Petróleo y Gas: Mayo - Junio 2015

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Boletín de novedades
Mayo - Junio 2015
Petróleo y Gas
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REFINACIÓN, PRODUCTOS Y PROCESOS PETROQUÍMICOS, LOGÍSTICA, TRANSPORTE
Mayo - Junio 2015
Índice
REVISTAS
Index-Report-FLAG
Análisis de la deformación en caliente de superficies de fractura en un depósito hidráulic... 2

Carbonos porosos de hidroquinona e injertados con quinona para la captura altamente select... 3
Evaluación del proceso de extracción de vapor y su perspectiva como método de recuperación... 3
PUBLICACIONES CIENTÍFICAS
Optimización y aplicación de espectrometría de masas de intercambio de hidrógeno-deuterio ... 4
Preparación de LLDPE a través de polimerización de etileno en tándem utilizando catalizado... 5
Deshidrogenación catalítica de propano: Estrategias avanzadas para el análisis y diseño de... 5
Modelo transportado PDF de ethanol aerosol en una llama de co-flujo diluida en caliente 6
Producción directa de gas de síntesis flexible de H2/CO en un reactor de membrana de elect... 8
Preparación y caracterización de sílice funcionalizado de ácido sulfónico y su aplicación ... 9
PATENTES
Membranas poli(imida-éter-sulfona) aromáticas para separaciones de gas 10
Método para la refinación de combustible 10
Catalizador de craqueo catalítico para la conversión eficiente de petróleos pesados y méto... 11
Hidrocraqueo de gasóleos con rendimiento aumentado de destilado 12
Sistema secuencial de mezclado para la desalación mejorada 13
Método para elaborar destilados medios y materia prima de gasóleo pesado al vacío 14
Unidad para recuperación de azufre 14
NOTICIAS
Cae el precio del diésel 15
El Futuro del Petróleo 15
EE.UU y Canadá presentan en conjunto normas de transporte de crudo por ferrocarril 15
Mayo - Junio 2015
Índice
Departamento de Energía autoriza a Dominion Cove Point LNG para exportar gas natural licua... 16
Encuesta muestra incremento en la construcción petroquímica 16
MERCADO
Boletín estadístico anual de la OPEC será lanzado el 24 de junio de 2015 17
Precios del crudo de NYMEX a la baja sobre política federal inalterada 17
Gas natural desafía el protagonismo del petróleo como combustible para transporte 17
API: Perforación de petróleo y gas natural a la baja en primer cuatrimestre de 2015 18
FINANCIAMIENTO
Estudio de efectos ambientales de la gestión ambiental Euro 5 para vehículos de categoría ... 19
EVENTOS
Expo de downstream, comercio de petróleo y logística 2015 20
Petróleo y gas Myanmar 2015 20
Foro mundial de LPG 21
Cumbre europea de refinería 21
Pág. 2
Mayo - Junio 2015

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REVISTAS
Análisis de la deformación en caliente de superficies de fractura
en un depósito hidráulicamente fracturado utilizando el método
del elemento finito
Publicada el 29/06/2015
In this study, we develop a Galerkin-type finite element (FE) solution to

assess the creep deformation of fracture surfaces. These surfaces are
treated as comparatively compliant rocks which are separated by a
comparatively stiff proppant pack. Viscoelastic properties of fracture
surfaces are assessed by the temperature and deformation dependent
modulus. The key challenge is to appropriately develop the creep and the
relaxation functions which are continuous spectrum material functions and
are unique for each model. Time dependent mechanical properties are
connected through an instantaneous elastic response and coupled by way
of nonlinear and convolution integral relationships. Coupling is achieved by
way of convolution integrals computed using the full-time history of the
material functions. As a novel numerical procedure, we apply a more
computationally efficient algorithm to use discrete-spectrum approximation
to the creep and relaxation functions, thus, allowing for adjustment of the
energy dissipativity of the model in a consistently low computation-time.
The proposed approach is novel and is the only approach in the literature
(to the best of authors’ knowledge) that considers the conductivity in an
intended reservoir at the level of proppants. It will be demonstrated that the
proposed model can be used for the assessment of fracture conductivity
under short or long-term loading conditions when rock material properties
can be determined.
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Pág. 3
Mayo - Junio 2015

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Carbonos porosos de hidroquinona e injertados con quinona
para la captura altamente selectiva de CO2 desde gases de
combustión y gas natural
Hydroquinone and quinone functional groups were grafted onto a

hierarchical porous carbon framework via the Friedel–Crafts reaction to
develop more efficient adsorbents for the selective capture and removal of
carbon dioxide from flue gases and natural gas. The oxygen-doped porous
carbons were characterized with scanning electron microscopy,
transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. CO2, CH4,
and N2 adsorption isotherms were measured and correlated with the
Langmuir model. An ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) selectivity for
the CO2/N2 separation of 26.5 (298 K, 1 atm) was obtained on the
hydroquinone-grafted carbon, which is 58.7% higher than that of the
pristine porous carbon, and a CO2/CH4 selectivity value of 4.6 (298 K, 1
atm) was obtained on the quinone-grafted carbon (OAC-2), which
represents a 28.4% improvement over the pristine porous carbon. The
highest CO2 adsorption capacity on the oxygen-doped carbon adsorbents
is 3.46 mmol g–1 at 298 K and 1 atm.
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Evaluación del proceso de extracción de vapor y su perspectiva

como método de recuperación mejorada de petróleo
The vapour extraction (VAPEX) process is a promising technique to extract heavy oil and bitumen while
minimising environmental pollution and capital costs compared to conventional thermal processes. This paper
comprehensively reviews the literature on the vapour extraction process to elucidate why VAPEX is not yet
operational at the field scale. It was found that unfeasibility of the VAPEX process is mainly attributed to
operational issues. A sufficient number of parameters that are associated with these two issues and affect the
VAPEX process are evaluated in this paper. [Received: March 11, 2013; Accepted: October 17, 2013]
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Pág. 4
Mayo - Junio 2015

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Optimización y aplicación de espectrometría de masas de
intercambio de hidrógeno-deuterio para la especiación de
compuestos de nitrógeno
A systematic study was performed to investigate the utility of atmospheric

pressure chemical ionization hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass
spectrometry (APCI HDX MS) to identify the structures of nitrogen-
containing aromatic compounds. First, experiments were performed to
determine the optimized experimental conditions, with dichloromethane
and CH3OD found to be good cosolvents for APCI HDX. In addition, a
positive correlation between the heated capillary temperature and the
observed HDX signal was observed, and it was suggested that the HDX
reaction occurred when molecules were contained in the solvent cluster.
Second, 20 standard nitrogen-containing compounds were analyzed to
investigate whether speciation could be determined based on the different
types of ions produced from nitrogen-containing compounds with various
functional groups. The number of exchanges occurring within the
compounds correlated well with the number of active hydrogen atoms
attached to nitrogen, and it was confirmed that APCI HDX MS could be
used to determine speciation. The results obtained by APCI HDX MS were
combined with the subsequent investigation of the double bond
equivalence distribution and indicated that resins of shale oil extract
contained mostly pyridine type nitrogen compounds. This study confirmed
that APCI HDX MS can be added to previously reported chemical
ionization, electrospray ionization, and atmospheric pressure photo
ionization-based HDX methods, which can be used for structural
elucidation by mass spectrometry. Graphical Abstract
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Pág. 5
Mayo - Junio 2015

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Preparación de LLDPE a través de polimerización de etileno en
tándem utilizando catalizadores de cromo y circonio
The effective tandem catalysis systems including the trimerization catalyst

of CrCl3/SNS [SNS = bis-(2-pentylsulfanyl-ethyl)-amine] and the
copolymerization catalyst of rac-ethylene bis(indenyl) zirconium (IV)
dichloride have been introduced. The CrCl3/SNS catalyst was synthesized
via reaction between CrCl3(THF)3 precursor and SNS as efficient ligand at
room temperature. An ethylene trimerization reaction at 90 °C and 23 bar
ethylene, using the CrCl3/SNS complex activated by 700 equivalents of
methylaluminoxane, afforded 99.9 % 1-C6. Only 0.10 % PE was produced.
Effect of different parameters such as ethylene pressure and Cr/Zr ratio
was investigated during tandem polymerization. Successive increases in
the CrCl3/SNS amount yielded a series of copolymer samples with
decreased T m and X c. The butyl branches of produced polymer were
identified by 13C NMR analysis. Data from dynamic mechanical thermal
analysis indicated formation of various polymeric materials with the
branches, which their stiffness varied according to the Cr/Zr ratio used in
the polymerization reaction.
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Pág. 6
Mayo - Junio 2015

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Deshidrogenación catalítica de propano: Estrategias avanzadas
para el análisis y diseño de reactores de lecho móvil
A moving bed reactor (MBR) is one of the most innovative reactors that are commonly used in industry
nowadays. However, the modeling and optimization of the reactor have been rarely performed at conceptual
design stage due to its complexity of design, and it has resulted in increased capital and operating costs of the
overall chemical processes. In this work, advanced strategies were introduced to model an MBR and its
regenerator mathematically, incorporating catalyst deactivation, such as coke formation. Various reactor
designs and operating parameters of the MBR were optimized to increase the overall reactor performance,
such as conversion or selectivity of the main products across the reactor operating period. These optimization
parameters include: (1) reactant flow inside a reactor, (2) various networks of MBRs, (3) temperature of the
feed stream, (4) intermediate heating or cooling duties, (5) residence time of the catalyst or velocity of catalyst
flow, and (6) flow rate of the fresh make-up catalyst. The propane dehydrogenation process was used as a
case study, and the results showed the possibility of significant increase of reactor performance through
optimization of the above parameters. For optimization, the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm was
incorporated into the reactor modeling. This approach can be easily applied to other reaction processes in
industry.
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Pág. 7
Mayo - Junio 2015

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Modelo transportado PDF de ethanol aerosol en una llama de
co-flujo diluida en caliente
This paper presents a numerical modeling study of one ethanol spray

flame from the Delft Spray-in-Hot-Coflow (DSHC) database, which has
been used to study Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution (MILD)
combustion of liquid fuels (Correia Rodrigues et al. Combust. Flame
162(3), 759–773, 2015). A “Lagrangian-Lagrangian” approach is adopted
where both the joint velocity-scalar Probability Density Function (PDF) for
the continuous phase and the joint PDF of droplet properties are modeled
and solved. The evolution of the gas phase composition is described by a
Flamelet Generated Manifold (FGM) and the interaction by exchange with
the mean (IEM) micro-mixing model. Effects of finite conductivity on droplet
heating and evaporation are accounted for. The inlet boundary conditions
starting in the dilute spray region are obtained from the available
experimental data together with the results of a calculation of the spray
including the dense region using ANSYS Fluent 15. A method is developed
to determine a good estimation for the initial droplet temperature. The
inclusion of the “1/3” rule for droplet evaporation and dispersion models is
shown to be very important. The current modeling approach is capable of
accurately predicting main properties, including mean velocity, droplet
mean diameter and number density. The gas temperature is under-
predicted in the region where the enthalpy loss due to droplet evaporation
is important. The flame structure analysis reveals the existence of two heat
release regions, respectively having the characteristics of a premixed and
a diffusion flame. The experimental and modeled temperature PDFs are
compared, highlighting the capabilities and limitations of the proposed
model.
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Pág. 8
Mayo - Junio 2015

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Producción directa de gas de síntesis flexible de H2/CO en un
reactor de membrana de electrolito sólido
The development of novel configurations for the production of synthesis

gas (syn-gas) of flexible H2/CO ratio is of great importance to reduce the
cost for the synthesis of synfuels and high-value chemicals. In this work,
we propose a radically novel approach to the direct production of syn-gas
with flexible H2/CO ratio based on the solid electrolyte membrane reactor
(SEMR). For that purpose, a single-chamber solid electrolyte membrane
reactor based on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) has been developed
(Pt/YSZ/Pt), where both active Pt catalysts–electrodes were exposed to
the same reaction atmosphere (C2H5OH/H2O=0.7 %/2 %). The
application of different polarizations at temperature range (600–700 °C)
allows to control the H2/CO ratio of the obtained syn-gas, i.e., the ratio was
varied between 1.5 and 12 under polarization conditions. Unlike
conventional catalytic partial oxidation processes, the H2/CO adjustment
was managed without the requirement of external O2 feeding to the
reactor. An increase in the applied current or potential caused the H2/CO
ratio to increase vs. the open-circuit conditions where ethanol reforming
occurred on the Pt catalyst–electrodes which is due to an increase in the
rate of the electro-catalytic processes. On the other hand, a decrease in
the H2/CO ratio at a fixed potential was achieved at higher temperatures
due to the further reaction of the produced H2 with the rest of the species
present in the gas phase, leading to a decrease in the faradaic efficiency.
The proposed configuration may be of great interest especially for
biorefinery applications where H2, syn-gas and electricity may be
produced from bioethanol.
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Pág. 9
Mayo - Junio 2015

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Preparación y caracterización de sílice funcionalizado de ácido
sulfónico y su aplicación para la esterificación de etanol y ácido
maleico
The surface of commercially available silica gel, 60–200 mesh size, was
modified with sulfonic acid through surface activation, grafting of 3-
Mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, oxidation and acidification of 3-
Mercaptopropylsilica. Sulfonic Acid Functionalization of Silica (SAFS) was
confirmed by Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermal
gravimetric analysis. Acid–base titration was used to estimate the cation
exchange capacity of the SAFS. Catalytic activity of SAFS was judged for
the esterification of ethanol with maleic acid. An effect of different process
parameters viz. molar ratio, catalyst loading, speed of agitation and
temperature were studied and optimized by Box Behnken Design (BBD) of
Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Quadratic model developed by
BBD–RSM reasonably satisfied an experimental and predicted values with
correlation coefficient value R2 = 0.9504.
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Pág. 10
Mayo - Junio 2015

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PATENTES
Membranas poli(imida-éter-sulfona) aromáticas para
separaciones de gas
The present invention is for aromatic poly(ether sulfone imide) membranes and methods for making and using
these membranes for gas, vapor, and liquid separations. The membranes may be fabricated into any known
membrane configuration including a flat sheet or hollow fiber. An embodiment of the present invention is for
aromatic poly(ether sulfone imide) polymers, aromatic poly(ether sulfone imide) membranes and UV cross-
linked aromatic poly(ether sulfone imide) membranes made from these polymers.
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Pág. 11
Mayo - Junio 2015

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Método para la refinación de combustible
Invention relates to method of fuel oil refining including its heating in the
furnace and supply to vacuum column with off-take by side streams of
vacuum distillates and tar from bottom of the vacuum column, using
circulating reflux and supply to column bottom of the evaporating agent
and part of cooled tar, condensation of light hydrocarbon vapours removed
from top of the vacuum column, and with separation of uncondensable
gases and vapours, and condensate of hydrocarbon vapours. Light
hydrocarbon vapours from top of the vacuum column are supplied to the
hydraulic ejector, are ejected by the work liquid, and then are supplied to
ejecting agent tank, where fresh ejecting agent (make-up) is also supplied,
part of liquid from bottom of the ejecting agent tank is cooled and used as
work liquid, another part containing condensate of hydrocarbon vapours is
mixed with part of light vacuum distillate, and after heating is supplied to
bottom of the vacuum column as evaporating agent or to evaporator, from
its top the vapours are supplied to bottom of the vacuum column as
evaporating agent, and liquid from bottom is supplied to the ejecting agent
tank together with make-up, at that above the zone of heated fuel oil
supply the heavy vacuum distillate is removed from the column and is
mixed with fuel oil before its heating in the furnace.
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Pág. 12
Mayo - Junio 2015

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Catalizador de craqueo catalítico para la conversión eficiente de
petróleos pesados y método de preparación del mismo
The present invention provides a catalytic cracking catalyst for heavy oil and preparation methods thereof. The
catalyst comprises 2 to 50% by weight of a phosphorus-containing ultrastable rare earth Y-type molecular
sieve, 0.5 to 30% by weight of one or more other molecular sieves, 0.5 to 70% by weight of clay, 1.0 to 65% by
weight of high-temperature-resistant inorganic oxides, and 0.01 to 12.5% by weight of a rare earth oxide. The
phosphorus-containing ultra-stable rare earth Y-type molecular sieve uses a NaY molecular sieve as a raw
material. The raw material is subjected to a rare-earth exchange and a dispersing pre-exchange; the molecular
sieve slurry is then filtered, washed with water and subjected to a first calcination to obtain a rare earth sodium
Y molecular sieve which has been subjected to such "first-exchange first-calcination", wherein the steps of rare
earth exchange and dispersing pre-exchange are not restricted in sequence; and then the rare earth sodium Y
molecular sieve which has been subjected to "one-exchange one-calcination" is subjected to "second
exchange and second calcination" including ammonium exchange and a phosphorus modification, wherein the
steps of the ammonium exchange and the phosphorus modification are not restricted in sequence. The steps
of the ammonium exchange and the phosphorus modification can be conducted continuously or non-
continuously, the second calcination is conducted after the ammonium exchange for reducing sodium, the
phosphorus modification can be conducted before or after the second calcination. The catalyst provided by the
invention has the characteristics of high heavy oil conversion capacity, high total liquid yield, and high yield of
light oil.
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Pág. 13
Mayo - Junio 2015

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Hidrocraqueo de gasóleos con rendimiento aumentado de
destilado
Methods are provided for improving the yield of distillate products from
hydroprocessing of gas oil feedstocks, such as vacuum gas oils. It has
been unexpectedly found that stripping of gases or fractionation to
separate out a distillate fraction during initial hydrotreatment of a feed can
provide a substantial increase in distillate yield at a desired amount of
feedstock conversion. The improvement in yield of distillate products can
allow a desired level of conversion to be performed on a feedstock for
generating lubricating base oil products while reducing or minimizing the
amount of naphtha (or lower) boiling range products. Alternatively, the
improvement in yield of distillate products can correspond to an improved
yield during a single pass through a reaction system, so that distillate yield
is increased even though a lubricant boiling range product is not
generated.
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Sistema secuencial de mezclado para la desalación mejorada

A system for desalting crude oil includes delivering a stream of salty crude
oil and wash water into a mixing valve, mixing the stream of salty crude oil
and wash water through the mixing valve to create a mixed stream of
desalted crude oil and salty wash water, delivering the mixed stream of
desalted crude oil and salty wash water to a static mixer, and mixing the
mixed stream of crude oil and wash water in the static mixer. Within the
static mixer, the mixed stream is mixed in a coalescing regime to coalesce
smaller droplets of water into larger droplets of water. The mixed stream is
then directed to a desalter where the salty wash water is separated from
the desalted crude oil.
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Pág. 14
Mayo - Junio 2015

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Método para elaborar destilados medios y materia prima de
gasóleo pesado al vacío
The present invention is directed to a refining process for producing

hydroprocessed distillates and a heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO). The
process produces middle distillates that have reduced nitrogen and sulfur
content, while simultaneously producing a 900 DEG F.+ (482 DEG C.+)
HVGO stream useful as a fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) unit feedstock.
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Unidad para recuperación de azufre

A sulfur recovery unit for processing an acid gas feed to recover elemental
sulfur, the sulfur recovery unit comprising a reaction furnace configured to
burn the acid gas feed, an oxygen source, and a fuel gas to create a
furnace outlet stream, the acid gas feed comprises hydrogen sulfide which
is converted to elemental sulfur, a waste heat boiler configured to capture
heat from the furnace outlet stream to create a cooled stream, a condenser
configured to condense the cooled stream to produce a waste gas stream
and a condensed stream comprising elemental sulfur, a thermal oxidizer
configured to burn the waste gas stream to create a sulfur dioxide rich
stream, and a sulfur dioxide scrubbing unit configured to remove the
amount of sulfur dioxide from the sulfur dioxide rich stream to create an
effluent stream and a recycle stream recycled to the reaction furnace.
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Pág. 15
Mayo - Junio 2015

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NOTICIAS
Cae el precio del diésel
As the average cost of regular gasoline continues to decline year over year, the price of diesel fuel is falling as
well. In fact, U.S. diesel prices are down more than 25 cents since January.
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El Futuro del Petróleo

La palabra petróleo significa “aceite de roca”, fue conocido desde tiempos

antíguos pero sólo en la época moderna ha sido explotado
comercialmente, es una sustancia combustible y aceitosa cuyos
componentes son: Carbón entre un 84 a 87% e Hidrógeno de un 11 a
14%, por tal motivo también se le llama hidrocarburo.
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EE.UU y Canadá presentan en conjunto normas de transporte

de crudo por ferrocarril
The US and Canada simultaneously issued new regulations governing transportation of crude oil and other
hazardous materials by rail.
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Pág. 16
Mayo - Junio 2015

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Departamento de Energía autoriza a Dominion Cove Point LNG
para exportar gas natural licuado
The Energy Department announced today that it has issued a final authorization for Dominion Cove Point LNG,
LP to export domestically produced liquefied natural gas (LNG) to countries that do not have a Free Trade
Agreement (FTA) with the United States. The Cove Point LNG Terminal in Calvert County, Maryland is
authorized to export LNG up to the equivalent of 0.77 billion standard cubic feet per day (Bcf/d) of natural gas
for a period of 20 years.
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Encuesta muestra incremento en la construcción petroquímica

Oil and Gas Journal's semiannual Worldwide Construction Update shows an increase in petrochemical
construction activity compared with the previous edition of the update (OGJ, Nov. 3, 2014, p. 34).
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Pág. 17
Mayo - Junio 2015

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MERCADO
Boletín estadístico anual de la OPEC será lanzado el 24 de junio
de 2015
The OPEC Secretariat is pleased to announce the release of the 50th edition of the Annual Statistical Bulletin
(ASB). Over the last five decades, OPEC Member Countries have accomplished substantial achievements in
ensuring adequate crude oil supply to meet increasing demand. Proven crude oil reserves in OPEC Member
Countries have increased from 245 billion barrels at the end of 1964 to 1206 billion barrels at the end of 2014.
In addition crude oil production in OPEC Member Countries has almost tripled since then, from an average of
12.5 mb/d in 1964 to 30.7 mb/d during 2014.
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Precios del crudo de NYMEX a la baja sobre política federal

inalterada
Crude oil futures for July delivery edged down slightly on the New York market June 17 to settle just above
$59.90/bbl but prices jumped above $60/bbl in early June 18 trading as the value of the dollar fell against other
currencies.
Oil trades in dollars, and the Wall Street Journal Dollar Index dipped to a 1-month low after the US Federal
Reserve Board indicated June 17 that generally policy remains unchanged for now.
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Pág. 18
Mayo - Junio 2015

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Gas natural desafía el protagonismo del petróleo como
combustible para transporte
The use of natural gas as a transportation fuel, particularly for trucks and ships, could displace more than 1.5
million b/d of oil demand by 2030, according to a recent study by business information provider IHS.
The study, “LNG in Transportation: Challenging Oil’s Grip,” says that a combination of drivers—environmental,
technological, and commercial—will drive greater adoption of gas in transport, with the highest level of adoption
seen in high-fuel consuming applications such as trucks and ships. The study was couducted between
September 2014 and March 2015.
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API: Perforación de petróleo y gas natural a la baja en primer

cuatrimestre de 2015
Estimated total U.S. oil and natural gas well completions decreased by 8 percent in the first quarter of 2015
compared to year-ago levels, according to API's 2015 Quarterly Well Completion Report, First Quarter.
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Pág. 19
Mayo - Junio 2015

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FINANCIAMIENTO
Estudio de efectos ambientales de la gestión ambiental Euro 5
para vehículos de categoría L
Before an L-category vehicle is approved for registration and placing on the market, a number of environmental
tests need to be conducted. The test results should be reported to the approval authority in order to validate
that the environmental performance of a L-category vehicle type complies with the minimum requirements set
out in Regulation (EU) No 168/2013 and its delegated and implementing acts.
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Pág. 20
Mayo - Junio 2015

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EVENTOS
Expo de downstream, comercio de petróleo y logística 2015
27 - 29 October 2015. Lagos, Nigeria. The annual OTL Africa Downstream

Expo is the continent’s leading business forum for unique insights on
markets and emerging opportunities in addition to knowledge
development, products showcase and recognition of excellence in the
downstream petroleum value-chain. It features a strategic conference,
dedicated industry exhibition and the annual OTL Industry Dinner.
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Petróleo y gas Myanmar 2015

15 - 17 October 2015. Yangon, Myanmar. Recognised as Myanmar’s

largest Oil & Gas event, Oil & Gas Myanmar 2015 will serve as the
platform for trade professionals to congregate and source for a myriad of
international oil and gas suppliers and service providers. Gain insights,
explore new business partnerships and get updated on the latest solutions
in petroleum geosciences, exploration & production and refining products
and services.
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Pág. 21
Mayo - Junio 2015

DOWNSTREAM
Foro mundial de LPG
28th September - 2nd October, 2015. Singapore. This annual global LPG
industry event travels the world, attracting key international agencies,
policy makers, media, and the highest level of industry leaders to explore
the LPG business, discuss its growth potential, and forge new business
relationships. It is a one-stop location to see the latest in technology,
innovation, and best practices showcased in one venue.
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Cumbre europea de refinería

September 17 - 18, 2015. Brussels, Belgium. Uniquely positioned for

Europe’s leading refiners, traders, regulators, logistics providers and other
industry stakeholders, Platts Conferences has sourced over 30 expert
industry speakers to gather for frank discussion and unrivalled debate.
This will include how to realign operations and products to changing
markets to offer sustainable solutions for European refineries.
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Petróleo y Gas
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EXPLORACIÓN, PERFORACIÓN, PRODUCCIÓN, SEPARACIÓN, REMOCIÓN, TRANSPORTE
Mayo - Junio 2015
Índice
REVISTAS
Index-Report-FLAG
Bombeo de petróleo crudo mediante impulsor centrífugo con diferentes ángulos de paleta y r... 2
Index-Report-FLAG
Modelamiento para la remoción de sulfato de hidrógeno de las instalaciones de producción p... 3
Membranas de zeolita para producción de hidrógeno a partir de gas natural: Estado del arte 3
Diseño de transductor ultrasónico de niobato de litio para la recuperación mejorada del pe... 4
Nuevo sistema para la revisión de la recuperación mejorada del petróleo en yacimientos no ... 5
Flujo de emulsiones para la recuperación mejorada del petróleo: Optimización interactiva d... 6
Estudio de regimenes estrictos de flujo de yacimientos de petróleo en diferentes pozos hor... 7
PATENTES
Sistema de extracción de petróleo de tipo montacargas, de bajo perfil, de largo recorrido,... 8
Sistemas y métodos para la separación de fase de fluido submarino 9
Análisis de procesos de recuperación mejorada del petróleo (EOR) para reservorios naturalm... 9
Recuperación mejorada de petróleo secundaria en yacimientos de hidrocarburos 10
Proceso de inundación de polímero inteligente 10
Unidad para tratamiento térmico adicional de petróleo 11
NOTICIAS
Total cede a Gazprom exploración de gas en el Ártico 12
Siemens apuesta por extracción petrolera y turbinas en México 12
Exploración en áreas protegidas será con ‘métodos no agresivos’ 12
Valores de oferta de adquisiciones upstream continúan cayendo 13
La USGS estudia riesgos sísmicos del agua posiblemente relacionados con operaciones 14
Capital privado se mantiene disponible para compañías de upstream no convencional 14
Mayo - Junio 2015
Índice
YPFB emplea método geofísico aéreo para operaciones exploratorias 14

Yacimientos, el 35% de los recursos es destinado a exploración 15
Sistema de producción portátil por tubería flexible usando una bomba electro sumergible pa... 15
Estudio de recuperación mejorada de petróleo por inyección de agua caliente en una yacimie... 16
MERCADO
Clasificación de los proyectos de exploración y explotación de hidrocarburos 17
Statoil se enfoca en mejorar las completaciones y realizar pruebas durante la temporada ba... 17
EVENTOS
Expo petróleo y gas África 2015 18
Diseño de instalaciones para producción no convencional y sitios de pozo 18
Conferencia internacional sobre tecnología de petróleo (IPTC) 19
Soluciones innovadoras para la exploración submarina 19
Pág. 2
Mayo - Junio 2015

UPSTREAM
REVISTAS
Bombeo de petróleo crudo mediante impulsor centrífugo con
diferentes ángulos de paleta y rugosidad de la superficie
Centrifugal pumps are extensively used in the oil and gas industries and
the pump performance drops with higher viscosity and higher surface
roughness of the pump impeller, and the impeller design parameters have
significant effect on the pump performance. Through the present research,
crude oil pumping behavior has been predicted, analyzed and compared
with other fluids. A 3D flow simulation using Reynolds-averaged
Navier–Stokes (RANS) equation was performed by considering different
blade angles and impeller surface roughness to pump crude oil, kerosene,
gasoline, saline-water and water. Standard k- two-equation turbulence
model was used for the turbulent closure of steady incompressible flow.
The investigation shows that the blade angles have significant influence on
the head, input power and efficiency of the impeller for different liquids.
Higher head and power, and lower hydraulic efficiency were observed with
higher surface roughness values.
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Pág. 3
Mayo - Junio 2015

UPSTREAM
Modelamiento para la remoción de sulfato de hidrógeno de las
instalaciones de producción petrolera utilizando una barredora
de H2S
Publication date: 27 June 2015 Source:Egyptian Journal of Petroleum

Author(s): H.A. Elmawgoud , T.M. Elshiekh , S.A. Khalil , A.M. Alsabagh ,
Mamoun Tawfik The scavenging of hydrogen sulfide is the preferred
method for minimizing the corrosion and operational risks in oil production
facilities. Hydrogen sulfide removal from multiphase produced fluids prior
to phase separation and processing by injection of EPRI H2S scavenger
solution (one of the chemical products of Egyptian Petroleum Research
Institute) into the gas phase by using the considered chemical system
corresponds to an existing oil well in Qarun Petroleum Company was
modeled. Using a kinetic model the value of H2S in the three phases was
determined along the flow path from well to separator tanks. The effect of
variable parameters such as, gas flow rates, chemical injection doses, pipe
diameter and length on mass transfer coefficient KGa, H2S outlet
concentration and H2S scavenger efficiency has been studied. The
modeling of the hydrogen sulfide concentration profiles for different
conditions was performed. The results may be helpful in estimating
injection rates of H2S scavengers for similar fields and conditions.
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Pág. 4
Mayo - Junio 2015

UPSTREAM
Membranas de zeolita para producción de hidrógeno a partir de
gas natural: Estado del arte
Currently, hydrogen is produced industrially by processes requiring high energy consumption, especially by
cracking fossil fuels and by splitting water. In recent years, research has been devoted to the use of membrane
catalytic reactors in order to achieve higher hydrogen yield. Zeolite membranes have been shown to be very
promising as they are stable to contaminants (such as H2S) and do not have the disadvantages that palladium
and silica membranes exhibit. The aim of this work is to summarize the state of the art of hydrogen selective
zeolite membranes that can be applied for hydrogen separation after syngas production from reforming
streams. In addition, zeolite membrane applications in membrane reactors for hydrogen production are
discussed.
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Diseño de transductor ultrasónico de niobato de litio para la

recuperación mejorada del petróleo
Publication date: 21 May 2015 Source: Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

Author(s): Zhenjun Wang , Yuanming Xu , Yuting Gu Due to the strong
piezoelectric effect possessed by lithium niobate, a new idea that uses
lithium niobate to design high-power ultrasonic transducer for enhanced oil
recovery technology is proposed. The purpose of this paper is to lay the
foundation for the further research and development of high-power
ultrasonic oil production technique. The main contents of this paper are as
follows: firstly, structure design technique and application of a new high-
power ultrasonic transducer are introduced; secondly, the experiment for
reducing the viscosity of super heavy oil by this transducer is done, the
optimum ultrasonic parameters for reducing the viscosity of super heavy oil
are given. Experimental results show that heavy large molecules in super
heavy oil can be cracked into light hydrocarbon substances under strong
cavitation effect caused by high-intensity ultrasonic wave. Experiment
proves that it is indeed feasible to design high-power ultrasonic transducer
for ultrasonic oil production technology using lithium niobate.
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Pág. 5
Mayo - Junio 2015

UPSTREAM
Nuevo sistema para la revisión de la recuperación mejorada del
petróleo en yacimientos no fracturados
Publication date: Available online 11 May 2015 Source:Fuzzy Sets and

Systems Author(s): S. Eghbali , Sh. Ayatollahi , R.
BozorgmehryBoozarjomehry As the oil production from conventional oil
reservoirs is decreasing, oil production through Enhanced Oil Recovery
(EOR) processes are supposed to compensate for both the oil production
reduction in matured oil reservoirs and the worldwide dramatic increase in
oil demand. Therefore, developing a strategy to choose an optimized EOR
technique is crucial to find a resolution for production decline in oil
reservoirs. A screening tool recommending the most appropriate EOR
method is proposed in this study. An expert fuzzy logic system is employed
to screen four well-known EOR methods including miscible CO 2 injection,
miscible HC gas injection, polymer flooding and steam injection based on
the reservoir condition, fluids characteristics and rock properties. Since this
expert system has incorporated the rules from successful past experience,
it reduces the requirement of extensive laboratory and field data. The
expert system can be used as a quick estimation for evaluating the
success of the EOR processes for a particular reservoir before making any
executive decision. Based on the approach proposed in this research, a
screening program capable of ranking proper EOR techniques has been
developed. The output results have been compared with the results of a
Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) model and some field experience. This
comparison indicated that not only is the proposed model in a good
agreement with the field data, but it also provides a more robust approach
than the BBN model.
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Pág. 6
Mayo - Junio 2015

UPSTREAM
Flujo de emulsiones para la recuperación mejorada del petróleo:
Optimización interactiva de comportamiento de fases,
experimentos microvisuales y de flujo del núcleo
Publication date: 2 May 2015 Source: Journal of Industrial and Engineering

Chemistry Author(s): Mohammad Saber Karambeigi , Reza Abbassi ,
Emad Roayaei , Mohammad Ali Emadi Emulsion flooding has been proved
to be an effective chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) method. The
performance of this technique is strongly dependant on the formulation of
the emulsion slug. To achieve the best formulation, different approaches
have been introduced in the literature. Nevertheless, a systematic workflow
containing the method(s) of the design of experiments (DOEs) has not
been reported as yet. In this paper, we developed a workflow which is
comprised mainly of three stages. In the first place, the phase behavior
experiments of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/water/diesel (as an efficient
and economic hydrocarbon phase)/salt system were carried out using
response surface methodology (RSM) to model and optimize the
emulsification process. The second stage is followed by the
characterization of optimum formulation in terms of rheological behavior
and particle size distribution. Finally, microvisual and core-flood
displacement tests were performed to evaluate the efficacy of emulsion
flooding to recover the residual oil bypassed or trapped after water
flooding. This paper presents the results of experiments done in different
stages of the proposed workflow. The results demonstrate the high
potential of emulsion formulated systematically by DOE approach to
increase oil recovery factor. Graphical abstract
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Pág. 7
Mayo - Junio 2015

UPSTREAM
Estudio de regimenes estrictos de flujo de yacimientos de
petróleo en diferentes pozos horizontales tratados
Publication date: May 2015. Source: Journal of the Energy Institute,

Volume 88, Issue 2 Author(s): H. Wang , X. Liao , X. Zhao With the
development of oil exploration and production technology, tight oil reservoir
development has attracted more attention in oil industry worldwide. Tight
oil will be the important unconventional oil resources of future oil increased
reserves and production. The tight oil generally refers to the oil resources
that have experienced short distance transport and gathered in tight
sandstone, tight limestone and tight carbonate reservoir layer, which is
interbedded symbiosis with or close to the source bed, and the overburden
pressure matrix permeability is less than or equal to 0.1 mD and reservoir
porosity is less than 10%. Based on the fluid properties, formation
characteristics and development measures of Chang 8 formation tight oil
reservoir in Ordos Basin, the models of horizontal well, fractured horizontal
well, volume fractured horizontal well and multi-stage fractured horizontal
well are established through the methods of reservoir engineering and
numerical simulation. Those 4 different wells are laid in box-shaped tight
oil reservoirs. The fluid flow stages and regimes of the 4 models are
studied in detail in the paper, and the effect of wellbore storage coefficient,
skin factor, fracture half-length, fracture stage spacing and the main
fracture conductivity to flow regimes were analyzed. The results of this
study will be helpful to develop tight oil reservoir and understand flow
regimes.
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Pág. 8
Mayo - Junio 2015

UPSTREAM
PATENTES
Sistema de extracción de petróleo de tipo montacargas, de bajo
perfil, de largo recorrido, inteligentemente controlado y método
operativo
Disclosed is a low profile, ultra-long stroke, intelligently controlled hoist-

type lifting oil extraction system, mainly comprising an electric motor (1-1),
a winding drum (1-2), a fixed pulley (2-1), a derrick (4-5), a sliding and
swinging apparatus (5), a control assembly (3), an oil-pumping rope (11)
and an underground multi-stage plunger ultra-long stroke oil-well pump (7).
Further disclosed is a method for operating the low profile, ultra-long
stroke, intelligently controlled hoist-type lifting oil extraction system,
wherein the control assembly (3) controls the electric motor (1-1) to start
up, forward and backward rotation and machine halt waiting according to
set parameters such as a stroke, an underground liquid pressure and a
machine halt waiting time, thereby driving the winding drum (1-2) to rotate
forwards or backwards and stop, making the oil-pumping rope (11) on the
winding drum (1-2) drive a multi-stage plunger of the underground multi-
stage plunger ultra-long stroke oil-well pump (7) to move back and forth in
an ultra-long pump cylinder (76) with a set stroke, altering the full pit
movement model of the plunger of the existing hoist-type drawing oil-
extraction apparatuses lifting drilling fluid straight from the pit bottom to the
pithead, achieving a non-full pit movement model, giving the entire unit a
compact structure and a small volume, reducing material consumption,
saving energy and reducing costs markedly, such that the reduction in
one-off investment in an oil well can approach 40%. The low profile, ultra-
long stroke, intelligently controlled hoist-type lifting oil extraction system
and operating method are suitable for deep wells, low-yield wells and
thickened oil wells, and have marked effects in increasing production of the
oil well.
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Pág. 9
Mayo - Junio 2015

UPSTREAM
Sistemas y métodos para la separación de fase de fluido
submarino
Systems and methods for subsea fluid phase separation. A two phase
embodiment of the subsea fluid separation system separates a multiphase
flow into gas and liquid phases. A three phase embodiment of the subsea
fluid separation system separates multiphase flow into gas, oil, and water
phases. The subsea fluid separation systems include a wellhead desander
system to remove solids from the multiphase flow, a vertical gas-liquid
separation module having associated valves disposed in series with a
horizontal gas-liquid separation module having associated valves, one or
more pumps to provide fluid flow to the vertical and horizontal separators,
and a control system to control operation of the valves and pumps. The
three phase embodiment further includes oil-water separators and multi-
stage hydrocyclones for produced water treatment in a subsea
environment.
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Análisis de procesos de recuperación mejorada del petróleo

(EOR) para reservorios naturalmente fracturados
A method (300), apparatus (157), and program product (170) generate an

estimation of an incremental recovery for an Enhanced Oil Recovery
(EOR) process performed on a naturally-fractured reservoir by classifying
the naturally-fractured reservoir based upon a set of reservoir properties
associated with the naturally-fractured reservoir (302), and generating an
estimation of the incremental recovery for at least one EOR process based
on the classification of the naturally-fractured reservoir (306).
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Pág. 10
Mayo - Junio 2015

UPSTREAM
Recuperación mejorada de petróleo secundaria en yacimientos
de hidrocarburos
A method for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery from a subsurface formation

includes drilling and completing a plurality of laterally spaced apart wells
through the formation so as to enable interference between adjacent ones
of the plurality of wellbores. Fluid comprising surfactant is injected into the
formation through at least one of the wellbores after an end of primary
recovery from selected ones of the plurality of wellbores to initiate
secondary recovery of hydrocarbons from the formation.
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Proceso de inundación de polímero inteligente

Design and preparation of a smart system, including a hydrophilic polymer

nanoparticle as a core material and a hydrophilic-hydrophobic block
copolymer as a coating nanolayer for use in a smart core-shell
nanostructure flooding during enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process. The
hydrophilic polymers are prepared by an inverse emulsion method. The
central core of this nanostructure includes hydrophilic polymer. The
nanolayer can be a surfmer. The binary properties of the shell and
hydrophilic polymers increase the water viscosity in the water-oil interface
and enhance oil recovery.
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Pág. 11
Mayo - Junio 2015

UPSTREAM
Unidad para tratamiento térmico adicional de petróleo
FIELD: oil and gas industry.SUBSTANCE: unit comprises line of oil supply to fractionation unit, equipped with
waste heat exchanger, with line of supply of oil fractions mixture with thermolysis product, and connected by
line of supply of specified cooled mixture with stabilisation unit provided with lines of output of treated oil and
stabilisation gas, and fractionation unit is provided with lines of output of light and heavy oil fractions, and is
connected with thermolysis unit by line of fraction 340-540 DEG C supply equipped with fired furnace. Lines of
output of light and heavy oil fractions are connected to the line of output of the thermolysis product creating the
line of supply of mixture of oil fractions and thermolysis product. The thermolysis unit is equipped with
separation device provided with line of thermolysis vapours outlet and line of thermolysis residues outlet, that is
divided to line of circulation of part of the thermolysis residues connected to line of fraction 340-540 DEG C
supply to the thermolysis unit upstream the furnace, and line for output of balance part of the thermolysis
residues connected with line of output of thermolysis vapours and creates line of output of thermolysis
product.EFFECT: reduced oil viscosity and pour point.1 dwg
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Pág. 12
Mayo - Junio 2015

UPSTREAM
NOTICIAS
Total cede a Gazprom exploración de gas en el Ártico
Total cedió a la empresa energética rusa Gazprom su participación en un proyecto para explotar una reserva
de gas gigante situada en el Ártico, informó el grupo. “Total transfirió su
ver más...
Siemens apuesta por extracción petrolera y turbinas en México

México señaló que ante el escenario en cuanto a la apertura energética en el país, sus intereses se inclinan
hacia la proveeduría de turbinas de gas y productos para la extracción petrolera. Durante una presentación en
Sao Paulo, Brasil, el CEO global de la empresa, Joe Keaser, apuntó que "Siemens piensa en la importancia
de la energía y que cada vez se requiere de esquemas más ágiles para proveerla, por eso desarrollamos
generación solar, eólica e hidráulica, con la visión de un sistema distribuido". En ese sentido, el CEO indicó
que ya se trabaja con petroleras importantes como lo son Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) y Petrobras para
desarrollar una estrategia de exploración que esté basada en datos exactos y no se desperdicien tiempo ni
dinero en planes que pueden dar como resultado pérdidas.
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Pág. 13
Mayo - Junio 2015

UPSTREAM
Exploración en áreas protegidas será con ‘métodos no
agresivos’
Tras la autorización para realizar actividades de hidrocarburos en áreas

protegidas, el presidente de Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos
(YPFB), Guillermo Achá, informó ayer que los métodos que se usarán en
la exploración serán aquellos que no sean invasivos ni agresivos.
ver más...
Valores de oferta de adquisiciones upstream continúan cayendo
Upstream mergers and acquisitions (M&A) deals in May accounted for 50

percent of all upstream transactions, down from 73 percent in April.
According to analysis by GlobalData, M&A in May had a value of $11.7
billion across 13 transactions. That’s a significant drop from the April 2015
total of $71.2 billion, but the Royal Dutch Shell plc-BG Group plc deal
skewed April. Exempting the Shell deal to buy BG Group for $69.9 billion,
the decrease in deal flow month-to-month from April to May is $28.5 billion
to $23.5 billion, about 17 percent.
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Pág. 14
Mayo - Junio 2015

UPSTREAM
La USGS estudia riesgos sísmicos del agua posiblemente
relacionados con operaciones
The US Geological Survey has released two separate reports this year in
its ongoing studies on possible consequences of unconventional oil and
gas activities.
ver más...
Capital privado se mantiene disponible para compañías de

upstream no convencional
Plentiful private equity capital is available for oil and gas companies to invest on US unconventional plays,
various PE capital providers have confirmed.
Three Rivers Natural Resource Holdings III LLC, a new Austin, Tex., oil and gas company, in April announced
an equity commitment of up to $500 million from funds managed by Riverstone Holdings LLC.
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Pág. 15
Mayo - Junio 2015

UPSTREAM
YPFB emplea método geofísico aéreo para operaciones
exploratorias
El Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Evo Morales Ayma, presentó este sábado en la ciudad de
Tarija el método geofísico aéreo SFD que emplea Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB
Corporación) en las operaciones exploratorias para adquirir datos en el territorio nacional. “Será una primera
experiencia en la exploración en los nueve departamentos con un método geofísico aéreo no invasivo que
significa no dañar el medio ambiente para saber exactamente qué tenemos en esta madre tierra que después
de tantos años de saqueo sigue apareciendo recursos naturales”, manifestó Morales.
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Yacimientos, el 35% de los recursos es destinado a exploración

El Plan Estratégico Corporativo de YPFB da cuenta que para el período 2015-2019 se tiene estimado realizar
inversiones en exploración, en el país, por alrededor de 4.308 millones de dólares, tanto por la casa matriz
como por las empresas operadoras y subsidiarias.
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Pág. 16
Mayo - Junio 2015

UPSTREAM
Sistema de producción portátil por tubería flexible usando una
bomba electro sumergible para pozos someros
A nivel mundial, existe una necesidad creciente para encontrar un sistema

de producción de bajo costo, que se pueda implementar fácilmente,
mecánicamente eficiente y diseñado para pozos pocos profundos o
marginales.
ver más...
Estudio de recuperación mejorada de petróleo por inyección de

agua caliente en una yacimiento de crudos pesados de un
campo del Oriente Ecuatoriano
El presente proyecto inicia con la clasificación del crudo considerando el

grado API, se estima las reservas de el país, ubicación del Campo Yuca y
sus características litológicas y estratigráficas generales, se realiza la
caracterización de reservorios considerando las propiedades de los fluidos
obtenidos por medio de análisis PVT y las propiedades de la roca con
datos de núcleos, además se describe los mecanismos de producción del
Campo y se cuantifica las reservas originales y remanentes.
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Pág. 17
Mayo - Junio 2015

UPSTREAM
MERCADO
Clasificación de los proyectos de exploración y explotación de
hidrocarburos
Este documento tiene como propósito realizar una jerarquización de los

proyectos de exploración y explotación de hidrocarburos en función de sus
estadísticas de rentabilidad esperada, incertidumbre y volumetría. Para lo
anterior primero se identificó la unidad económica relevante a emplear en
el documento, denominada proyecto de inversión, y con base en ello se
estimaron los indicadores mencionados para cada proyecto de inversión.
ver más...
Statoil se enfoca en mejorar las completaciones y realizar

pruebas durante la temporada baja de perforación
Statoil ASA plans to use what one executive calls "low-activity time" to work on completion designs and to
enhance recovery in its unconventional US plays, especially the Bakken of North Dakota and South Texas
Eagle Ford. Statoil also holds operating and nonoperating assets in the Marcellus.
Torstein Hole, Statoil's senior vice-president for US onshore activities, said Statoil strives to reduce its
environmental footprint through low emissions by teaming up with others on some innovative projects in the
Bakken.
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Pág. 18
Mayo - Junio 2015

UPSTREAM
EVENTOS
Expo petróleo y gas África 2015
8th & 9th September 2015. Johannesburg, South Africa. The Annual Africa
Oil & Gas Expo provides a unique platform to hundreds of African oil and
gas key decision makers to discuss the latest developments and
opportunities, embrace innovative solutions, fresh ideas and best-in-class
strategies to improve on overall business performance and investment.
The event showcases insights and expertise from case studies and
thought-leaders on how to remain and establish yourself in Africa’s exciting
Oil & Gas market.
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Diseño de instalaciones para producción no convencional y

sitios de pozo
September 16 - September 17, 2015. Houston, Texas. USA. After the

breakout success of last year's summit, E&P operators return this year to
determine the best strategies for cost-effectively optimizing onshore
facilities design, planning and field installation and addressing the topic at
the forefront of every companies mind: responding to falling oil prices.
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Pág. 19
Mayo - Junio 2015

UPSTREAM
Conferencia internacional sobre tecnología de petróleo (IPTC)
6-9 December, 2015. Doha, Qatar. The International Petroleum

Technology Conference (IPTC) is an annual event rotating between Asia
Pacific and the Middle East. The scope of the conference programme and
associated industry activities address technology and relevant industry
issues that challenge industry professionals and management around the
world.
ver más...
Soluciones innovadoras para la exploración submarina

20-22 September, 2015. Shenzhen, China. This workshop aims to provide

an international platform for the geoscientists who work on deepwater
exploration to share and discuss their research work and insights in the
deepwater exploration, as well as come up with innovative solutions for the
deepwater exploration challenges. The workshop invites contributions
addressing the challenges, difficulties, and solutions in deepwater
exploration.
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null
Mayo - Junio 2015
Petróleo y Gas
Medio Ambiente, Nanotecnología y
Tecnologías de la Información y la
Comunicación (TIC)
Mayo - Junio 2015
Índice
REVISTAS
Index-Report-FLAG
Comportamiento de nanopartículas de titanio en goma guar hidroxipropilada utilizada en flu... 2

Mecanismo inicial de pirólisis de kerógeno de shale gas con simulación reactiva de dinámic... 2
Síntesis de microemulsión reversa y caracterización de catalizador de nano-sulfuro de níqu... 3
Resonancia plasmónica de superficie para la caracterización de petróleo crudo 4
Caracterización y aplicaciones funcionales de espumas nanoporosas de AG preparadas mediant... 5
Efecto del tamaño de nanopartículas de hierro en la actividad catalítica y selectividad de... 5
Caracterización petrológica y simulación reactiva de transporte de un yacimiento petrolífe... 6
La información como un activo: Qué puede aprender el sector de petróleo y gas de otras in... 7
Solución analítica y mecanismos de producción de fluidos a partir de pozos hidráulicamente... 7
PATENTES
Método de tratamiento de aguas residuales, módulo para destilación de membranas y aparato ... 9
Método para el tratamiento de aguas residuales, módulo para destilación de membranas y dis... 9
Nanocatalizador para la modernización del petróleo crudo y método para sintetizar el mismo 10
Método para aumentar el rendimiento y eficiencia energética de gasóleo en la destilación d... 10
Procesamiento de datos sísmicos mediante apilamiento no lineal 11
NOTICIAS
Nuevos datos revelan cuáles pozos de fracking necesitan mayor cantidad de agua para perfor... 12
Hidrocarburos, YPFB y Medio Ambiente trabajan en guía técnica para permitir ingreso a área... 12
Biorremediación: el poder de lo minúsculo 13
Estudio de la EPA confirma que la fracturación hidráulica no constituye amenaza para el ag... 13
Financian proyectos de desarrollo científico tecnológico vinculados con la industria y el ... 13
Mayo - Junio 2015
Índice
Estudio declara que las emisiones de refinerías en los EE.UU disminuyeron en las últimas d... 14
¿Cómo se mide efectivamente la cantidad de gas quemado con medidores de flujo ultrasónicos... 14
MERCADO
Panel del Senado dividido sobre proyecto de ley para modificar las normas de ozono propues... 16
Ulstein presenta costos de diseño para nuevo buque de carga pesada 16
EVENTOS
IoT en petróleo y gas 17
Optimización de químicos para producción de petróleo y gas no convencional 2015 17
Cumbre medioambiental sobre shale gas 18
Conferencia de tecnología offshore 2015 18
Pág. 2
Mayo - Junio 2015

Nanotecnología, TIC y Medio Ambiente

REVISTAS
Comportamiento de nanopartículas de titanio en goma guar
hidroxipropilada utilizada en fluidos para la fracturación
hidráulica para la recuperación del petróleo
Fluids pumped in hydraulic fracturing operations constitute highly viscous

gels achieved via cross-linking of the polysaccharide derivative
hydroxypropyl guar (HPG), e.g., with titanium or zirconium complexes. In
this study, the mechanism underlying the cross-linking effect was clarified
experimentally for the titanium system. It was found that the cross-linking
effect is not based on a ligand exchange reaction with the cis-hydroxy
functionalities present in HPG but instead relies on TiO2 nanoparticles
resulting from hydrolysis of the Ti complexes. For example, 6 nm titania
nanospheres (anatase polymorph) synthesized via acid hydrolysis of
tetraisopropyl orthotitanate can increase the viscosity of a HPG solution by
a factor of 25. However, this effect was observed only at pH = 2–4 where
the nanoparticles are stable. At higher pH values, electrostatic repulsion
between the nanoparticles decreases, resulting in agglomeration as was
observed via zeta potential and pH-dependent particle size measurement.
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Pág. 3
Mayo - Junio 2015


Mecanismo inicial de pirólisis de kerógeno de shale gas con
simulación reactiva de dinámica molecular
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using a reactive force field (ReaxFF) method for a Green River oil shale
model demonstrate that the thermal decomposition of the oil shale molecule is initiated with the cleavage of the
oxygen bridge (C–O bond), and the first product is formaldehyde (CH2O). The simulation results show that the
C–O bond is weaker than the other bonds, agreeing with its smaller bond dissociation energy (BDE). The ring-
opening position of the aliphatic ring is usually determined by the stability of free radicals formed in this
process. For aromatic hydrocarbons, the long-chain substituents are found to be easier to leave and the
cleavage of C–C bonds leads to a series of chain reactions and the formation of small fragments, such as
ethylene and propylene.
ver más...
Síntesis de microemulsión reversa y caracterización de

catalizador de nano-sulfuro de níquel para el hidrocraqueo de
residuos en fase de suspensión
Nano nickel sulfide catalysts (NSCs) were successfully prepared for residue slurry-phase hydrocracking, which
were synthesized by precipitation reaction in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or mixed-surfactant
(CTAB and Tween-80)/1-butanol/toluene/water reverse microemulsion in the presence of NiCl2 as the nickel
resource and (NH4)2S as the sulfiding reagent. The prepared catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction
(XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Experimental data revealed that both the kind and content
of surfactants play a significant role in the morphology and size of NSCs. The particle size and crystallinity of
NSC increased by thermal sulfiding at 300 °C in Karamay vacuum gas oil (KLVGO). Optical micrographs
showed that NSCs could be well-dispersed in Karamay atmospheric residue (KLAR) without obvious
aggregation. On the basis of the lower yields of gas, atmospheric residue (AR), and coke, the NSCs showed
higher catalytic activity than a conventional water/oil-soluble Ni catalyst. NSCs had excellent coke suppression
performance (coke yield is less than 0.65 wt %), and the produced coke mainly dispersed in liquid products.
With the decrease of NSC particle size, the coke suppression performance enhanced and the size of toluene-
insoluble fraction in liquid products (TI-LP) decreased.
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Pág. 4
Mayo - Junio 2015


Resonancia plasmónica de superficie para la caracterización de
petróleo crudo
In this work, crude oil characterization based on surface plasmon

resonance (SPR) is demonstrated. Oil characterization plays a crucial role
in both the upstream and downstream oil industry. The application of SPR
to these opaque, high index fluids is made possible here using infrared
light ( = 1550 nm) for which crude oil is largely transparent, coupled
through a high-index prism. Bitumen–toluene mixture tests show a
measurement sensitivity of 74° RIU–1 and a limit of detection below 1%
toluene. Seven crude oils from around the world are differentiated with
refractive indices (RIs) spanning 1.44–1.56, with a sensor limit of detection
of 0.0006 RIU. These results indicate a significant potential for SPR as a
non-intrusive, fast, and simple technique for crude oil characterization
applicable to reservoirs, surface facilities, and pipelines.
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Pág. 5
Mayo - Junio 2015


Caracterización y aplicaciones funcionales de espumas
nanoporosas de AG preparadas mediante de-aleación química
In this study, the pure Ag nanoporous foams, with open cell pore volume
fractions 55 to 70 pct and pore sizes 100 to 400 nm, have been prepared
by chemical dealloying. The Ag nanoporous foams possess favorable
modulus (~0.7 GPa) and strength (~14 MPa), much higher than most of
the polymers or ceramic foams. It is found that the Ag nanoporous foams
are appropriate candidates for the catalytic and electrode applications.
However, they do not exhibit efficient anti-bacterial effect, unless much
smaller bacteria with cell sizes of 100 nm or less in the neighborhood are
encountered.
ver más...
Efecto del tamaño de nanopartículas de hierro en la actividad

catalítica y selectividad de nanocompuestos en la
hidrogenólisis de etileno
It was established that increase in the size of the iron nanoparticles in Fe/CNT nanocomposites from 4 to 8 nm
leads to increase of their activity and selectivity with respect to methane in the hydrogenolysis of ethylene. The
activity and selectivity of the nanocomposites are significantly higher than those of macrocrystalline iron, and
this may be due to differences in the thermal conductivity of the bulk iron and the carbon nanotubes.
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Pág. 6
Mayo - Junio 2015


Caracterización petrológica y simulación reactiva de transporte
de un yacimiento petrolífero para captura de CO2 en China
Oriental
Publication date: June 2015. Source: International Journal of Greenhouse

Gas Control, Volume 37 Author(s): Zhichao Yu , Li Liu , Keyu Liu , Siyu
Yang , Yongzhi Yang CO2 geological sequestration (CGS) in depleted or
high-water-cut oil reservoirs is a viable option for reducing anthropogenic
CO2 emissions and enhancing oil recovery. The Upper Cretaceous
Qingshankou Formation in the central Changling (fault) Depression,
Songliao Basin, East China is the selected site for a pilot injection of the
CO2 INJECTION project. The target reservoir depth is about 2400–2500m.
Lithologic features and diagenetic minerals of the reservoir and cap rocks
have been investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In the Qingshankou
Formation, the reservoir rock is a typical arkose with moderately to good
sorting, and very fine to fine grain sizes. Minerallogically it is dominated by
quartz (19–31vol.%), plagioclase (19–28vol.%), and K-feldspar
(2–26vol.%). Calcite and ankerite constitute the most common diagenetic
minerals. The lithology of the cap rock is mainly silty mudstone and
composed of quartz (average of 12.9–27.0wt.%), albite (14.2–35.5wt.%),
K-feldspar (1.3–2.7wt.%), mixed-layer illite/smectite (24.9–68.8wt.%),
chlorite (3.15–14.7wt.%) and some kaolinite. The main antigenic minerals
in the CO2 INJECTION well are made up of albite (average of 29.7wt.%),
K-feldspar (average of 4.5wt.%), calcite (average of 7.5wt.%) and ankerite
(average of 9.1wt.%). To assess the long-term CO2 EOR-related
fluid–rock interaction processes and evaluate the safety of CO2 geological
storage in the Qingshankou Formation, reactive geochemical transport
simulations using a simple 2D model were performed.
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Pág. 7
Mayo - Junio 2015


La información como un activo: Qué puede aprender el sector
de petróleo y gas de otras industrias acerca del “Big Data”
Publication date: June 2015. Source: Energy Policy, Volume 81 Author(s):

Robert K. Perrons , Jesse W. Jensen The upstream oil and gas industry
has been contending with massive data sets and monolithic files for many
years, but “Big Data” is a relatively new concept that has the potential to
significantly re-shape the industry. Despite the impressive amount of value
that is being realized by Big Data technologies in other parts of the
marketplace, however, much of the data collected within the oil and gas
sector tends to be discarded, ignored, or analyzed in a very cursory way.
This viewpoint examines existing data management practices in the
upstream oil and gas industry, and compares them to practices and
philosophies that have emerged in organizations that are leading the way
in Big Data. The comparison shows that, in companies that are widely
considered to be leaders in Big Data analytics, data is regarded as a
valuable asset—but this is usually not true within the oil and gas industry
insofar as data is frequently regarded there as descriptive information
about a physical asset rather than something that is valuable in and of
itself. The paper then discusses how the industry could potentially extract
more value from data, and concludes with a series of policy-related
questions to this end.
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Pág. 8
Mayo - Junio 2015


Solución analítica y mecanismos de producción de fluidos a
partir de pozos hidráulicamente fracturados con conductividad
limitada de fractura
A comprehensive study of the physical mechanisms of fluid production from a well intersected by a narrow
elliptically shaped vertical fracture with finite fracture conductivity is carried out using a newly obtained
analytical solution. The flow pattern, flux density distribution along the fracture surface, and fluid production rate
are analyzed systematically with respect to finite fracture conductivity. The simplicity of the new analytical
solution reveals many physical insights not attainable from existing analytical or numerical solutions. It is shown
that the nearly singular pressure gradient developed at the fracture tip induces the reservoir flow to converge to
and focus at the tip region, promoting flux density along the entire fracture surface and enhancing the
production rate. It is established that the flow in the reservoir is a superposition of two basic flows, a confocal
elliptical flow responsible for the fluid production, and a redistributive nonproducing flow induced by a finite
fracture conductivity that draws fluids out of the fracture from the part near the tip and redeposits them back to
the part of the fracture close to the wellbore. An explicit analytical formula for the fluid production rate is also
derived that exhibits a simple dependency on the dimensionless fracture conductivity.
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Pág. 9
Mayo - Junio 2015


PATENTES
Método de tratamiento de aguas residuales, módulo para
destilación de membranas y aparato para tratamiento de aguas
residuales
A method for purifying wastewater which is generated in extracting

petroleum from a stratum or a bed-rock layer and which contains oil, salts
and organic substances, comprising: subjecting the wastewater to
membrane distillation using a hydrophobic porous fluororesin membrane
which is made of PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), PVDF (polyvinylidene
fluoride) or PCTEF (polychlorotrifluoroethylene) and which exhibits a
practical maximum service temperature exceeding 100 C; and thus
removing simultaneously the oil, salts and organic substances contained in
the wastewater.
ver más...
Método para el tratamiento de aguas residuales, módulo para

destilación de membranas y dispositivo para el tratamiento de
aguas residuales
A waste water treatment method that purifies, and reuses as steam,

heated waste water that is generated when recovering bitumen from an oil
sand layer with an in-situ recovery method, wherein while bitumen is being
extracted from a heated bitumen mixed fluid recovered by injecting high
temperature steam into the oil sand layer, the separated heated waste
water is recovered as treated water for which the oil content, salt content,
and organic matter contained in the heated waste water is reduced or
removed by undergoing membrane distillation using a hydrophobic porous
membrane provided in a membrane distillation module.
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Pág. 10
Mayo - Junio 2015


Nanocatalizador para la modernización del petróleo crudo y
método para sintetizar el mismo
A dispersing-type nanocatalyst for catalytic hydrocracking of heavy oil, a

method for preparing the same, and the use thereof in catalytic
hydrocracking of heavy oil. The present invention is also directed to
reducing the operational temperature of catalytic hydrocracking of heavy
crude oil, and also increasing the yield of the process by utilizing a lower
concentration of said nanocatalyst.
ver más...
Método para aumentar el rendimiento y eficiencia energética de

gasóleo en la destilación de petróleo crudo
A method for significant increase in gas oil yield and energy efficiency in
crude oil distillation is provided. The present invention relates to a method
of separating the components of crude oil. This method utilizes the
innovative and novel application of lighter fraction of crude through its
superheating and its injection in the stripping section consisting of bottom
to flash zone of main distillation column. Method also illustrates the
innovative utilization of water in crude distillation unit to eliminate the
bottom striping steam and for significant energy saving.
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Pág. 11
Mayo - Junio 2015


Procesamiento de datos sísmicos mediante apilamiento no
lineal
Seismic data processing using one or more non-linear stacking enabling

detection of weak signals relative to noise levels. The non-linear stacking
includes a double phase, a double phase-weighted, a real phasor, a
squared real phasor, a phase and an N-th root stack. Microseismic signals
as recorded by one or more seismic detectors and transformed by
transforming the signal to enhance detection of arrivals. The transforms
enable the generation of an image, or map, representative of the likelihood
that there was a source of seismic energy occurring at a given point in time
at a particular point in space, which may be used, for example, in
monitoring operations such as hydraulic fracturing, fluid production, water
flooding, steam flooding, gas flooding, and formation compaction.
ver más...
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Pág. 12
Mayo - Junio 2015


NOTICIAS
Nuevos datos revelan cuáles pozos de fracking necesitan mayor
cantidad de agua para perforar
Drillers in the Eagle Ford Shale use among the most water in the country
to drill for oil and gas, according to a study from the U.S. Geological
Survey released Tuesday.
Using data collected from IHS Energy on more than 81,000 wells across
the U.S., USGS researchers said they created the first map providing a
comprehensive look at the rate of water usage across the nation’s major
shale plays.
ver más...
Hidrocarburos, YPFB y Medio Ambiente trabajan en guía técnica

para permitir ingreso a áreas protegidas
El Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Agua, junto a YPFB Corporación y al

Ministerio de Hidrocarburos, trabajan en la elaboración de la guía técnica
que fijará pautas de control para el inicio de la exploración petrolera en
áreas protegidas, en el marco del Decreto Supremo 2366.
ver más...
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Pág. 13
Mayo - Junio 2015


Biorremediación: el poder de lo minúsculo
Después de años de investigación, la biorremediación promete hacer, en meses, lo que a la naturaleza le

tardaría años. El ingeniero George M. Robinson quizás no imaginó que al experimentar con frascos de vidrio
untados de petróleo y microorganismos caseros diera con parte de la respuesta que la industria de los
hidrocarburos necesita con urgencia.
ver más...
Estudio de la EPA confirma que la fracturación hidráulica no

constituye amenaza para el agua potable
The Environmental Protection Agency on Thursday released a long-awaited, exhaustive study on hydraulic
fracturing’s effects on drinking water.
In a nutshell: It has none.
The EPA’s draft report states that while the “mechanisms” of hydraulic fracturing have the “potential” to impact
drinking water resources, the number of identified cases were small in relation to the total number of wells
completed through hydraulic fracturing.
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Pág. 14
Mayo - Junio 2015


Financian proyectos de desarrollo científico tecnológico
vinculados con la industria y el ambiente
Las iniciativas, que recibieron financiamiento de la cartera de Ciencia,

favorecerán la implementación de nanotecnologías para la remediación de
sitios contaminados y la producción de tuberías de polietileno reticulado
para usos industriales.
ver más...
Estudio declara que las emisiones de refinerías en los EE.UU

disminuyeron en las últimas dos décadas
US refining emissions dropped substantially in the last 2 decades as petroleum product production increased,
research commissioned by the American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers found.
The study by Sage Environmental Consulting of US Environmental Protection Agency data revealed a
significant reduction in both criteria air pollutant (CAP) emissions and hazardous air pollutants (HAP) emissions
from 1990 to 2013, AFPM said Apr. 23 as it released the findings.
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Pág. 15
Mayo - Junio 2015


¿Cómo se mide efectivamente la cantidad de gas quemado con
medidores de flujo ultrasónicos?
With the Siemens Oil & Gas Innovations Conference 2015 running this
week, a few topics that I’m looking forward to chatting with people about
are the EPA’s recent proposals concerning industrial flare and air rules for
the oil and gas industry, and how to stay compliant.
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Pág. 16
Mayo - Junio 2015


MERCADO
Panel del Senado dividido sobre proyecto de ley para modificar
las normas de ozono propuestas por la EPA
US Senate Environment and Public Works Committee members divided along party lines over the US
Environmental Protection Agency’s proposed National Ambient Air Quality Standards covering ground-level
ozone, and a trio of Republican bills that would delay or modify their implementation.
ver más...
Ulstein presenta costos de diseño para nuevo buque de carga

pesada
With the introduction of the ULSTEIN HX103 and HX104 heavy lift vessel
designs, ULSTEIN paves the way for the next generation, cost efficient
offshore assets to meet today’s and tomorrow’s market demand. A
dedicated feature on the DP3 designed vessels is the heavy-lift capability
with large outreach combined with a large open deck space and
accommodation for 350 and 500 people on board. The fully SPS compliant
designs also mark the entry of the successful ULSTEIN X-BOW® in this
segment of the construction market.
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Pág. 17
Mayo - Junio 2015


EVENTOS
IoT en petróleo y gas
September 16 - 17, 2015. Houston, USA. The Internet of Things is

revolutionizing oil and gas.The era of lower oil prices is here – making it
crucial for operating companies to focus on operational efficiency and
resource utilization. Energy companies are increasingly looking at how to
harness their data across their supply chain by connecting their “things” –
the people, processes and assets. Huge investments have already made
in technology across operations – now the key is to leverage these
investments to create new efficiencies and cost savings.
ver más...
Optimización de químicos para producción de petróleo y gas no

convencional 2015
July 29-30, 2015. Houston, Texas. The Production Chemicals Optimization

Congress will for the first time address every single aspect of production
chemical programs, focusing on significantly reducing costs in current sub-
$65 price environment.
Ultimately driving this congress is the need for operators to reduce one of
the most expensive well costs and work collaboratively with chemical
remediation programs providers to do this with volatile oil prices.
ver más...
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Pág. 18
Mayo - Junio 2015


Cumbre medioambiental sobre shale gas
26th October to 27th October 2015. London, United Kingdom. This

conference will portray balanced view represented by those from all sides
of the debate surrounding. These will range from the political, and
regulatory to Land owners, NGOs and campaigners. We will also be
encorporating the fledgling industry in Europe, and taking a look at EU
regulation.
ver más...
Conferencia de tecnología offshore 2015

4-7 May, 2015. Houston, USA. Discover why OTC is the best event to gain
technical knowledge and make valuable contacts.
OTC is brought to you by technical societies that cover all aspects of the
energy industry.
ver más...
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Para más información:
Programa Nacional de Vigilancia Tecnológica e Inteligencia Competitiva · VINTEC
Dirección Nacional de Estudios (DNE) · Subsecretaría de Estudios y Prospectiva
Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva de la Nación
Godoy Cruz 2320 3 piso (entre Guatemala y Paraguay) · (C1425FQD) · Buenos Aires · Argentina
Tel: 4899-5300 int. 3004 · vintec@mincyt.gob.ar · www.mincyt.gob.ar
Entidades que colaboraron:
Trabajo realizado por:

Petróleo y Gas: Mayo - Junio 2015

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