Lista de exercicios

8.1 Water is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. The condenser pressure is 8 kPa, and saturated
vapor enters the turbine at (a) 18 MPa and (b) 4 MPa. The net power output of
the cycle is 100 MW. Determine for each case the mass flow rate of steam, in kg/h, the heat transfer rates
for the working fluid passing through the boiler and condenser, each in kW,
and the thermal efficiency.

8.2 Water is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Superheated vapor enters the turbine at 8 MPa,
480_C. The condenser pressure is 8 kPa. The net power output of the cycle is
100 MW. Determine for the cycle

(a) the rate of heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the steam generator, in kW.
(b) the thermal efficiency.
(c) the mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, in kg/h, ifthe cooling water enters the condenser at
15_C and exits at 35_C with negligible pressure change.

8.3 Water is the working fluid in a Carnot vapor power cycle. Saturated liquid enters the boiler at a
pressure of 8 MPa, and saturated vapor enters the turbine. The condenser pressure is 8 kPa. Determine
(a) the thermal efficiency.
(b) the back work ratio.
(c) the heat transfer to the working fluid per unit mass passing through the boiler, in kJ/kg.
(d) the heat transfer from the working fluid per unit mass passing through the condenser, in kJ/kg.
(e) Compare the results of parts (a)–(d), with the corresponding values of Example 8.1, and comment.

8.4 Plot each of the quantities calculated in Problem 8.2 versus condenser pressure ranging from 6 kPa to
0.1 MPa. Discuss.
8.5 Plot each of the quantities calculated in Problem 8.2 versus steam generator pressure ranging from 4
MPa to 24 MPa. Maintain the turbine inlet temperature at 480_C. Discuss.

8.6 Water is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Saturated vapor enters the turbine at 18 MPa. The
condenser pressure is 6 kPa. Determine

(a) the net work per unit mass of steam flowing, in kJ/kg.
(b) the heat transfer to the steam passing through the boiler, in kJ per kg of steam flowing.
(c) the thermal efficiency.
(d) the heat transfer to cooling water passing through the condenser, in kJ per kg of steam condensed.
8.7 Water is the working fluid in a Carnot vapor power cycle. Saturated liquid enters the boiler at a
pressure of 18 MPa, and saturated vapor enters the turbine. The condenser pressure is 6 kPa. Determine
(a) the thermal efficiency.
(b) the back work ratio.
(c) the net work of the cycle per unit mass of water flowing, in kJ/kg.
(d) the heat transfer from the working fluid passing through the condenser, in kJ per kg of steam flowing.
(e) Compare the results of parts (a)–(d) with those of Problem 8.6, respectively, and comment.
8.8 Plot each of the quantities calculated in Problem 8.6 versus turbine inlet temperature ranging from the
saturation temperature at 18 MPa to 560_C. Discuss.

8.9 A power plant based on the Rankine cycle is under development to provide a net power output of 10
MW. Solar collectors are to be used to generate Refrigerant 22 vapor at 1.6 MPa, 50_C, for expansion
through the turbine. Cooling water is available at 20_C. Specify the preliminary design of the cycle and
estimate the thermal efficiency and the refrigerant
and cooling water flow rates, in kg/h.

8.10 Refrigerant 134a is the working fluid in a solar power plant operating on a Rankine cycle. Saturated
vapor at 60_C enters the turbine, and the condenser operates at a pressure of 6 bar.
The rate of energy input to the collectors from solar radiation is 0.4 kW per m2 of collector surface area.
Determine the minimum possible solar collector surface area, in m2, per kW of
power developed by the plant.

8.11 The cycle of Problem 8.3 is modified to include the effects of irreversibilities in the adiabatic
expansion and compression processes. If the states at the turbine and pump inlets
remain unchanged, repeat parts (a)–(d) of Problem 8.3 for the modified Carnot cycle with _t _ 0.80 and _p _
0.70.

8.12 Steam enters the turbine of a simple vapor power plant with a pressure of 10 MPa and temperature T,
and expands adiabatically to 6 kPa. The isentropic turbine efficiency is 85%.
Saturated liquid exits the condenser at 6 kPa and the isentropic pump efficiency is 82%.
(a) For T _ 580_C, determine the turbine exit quality and the
cycle thermal efficiency.
(b) Plot the quantities of part (a) versus T ranging from 580 to 700_C.

8.13 Reconsider the analysis of Problem 8.2, but include in the analysis that the turbine and pump have
isentropic efficiencies of 85 and 70%, respectively. Determine for the modified cycle
(a) the thermal efficiency.
(b) the mass flow rate of steam, in kg/h, for a net power output of 100 MW.
(c) the mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, in kg/h, if the cooling water enters the condenser at
15_C and exits at 35_C with negligible pressure change.

8.14 Reconsider Problem 8.8, but include in the analysis that the turbine and pump each have isentropic
efficiencies of (a) 90%, (b) 80%, (c) 70%. Answer the same questions for the modified cycle as in Problem
8.8.

8.15 Superheated steam at 8 MPa and 480_C leaves the steam generator of a vapor power plant. Heat
transfer and frictional effects in the line connecting the steam generator and the turbine reduce the
pressure and temperature at the turbine inlet to 7.6 MPa and 440_C, respectively. The pressure at the exit
of the turbine is 10 kPa, and the turbine operates adiabatically. Liquid leaves the condenser at 8 kPa, 36_C.
The pressure is increased
to 8.6 MPa across the pump. The turbine and pump isentropic efficiencies are 88%. The mass flow rate of
steam is 79.53 kg/s. Determine
(a) the net power output, in kW.
(b) the thermal efficiency.
(c) the rate of heat transfer from the line connecting the steam generator and the turbine, in kW.
(d) the mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, in kg/s, if the cooling water enters at 15_C and exits at
35_C with negligible pressure change.

8.16 Superheated steam at 18 MPa, 560_C, enters the turbine of a vapor power plant. The pressure at the
exit of the turbine is 0.06 bar, and liquid leaves the condenser at 0.045 bar, 26_C. The pressure is increased
to 18.2 MPa across the pump. The turbine and pump have isentropic efficiencies of 82 and 77%,
respectively. For the cycle, determine

(a) the net work per unit mass of steam flow, in kJ/kg.
(b) the heat transfer to steam passing through the boiler, in kJ
per kg of steam flowing.
(c) the thermal efficiency.
(d) the heat transfer to cooling water passing through the condenser,
in kJ per kg of steam condensed.

8.17 In the preliminary design of a power plant, water is chosen as the working fluid and it is determined
that the turbine inlet temperature may not exceed 520_C. Based on expected cooling
water temperatures, the condenser is to operate at a pressure of 0.06 bar. Determine the steam generator
pressure required if the isentropic turbine efficiency is 80% and the quality of steam at the turbine exit
must be at least 90%.

8.18 Steam at 10 MPa, 600_C enters the first-stage turbine of an ideal Rankine cycle with reheat. The steam
leaving the reheat section of the steam generator is at 500_C, and the condenser pressure is 6 kPa. If the
quality at the exit of the second stage turbine is 90%, determine the cycle thermal efficiency.
8.19 The ideal Rankine cycle of Problem 8.2 is modified to include reheat. In the modified cycle, steam
expands though the first-stage turbine to 0.7 MPa and then is reheated to 480_C.
If the net power output of the modified cycle is 100 MW, determine for the modified cycle
(a) the rate of heat transfer to the working fluid passing
through the steam generator, in MW.
(b) the thermal efficiency.
(c) the rate of heat transfer to cooling water passing through
the condenser, in MW.

8.20 For the cycle of Problem 8.19, investigate the effects on cycle performance as the reheat pressure and
final reheat temperature take on other values. Construct suitable plots and discuss.
Reconsider the analysis assuming that the pump and each turbine stage has an isentropic efficiency of
80%.
8.21 Steam at 32 MPa, 520_C enters the first stage of a supercritical reheat cycle including three turbine
stages. Steam exiting the first-stage turbine at pressure p is reheated at constant pressure to 440_C, and
steam exiting the second-stage turbine at 0.5 MPa is reheated at constant pressure to 360_C. Each turbine
stage and the pump has an isentropic efficiency of 85%.The condenser pressure is 8 kPa.
(a) For p _ 4 MPa, determine the net work per unit mass ofsteam flowing, in kJ/kg, and the thermal
efficiency.
(b) Plot the quantities of part (a) versus p ranging from 0.5 to10 MPa.

8.22 An ideal Rankine cycle with reheat uses water as the working fluid. The conditions at the inlet to the
first-stage turbine are 14 MPa, 600_C and the steam is reheated between the
turbine stages to 600_C. For a condenser pressure of 6 kPa, plot the cycle thermal efficiency versus reheat
pressure for pressures ranging from 2 to 12 MPa.

8.51 Figure P8.51 shows the schematic diagram of a cogeneration cycle. In the steam cycle, superheated
vapor enters the turbine with a mass flow rate of 5 kg/s at 40 bar, 440_C
and expands isentropically to 1.5 bar. Half of the flow is extracted at 1.5 bar and used for industrial process
heating. The rest of the steam passes through a heat exchanger, which serves as the boiler of the
Refrigerant 134a cycle and the condenser of the steam cycle. The condensate leaves the heat exchanger as
saturated liquid at 1 bar, where it is combined
with the return flow from the process, at 60_C and 1 bar, before being pumped isentropically to the steam
generator pressure. The Refrigerant 134a cycle is an ideal Rankine cycle
with refrigerant entering the turbine at 16 bar, 100_C and saturated liquid leaving the condenser at 9 bar.
Determine, in kW,
(a) the rate of heat transfer to the working fluid passing
through the steam generator of the steam cycle.
(b) the net power output of the binary cycle.
(c) the rate of heat transfer to the industrial process.