0.325 0.350 0.375 0.400 0.425 0.450 0.475
eb/B 0.250 0.249 0.282 0.316 0.349 0.382 0.414 0.44643 eb/B 0.325 0.350 0.375 0.400 0.425 0.450 0.475 0.450
Kmax 6.000 2.840 3.307 3.956 4.918 6.486 9.474 17.143 Kmax 10.714 14.286 20.000 30.000 50.000 100.000 300 300
Max pressure p = Kmax * P/BL Max Pressure p = Kmax * P/BL
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014 79
POINT OF VIEW
Bijay Sarkar holds a degree in Civil Engineering from Jadavpur University, Kolkata. He is a Superintending
Engineer (Civil) in Engineering & Planning Cell of Project Department at DVC Head Quarters, Kolkata.
He has a long experience in civil construction and design for more than last 25 years in Damodar Valley
Corporation (DVC), a PSU under Ministry of Power, Govt of India. He is experienced in structural design
works for power house & boiler building structures, mill & bunker structures, coal conveying structures
of power plants for 500MW capacity & above owned by DVC. His keen interest is on preparing software
modules in respect of civil engineering aspects.
80 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014
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