Pankaj Screener 10 Oct 2014

Screeners Certification
Page 1 of 127 SECRET

Handout
Trainee Reference Book
For
Screeners Certification Course
This SECRET Document is
Published by
Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS)
Issued on 2014
Screener/BCAS/2014 Secret
Handout
OBJECTIVE
In light of threats posed to Civil Aviation by terrorists all over the word, safeguarding of
International Civil Aviation against the acts of unlawful interference has been a matter of
great concern to the Government of India and International Civil Aviation Organization.
Such acts continue to have serious worldwide ramification on the growth of Civil
Aviation operation. Shortcomings in the security control measures applied at airports are
often attributed to human factor and lack of training to the personnel working at airports
Today the expansion of business and an exceedingly competitive environment requires

that action plan and individual efforts be aligned to ensure continuous growth. The
centerpiece of its commitment to excel is the employee development by providing them
with the skill and knowledge to effectively and efficiently perform their duties.
Designing and delivering high quality by using the most appropriate instructional
techniques and technologies available will result in a workforce that is goal driven,
synergistic and interdependent.
The Screener Trainee Reference Book fulfills the requirement by offering all functional
and regulatory training programs by using latest technology.
The objective of Screener Trainee Reference Book is to ensure that suitable trained
personnel are available for deployment who can apply a standardized level of preventive
security for the safe operation of civil aviation in normal condition and who are capable
to meet any increased threat risk situation.
Handout
INDEX
S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

Syllabus for Screener Certification Test (Theory/Practical) 04
1 Terminology 05 - 08
2 Threat to civil Aviation Security 09 - 15
3 X-BIS (Theory, Specifications and its use) 16 - 40
Explosives & Recognition of Improvised Explosive Devices
4 41 - 62
(IEDs)
5 Security control measures-Registered Bag 63 – 69
6 Security Measures for Cargo/Express Cargo/Mail/Courier 70 - 78
7 Pre-embarkation screening of hand bags / frisking of Pax 79 - 84
8 DFMD/HHMD 85 - 90
Procedure for Carriage of Prisoners, Deportee and In-admissible
9 91 - 93
Passenger
10 Protecting Aircraft Catering Uplift 94 - 96
11 Behaviour Detection 97 - 98
12 Explosive Detectors 99 - 102
Security Procedures for Screening of Passengers with Special
13 103 - 107
Needs and Medical Condition
14 Quiz 108 - 111
15 Abbreviations 112 – 115
16 Appendices For BCAS Specifications – Security Equipments 116 – 122
17 AVSEC Orders/Circulars 123 - 124
Handout
Syllabus for Screener Certification Test
TOTAL MARKS -100
THEORY-60 MARKS Minimum pass marks for theory paper will be 48 marks out
of 60 means 80%
PRACTICAL-40 MARKS Minimum pass marks for practical test will be 32 marks out
of 40 means 80%.
Aggregate of the candidate hence should be equal to or above 80%, to be declared

pass
Theory Test
 Threats to Civil Aviation.

 X-BIS (Theory, Specifications Safety precautions and its use)
 Do‘s and Don‘ts for screeners.
 Types of prohibited articles, IED and carriage of weapons
 Security control measures for- registered bags / cargo/courier
 Security control measures for Catering
 Pre-embarkation screening of hand bags/Pat-down search/use of HHMD/DFMD
 Different screening concepts and how to maintain sterility of SHA
 Behaviour Detection of passenger and documents check.
 Aircraft search and protection of parked aircraft.
 Explosive detector-Principle & Operations of different models.
 General awareness of equipments
Practical Test
 Conduct of CTP test 04 marks

 Response/reaction on threat image detection 05 marks
 Interpretation of Image 10 marks
 Feeding of Baggage 02 marks
 Manual check of Baggage 03 marks
Handout
 Frisking of Passengers 10 marks

 Pre-ops check of DFMD 02 marks
 Use of HHMD 04 marks
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Chapter 1
Terminologies
Terms that are defined in the International Civil Aviation Vocabulary (Doc 9713) and the
Annexes are used in accordance with the meanings and usages given therein. A wide
variety of terms are in use throughout the world to describe facilities, procedures and
concepts for airport operations and planning. As far as possible, the terms used in this
document are those which have the widest international use.
Acts of unlawful interference. These are acts or attempted acts such as to jeopardize the
safety of civil
aviation, i.e., including but not limited to:
• unlawful seizure of aircraft

• destruction of an aircraft in service,
• hostage-taking on board aircraft or on aerodromes,
• forcible intrusion on board an aircraft, at an airport or on the premises of an
aeronautical facility,
• introduction on board an aircraft or at an airport of a weapon or hazardous device or
material intendedfor criminal purposes,
• use of an aircraft in service for the purpose of causing death, serious bodily injury, or
serious damageto property or the environment,
• communication of false information such as to jeopardize the safety of an aircraft in
flight or on theground, of passengers, crew, ground personnel or the general public, at
an airport or on the premisesof a civil aviation facility.
Accompanied hold baggage. Baggage which is accepted for carriage in the hold of an
aircraft and which is checked in by the passenger who is on board.
Aircraft in flight. An aircraft from the moment when all its external doors are closed
following embarkation until the moment when such doors are opened for disembarkation.
Aircraft security check. An inspection of the interior of an aircraft to which passengers

may have had access and an inspection of the hold for the purposes of discovering
suspicious objects, weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles and
substances.
Aircraft security search. A thorough inspection of the interior and exterior of the aircraft
for the purpose of discovering suspicious objects, weapons, explosives or other
dangerous devices, articles or substances.
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Appropriate authority for aviation security. The authority designated by a State within
its administration to be responsible for the development, implementation and
maintenance of the national civil aviation security programme.
Baggage. Personal property of passengers or crew carried on an aircraft by agreement

with the operator.
Cabin baggage. Baggage intended for carriage in the cabin of an aircraft.
Cargo. Any property carried on an aircraft other than mail, stores and accompanied or
mishandled baggage.
Catering stores. All items, other than catering supplies, associated with passenger in-
flight services, for example newspapers, magazines, headphones, audio and video tapes,
pillows and blankets, and amenity kits.
Catering supplies. Food, beverages, other dry stores and associated equipment used on
board an aircraft.
Co-mail. Abbreviation of aircraft operator company mail, shipped within the company’s
network of stations.
Co-mat. Abbreviation of aircraft operator company materials, shipped within the

company’s network of stations.
Courier service. An operation whereby shipments tendered by one or more shippers are
transported as the baggage of a courier passenger on board a scheduled aircraft operator
service under normal passenger hold baggage documentation.
Diplomatic pouch (bag). A shipping container having diplomatic immunity from search
or seizure.
Explosive Detection System (EDS). A system or combination of different technologies

which has the ability to detect, and so to indicate by means of an alarm, explosive
material contained in baggage, irrespective of the material from which the bag is made.
Explosive Device Detection System (EDDS). A system or combination of different

technologies which has the ability to detect, and so to indicate by means of an alarm, an
explosive device by detecting one or more components of such a device contained in
baggage, irrespective of the material from which the bag is made.
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Integrated/consolidated cargo. A consignment of multi-packages which has been

originated by more than one person, each of whom has made an agreement for carriage
by air with another person other than a scheduled aircraft operator.
Interline baggage. Baggage of passengers subject to transfer from the aircraft of one
operator to the aircraft of another operator in the course of the passenger’s journey.
Known consignor.
For cargo: The originator of property for transportation by air and who has established
business with a regulated agent or aircraft operator.
For mail: The originator of mail for transportation by air and who has established
business with a regulated postal authority/administration.
LAG. Liquids, aerosols and gels, in any volume, for sale at airport outlets (excluding
food and beverages for consumption in the airport premises and not intended for carriage
into the aircraft passenger cabin) or on board aircraft during the day(s) of the journey,
either in the airside area or in a security-restricted area.
Mail. Dispatches of correspondence and other items tendered by and intended for
delivery to postal services in accordance with the rules of the Universal Postal Union
(UPU).
Mishandled baggage. Baggage involuntarily, or inadvertently, separated from

passengers or crew.
Regulated agent. An agent, freight forwarder or any other entity who conducts business
with an operator and provides security controls that are accepted or required by the
appropriate authority in respect of cargo or mail.
Restricted / prohibited articles. Articles which are, in the specific context of aviation
security, defined as those articles, devices or substances which may be used to commit an
act of unlawful interference against civil aviation or which may endanger the safety of the
aircraft and its occupants, or installations and the public.
Sabotage. An act or omission, intended to cause malicious or wanton destruction of

property, endangering or resulting in unlawful interference with international civil
aviation and its facilities.
Screening. The application of technical or other means which are intended to identify
and/or detect weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles or substances
which may be used to commit an act of unlawful interference.
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Note.— Certain dangerous articles or substances are classified as dangerous goods by

Annex 18 and the associated Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous
Goods by Air (Doc 9284) and must be transported in accordance with those instructions.
Security. Safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. This objective
is achieved by a combination of measures and human and material resources.
Security test. A covert or overt trial of an aviation security measure which simulates an
attempt to commit an unlawful act.
STEBs. Security tamper-evident bags that should only be used for the sale of LAGs by
airport outlets or on board aircraft.
Sterile area. That area between any passenger inspection or screening control point and
aircraft into which access is strictly controlled. (Also known as Security restricted area.)
Threat Image Projection (TIP). A software programme approved by the appropriate

authority which can be installed on certain X-ray machines. The programme projects
virtual images of threat articles (e.g. guns, knives, improvised explosive devices) within
the X-ray image of a real bag under examination or complete virtual images of bags
containing threat articles, and provides immediate feedback to the X-ray machine
operators of their ability to detect such images.
Trace detection equipment. Technology system or combination of different technologies

which has the ability to detect very small amounts of explosive materials, and so to
indicate, by means of an alarm, those materials contained in baggage or other articles
subjected for analysis.
Transfer passengers/baggage. Passengers/baggage making direct connections between

two different flights.
Unaccompanied baggage. Baggage that is transported as cargo and may or may not be
carried on the same aircraft with the person to whom it belongs.
Unclaimed baggage. Baggage that arrives at an airport and is not picked up or claimed
by a passenger.
Unidentified baggage. Baggage at an airport, with or without a baggage tag, which is not
picked up by or identified with a passenger.
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Chapter 2
Threat to Civil Aviation
Conventional / Traditional threats to Civil Aviation
 Sabotage of Aircraft
 Sabotage of Airports
 Hijacking of aircraft on the ground or in flight; and
 Armed attacks on / off airport facilities.
Emerging Threats
 Suicide attack on ground facilities
 Misuse of aircraft as a weapon of mass destruction
 Misuse of nuclear and other radioactive substances
 Threat from Chemical & biological weapons
 Air to air attack by aircraft or by missile
 Ground to air attack by missiles
 Cyber terrorism
 Attack through electronic systems to misguide the air traffic communications to the
aircraft
 Attack by magnetic systems
 Off airport facility attack
 Unruly passengers
 Unauthorized transportation of dangerous goods
 Man Portable Air Defense System (MANPADs)
Security Measures at Airports

 Anti-hijacking measures
 Anti sabotage measures
 Anti Terrorist measures
 Security of personnel
Major Hijacking incidents in India and countermeasures deployed
Handout
30 January 1971 The first hijacking in India occurred on 30th January, 1971. An Indian
Airlines flight No: IC-422 from Srinagar to Jammu was forced to fly to
Lahore by two hijackers; Hashim Quershi and Mohammed Ashraf of
Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF). All the 28 passengers and 4
crew members were released but the aircraft was blown up. Terrorist
demanded release of 36 JKLF prisoners jailed in India.
Indian Airlines Boeing 737 Flight No. 491 (Delhi to Jaipur) was hijacked
10 Sept. 1976 and taken to Lahore by six hijackers of National Liberation Front (NLF)
and there were 78 passengers and 9 crew members on the said flight.
On September 29, 1981, the five alleged Sikh militants (Tajender Pal
29 Sept. 1981 Singh, Satnam Singh, Gajender Singh, Karan Singh Kini and Jasbir
Singh Jima) hijacked an Air India plane from New Delhi to Srinagar and
forced it to land in Pakistan, where they were arrested and put on trial
and sentenced to life imprisonment.
Indian Airline Airbus A-300 Flight No. IC-814 (KTM-DEL) was

24 Dec 1999 hijacked from Kathmandu taken to Amritsar-Lahore-Dubai-Kandahar.
It was hijacked by 5 hijackers of Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM)
/Harakat ul-Ansar and there were total 183 souls on board.
The aircraft was taken to Amritsar, then to Lahore, Dubai and Kandahar
Terrorist demanded release of Maulana Masood Azhar, (Pakistani-
Kashmiri separatist leader of the Harakat al Mujahidin Islamic group-
HUM and 35 Muslim members, all jailed in India, $ 200 million US, and
the return of the body of Kashmiri separatist Sajjad Afghani. In this
hijacked incident 1 passenger named Rippan Katyal was murdered after
disobeying the terrorists order not to look at them. Finally, government
accepted their demands.
Anti hijacking measures

 Frisking of passengers and search of hand baggage
 Armed support to frisking / searching staff
 Escorting of passenger to aircraft
 Apron and perimeter security
 Security of catering items
 Surveillance in Departure areas
 Use of electronic aids-DFMD,HHMD,XBIS,CCTV
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 Secondary Ladder Point Checks

 Pre flight security checks / search of aircraft
 Deployment of sky marshals
 On the job supervision by airline staff
Major sabotage incidents in Civil Aviation
Meenambakkam bomb blast was the bomb blast that occurred in August
1984 at Meenambakkam International Airport at Chennai in Tamil Nadu
in which 33 persons were killed and 27 others were injured. Tamil Eelam
02 Aug 1984 Army (TEA) was suspected. The bomb was to place in a plane bound for
Lanka aiming a blast at Lanka airport by the accused Kathiresan. The
timer was set at around 11 PM when the Air Lanka flight UL-122 was
scheduled to reach Colombo airport.
Sabotage of Air India aircraft Kanishka Tragedy over Atlantic Ocean. Air
India Air India Boeing 747-237B flight no. 182, VT-EFO, en-routes
Montreal–London–Delhi). The aircraft was blown up by a bomb at an
altitude of 31,000 feet (9,400 m), crashed into the Atlantic Ocean with
23 June 1985 329 people were killed, including 268 Canadians, 27 British citizens and
24 Indians. Reason of explosion because interline bag was containing
IED in transistor by Babbar Khalsa Group.
At 07:13 on Sunday, June 23, 1985 an explosion at Tokyo Narita

International Airport killed two baggage handlers, and injured four. The
bomb was intended for Air India Flight 301, with 177 passengers and
crew on board. The bombing is believed to have been planned by the
same conspirators (Babbar Khalsa Group) who brought down Air India
23 June 1985 Flight 182 by a bomb that went off nearly an hour later, when the plane
was off the west coast of Ireland. Sikh extremists living in Canada are
believed to be responsible for both bombings, but only Inderjit Singh
Reyat, who lived in Duncan, British Columbia, was convicted in
Canadian court. He was found guilty in 1991 in the Narita bombing.
The Bandaranaike Airport attack (Colombo, Sri Lanka) was an assault by

the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam (LTTE) on Bandaranaike
International Airport, on July 24, 2001. 8 Air Force Planes, 3 Air Lankan
24 July 2001 Airlines aircrafts completely destroyed & 3 Air Lankan aircrafts were
damaged. The attack was one of the boldest the LTTE has mounted
during its war with the Sri Lankan government, and had a profound
impact on the country's military, economy, and airline industry.
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Pan Am Flight 103 (Lockerbie bombing) was a Pan Am transatlantic

flight from Frankfurt to Detroit via London and New York City that was
destroyed by a terrorist bomb in interline baggage on Wednesday, 21
21st Dec 1988 December 1988, killing all 243 passengers and 16 crew on board. Large
sections of the aircraft crashed into Lockerbie, Scotland, killing 11 more
people on the ground.
Anti sabotage measures

 Screening and protection of registered baggage until loaded into aircraft hold
 Identification / Reconciliation of registered baggage
 Anti sabotage check of aircraft at originating station
 Guarding of aircraft
 Access control of aircraft
 On the job supervision by airline staff
 Security of air crew baggage / aircraft document bags / fuel
 Security of catering items
 Security of cargo, courier, human remains, postal mail, company stores
 Non acceptance of last minute items by passengers
 Passengers to ensure they are aware of contents of their baggage’s
24 July 2001 LTTE attack on Colombo Apt.
January 2010 25 Jan, 2011: Moscow Incident A dual suicide attack at Moscow's main
Moscow Airport commercial airport left 35 people dead and 130 injured. The blast, which
Attack happened at 4.30pm local time in the arrivals hall of Domodedovo
Airport, was caused by a bomb with 7kg of TNT.
Measures against terrorist attacks

 Guarding of aircraft and airport facilities
 Apron / airport access control
 Deployment of Quick Reaction Teams (QRT)
 Perimeter wall of standard height
 Perimeter road for patrolling
 Perimeter lighting
 Watch towers \ Patrolling- foot or mobile
 Police stations in close proximity of airport
 Efficient communication system
Handout
Security of personnel
 Airport entry permit (AEP) / Airport Entry Card (AEC) issued after security vetting/
background checks
 Display of AEP/AEC to detect misuse
 Frisking of all AEP/AEC holders before entry to airside
 Never leave your baggage unattended
 Never lend your uniform / AEP to others
 Never accept a packet for carriage without screening
 On the job supervision / surveillance
 Always display a positive security attitude
Prominent Incidents
3rd May 1986: Air Lanka Bombing

Flight UL 512 was supposed to fly from Colombo to Maldives but the aircraft was blown
at Colombo Airport. The explosive were infiltrated to Cargo Consignment Containing
Tea. There were 128 Pax on Board but 17 were Killed & 41 Injured.
22nd December 2001: Shoe Bomber

On December 22, 2001, passengers on American Airlines Flight 63 from Paris, France to
Miami, Florida complained of a smoke smell in the cabin shortly after a meal service.
One flight attendant, thinking she smelled a burnt match, walked the aisles of the plane,
trying to assess the source. A passenger pointed to Richard Reid, who was sitting alone
near a window and attempting to light a match.
Handout
Aug 2006 : Terror Plot against US bound Flights from UK
Terrorist’s allegedly targeted flights included aircraft bound for Montreal, Toronto, San
Francisco, Chicago, New York, and Washington, DC.
Searches of the flat purchased by the group produced many components with the ability
to create liquid improvised explosive devices that could be assembled and detonated on
an aircraft.
The main ingredient of the explosives mixture was hydrogen peroxide mixed with
other organic materials.
THIS PLOT IF EXECUTED COULD HAVE TAKEN OVER 1500 LIVES.

After this incident the LAG’s were introduced and restriction on carrying more than 100
ml of liquid items was implemented. It was made mandate that if Pax who want to carry
than 100 ml of liquid in carryon baggage should carry it in STEB.
December 25, 2009: Northwest Airlines Flight 253 (Schiphol Incident)

There was an international passenger (Umar Farook Abdul Mutallab) flying from
Amsterdam to Detroit. The flight was the target of a failed Al-Qaeda bombing attempt on
Christmas Day, in which the passenger tried to set off plastic explosives sewn to his
underwear. There were 290 people on board the plane, which was operated by Northwest
Airlines. The small explosive device caused only a small fire inside the plane, which was
extinguished by a flight attendant. The man was subdued by the passengers and crew.
There were only 3 minor injuries on that flight.
Handout
28th & 29th October 2010: IED in Cargo from Sanaa (Yemen) – Ink Bomb
On October 28, one package left Sana'a, Yemen, on a passenger plane, flying to Dubai,
United Arab Emirates. It then was flown onward on a UPS cargo plane to Cologne/Bonn
Airport in Germany, where UPS Airlines has a hub. There, it was switched to UPS Flight
232, a Boeing 767 cargo plane bound for East Midlands Airport in Leicestershire. From
there, it was to fly on to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and then on to O'Hare International
Airport in Chicago.
On October 29, 2010, the UPS plane landed at East Midlands Airport at 2:13 AM local
time. British authorities had been alerted to the existence of the bomb, and British
military and police explosives experts waiting for the plane conducted an initial search of
the plane's cargo in the airport's UPS parcels distribution depot. Officers from the
Scotland Yard Counter Terrorism Command joined them. An Explosive Device was
found in the Ink Cartridge of a printer.
Handout
Chapter 3
X-BIS (Theory, Specifications and its use)
Introduction
Detection of Explosive Detection System (EDS) and Explosive Devices Detection
System (EDDS) is the most important function for X-ray screeners. They should be able
to intelligently interpret the images of items from the passengers’ baggage and identify
the suspected items such as weapons, IEDs, bombs, dangerous goods, chemicals and
other banned items. An X-RAY screener should know the basic principle and theory X-
ray.
An X-ray operator should be able to answer the following question:-
1. What is the purpose of this system?

2. Why is it here?
3. What do we think it will do for us?
4. What problem will it address?
X-ray Theory
On November 8, 1895 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered a new kind of radiation
which he called X-rays.
X-rays are waves of electromagnetic energy which form part of the electromagnetic
spectrum, along with other waveforms such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves,
UV waves and gamma waves.
Human eyes are sensitive to the particular wavelength of visible light, but not to the
shorter wavelength of higher energy X-ray waves. X-rays are approximately 1000 times
shorter than the wavelength of light, and are a highly penetrating form of radiation which
can pass through many materials that are otherwise opaque – X-rays can even expose
photographic film that is enclosed where visible light is unable to get to it.
X rays will pass uninterrupted through low-density substances, whereas higher-density

materials will reflect or absorb the X rays because there is less space between the atoms
for the waves to pass through.
The standard unit for measuring the quantity of ionizing radiation is Roentgen denoted
by – “R”.
Properties of X-ray: -
 They are invisible.
Handout
 They move in straight lines, and at the speed of light.

 They cannot be deflected by means of a lens or prism.
 They pass through matter. The degree of penetration depends on the kind of
matter, and the energy of the x-ray concerned.
 They are ionizing radiation, they liberate electrons in matter.
 They impair or destroy living cells.
X – Ray BIS Requirement

 A high detection rate i.e. probability of detection has to be ensured.
 A unequivocal differentiation between hazardous and non-hazardous substances
has to be ensured.
 Low false alarm rate
 Inspection of entire bag as well as partial bag areas
 Integrated image device
 Detection category of small amounts even below ICAO/TSA standard
 Throughput up to 300 bags per hour.
Detection Requirement
X – ray-screening equipment is required for use in detecting both metallic and non-
metallic objects. These items may be concealed in any form of luggage carried or placed
on board an aircraft .The list of items to be identified includes:
 Firearms both metallic and non-metallic
 Firearms components
 Ammunition of all calibers
 Grenades and other fragmentation/ blast weapons
 Knives, batons, swords etc
 Explosives, military and commercial
 Detonators and timing devices
 Electrical and electronic items
 Power sources
Handout
X-ray Baggage Inspection System
X ray Techniques
Simple single energy transmission x-ray scanners do not provide enough information to
make the explosive search automatic and method to extract more information is needed.
Dual energy, dual-axis and backscatter technologies allow the determination (or at least
approximation) of a materials mass absorption coefficient and effective Z number.
Computer tomography scanners can extract enough information to calculate the
material’s density’s as well as its mass absorption coefficient.
Differences between Single & Multi Energy System
Single Energy X-ray System

a) One Level of X-ray is used
b) Monochrome Images (Black And White)
c) Cannot distinguish materials according to atomic numbers
d) Scans objects slice by slice
Multi Energy X-ray System / Dual Energy

a) Two Levels of X-ray Energy used
b) Distinguishes between materials according to Atomic Numbers
c) Displays Colour Images
d) High level of penetration
e) Materials are divided into groups – Organic Mixed / Inorganic
The technology used X-ray BIS / latest technologies worldwide are as under
a) Single Energy
b) Dual Energy
c) Backscatter
d) Computer Tomography
e) Thermal Neutron Activation
f) False Fast Neutron Analysis (PFNA)
g) Nuclear Quadruple Response
X-ray BIS Inbuilt Protection
The in built safety measures in X-ray BIS are: -

1. Low X - ray Dose “Radiation emitted from the cabinet x-ray system shall not exceed
an exposure of 0.5mR/hr. at any point five cm outside the external surface. This
specification limits exposure to a user in normal operation.
Handout
2. Lead Curtains – Lead curtains at both entry and exit prevent scattered x rays that may
occur from escaping whenever the inspected and items enter or leave the unit.
3. Lead Shielding – Lead shielding in the unit prevents the emission of scattered x-rays
independent of the covering panels. This ensures safe operation even with external panels
removed.
4. Interlocks – If an attempt is made to generate x-ray with a critical panel missing an

interlock will sense this and prevent x-ray from being generated.
Film Safe
X – Ray radiation does not affect all objects in a typical piece of luggage or attaché case,
except for the film in photographic cameras.
Films indeed will respond to x-rays but lesser than that of normal light owing to the much
shorter wavelength. As the wave length of X-ray is shorter, they are much less easily
absorbed by the film components. Photographic films can fog to some minute degree
Security x-ray systems are designed to minimise the total accumulated dose that an item
receives during inspection. Total accumulated dose of 0.15mr/h will not fog even the
highest speed films (1600 ASA)
Electronics and magnetic based items, such as floppy discs, are unaffected. While it was
true that unprocessed photographic film is somewhat sensitive to X – ray damage from
modern systems are quite rare.
Modern X-Ray machines are Film Safe due to the following reasons:
 Constant speed of conveyor belt
 Low X-ray dosage
 Fan Beam Geometry
Pre Operative Check X Ray BIS
Before operating the X-ray equipment:

 All service panels should be closed and locked.
 The lead curtains must all be hanging down, and in good condition.
 All emergency OFF switches must be in the released (out) position.
 There should be no objects in the inspection tunnel.
 Check that nothing is obstructing the conveyor belt.
Handout
 Small items with loose belts or loose packaging and items which cannot be placed
firmly on the conveyors must be placed into appropriate plastic containers to avoid
damages.
 Make sure there is a table available for physically searching baggage.
 Make sure that the conveyor belt and monitor screen are not dirty.
 Check the exterior of the x ray machine for loose wires disconnections.
 While the X-ray unit is activated ensure that nobody sits or stands on the conveyors
or touches moving parts.
 One must not inspect human being and living animals.
Switching on the X-ray machine:

 Check that machine is plugged in.
 Insert key into control panel and switch machine on.
 Adjust brightness and contract controls.
 Test the forward, stop and reverse movement of the conveyor belt.
 Test the X ray monitor image definition by using the manufactures test piece
(CTP)
Handout
Components of X-ray Baggage Inspection System
Handout
Standard XBIS Keyboard Switches and Its Functions
1 2 3 4 15 14 16 4
Handout
1 5 8 7 9 10 6 11 12 13
Image Display Keys Board
1. B1 – Negative image or Inverse (INV / NEG)

When this key is pressed the image is displayed in reverse i.e black becomes white
and vice versa.
2. B2 – Image display mode Organic Stripping (OS+) or Inorganic Material Key

(IM):
When this key is pressed all colors are removed expect for blue. This will highlight
any inorganic materials.
3. B3 – Organic only plus (o2+) or Organic material Key (OM)

When this key is pressed, all colours are removed except for orange. This will
highlight any organic materials.
4. B4 – Black / White X – ray image (BW) or Black and White Key (B + W)

When this key is pressed, all colour information from the image is removed and black
and white image is displayed.
5. B5 – Display mode super-enhancement (SEN) or Crystal Clear Key (CC)

When this key is pressed, it brings out the details in both light and dark areas
simultaneously.
6. B6 – Image display mode with higher penetration (HIGH) or High Density Key
When this key is pressed, the presentation of high density
objects is enhanced.
7. Variation Key: It varies the currently active image display mode
8. P1: Acknowledging message /entries

Returning to parent menu
Activating a function
Accepting a proposed action
9. P2: Canceling entries and
Handout
Returning to parent menu
10. P3: Marking the suspect bag
11. Control Keys: Used for controlling the conveyor /reviewing /stop the
conveyor
12. Navigator: Used for selection of zoom function and for

selection of functions in
screen menus and windows
13. Emergency Stop Button: To quickly switch off conveyor, X-ray Generators
and Monitors
14. Power On Indicator: Shows that x-ray unit is switched on

15. Wait Indicator: Shows that x-ray unit is not ready for operation
16. Radiation Indicator: Warns of the emission of x-rays
Handout
ECIL – Rapiscan Key Board
Standard XBIS Keyboard Switches And Its Functions ECIL
Forward Key (FWD): When this key is pressed the conveyor belt will start. Any object
on the belt will proceed to the inspection tunnel for scanning.
Stop Key (STOP): When this key is pressed, the conveyor belt will halt. (Note: If this
key is pressed during scanning of an object, the belt will stop then reverse a few
centimeters. This is to ensure that when “ Forward” is selected again, no part of the object
is missing from the image.)
Reverse Key (REV): When this key is pressed, the conveyor belt will travel in the
reverse direction.
Zoom selection Keys (1 to9): The image on the screen is divided into nine segments,
each corresponding to a position on the keypad. E.g When key 1 is pressed the top left
corner of the image is selected; this area is then expanded to full screen size. If the key
held down then times four zoom mode is entered. The zoomed area is then divided into a
further nine segments, any of which can be selected and zoomed up.
Handout
Zoom Key (Zoom): This key pressed when it is required to return to a normal full size
image.
Inorganic Material Key (IM): When this key is pressed all colors are removed expect
for blue. This will highlight any inorganic materials.
Black and White Key (B + W) : When this key is pressed, all colour information from
the image is removed and black and white image is displayed.
Inverse Key (INV): When this key is pressed the image is displayed in reverse i.e black
becomes white and vice versa.
Organic material Key (OM): When this key is pressed, all colours are removed except
for orange. This will highlight any organic materials.
Crystal Clear Key (CC): When this key is pressed, it brings out the details in both light
and dark areas simultaneously.
High Density Key : When this key is pressed, the presentation of high density objects is
enhanced.
Low density Key (LOW): When this key is pressed, the presentation of less dense
objects in enhanced.
EPX key (EPX): When this pressed, square box will appear on the screen using the
tracker ball, move the box next to the object under suspension and clip the left button.
The computer will analyze the image and the potential threat item will displayed in red,
with a lightened square around it.
Menu Key (MENU): This key gives a more through description of the functions
available in the Image Processing Section of the keyboard.
Search Key (SRCH): If this key is pressed, when the bag exits the tunnel, the Search
lamp will illuminate, and a buzzer will sound. This indicates to security personal that the
bag at the exit of the tunnel needs to be searched.
Mode key (MODE): This key enables access to some of the lesser-used image
processing functions detailed below.
Handout
X-Ray Imaging / Interpretation
When an item is X-rayed, some of the X-rays pass straight through and some are
absorbed and do not come out the other side. It is the density (Atomic Weight) and
thickness of materials that determine how easily X-rays pass through them.
The lower the density of any material, the more transparent the material is to X-rays and
the lighter the image will be on security X-ray equipment.
The denser an item is, the darker the image will be. If no X-rays can penetrate an item,
because of it extreme density or thickness, it will produce a totally black image (X-ray
Opaque)
The term “X-ray Signature” refers to the patterns an item produces on the X-ray machine
monitor. An item’s X-ray signature differs in several important respects from an ordinary
photographic (optical) image. The main difference is that the X-ray image is formed as a
function of the x-rays’ absorption when passing through material, whereas a photographic
image is formed by light reflecting from an object’s surface.
So a photographic image gives information about an object’s exterior, whereas X-ray

supplies information about the composition, density and thickness of an object’s internal
structure. That’s why many objects look so different under X-ray to how they look in
reality.
The x-ray screener is faced with identifying these silhouettes, artificially coloured to
represent any of three main categories of materials:
Atomic Colour
Group Description
Number Identification
Mainly ORGANIC material containing elements
like Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Many
Group
01 – 10 ORANGE explosives (e.g C3 15 (NO3)3 nitroglycerine,
1
plastics such as acrylic material, paper, textile,
food, wood, water.
Mainly INORGANIC material like light / medium
heavy metals like Aluminum, sodium, chlorine,
Group
11 – 19 GREEN cooking salt.
2
NOTE: There is an overlapping of ORGANIC &
INORGANIC substances
Group 20 – 75 BLUE This group is composed of Heavier Metal /
3 INORGANIC substances like Steel, Zinc, Tin,
Handout
Titanium, Chromium, Iron, Nickel, Copper, Zinc,

Silver etc.
This group is of substances that cannot be
Group
>75 OPAQUE penetrated by X-ray / absorbed by the item like
4
Lead, Platinum, Bismuth, and Uranium.
Note:
Low density organic materials, such as paper, wood, clothing, foodstuffs and plastics will
show up as various shades of orange. Explosives are organic materials, so will appear as
an orange shadow - the darkness of the shadow will depend on the thickness of the
explosive material.
Explosives may not ALWAYS appear orange if they are masked by inorganic materials
- then the colour shown will be a composite of the two materials.
Denser, inorganic materials such as metals, glass, chinaware will show as green or blue.
Items with a mixture of both organic and inorganic materials will show up as green. Very
high density materials, such as lead, will show up as black. Material containing lead (e.g.
lead crystal) will also appear black, and will mask other material.
The X-ray operator should take into account the shading of the various colours as,
obviously, layers of a less dense material will show up as similar to a dense material - for
example a box of photocopying paper will appear a very dark orange, in fact almost
black.
Colors of items on X – ray Monitor
1. Wood Orange
2. Glass Green
3. Iron Blue
4. Copper Blue
5. Paper Orange
6. Clothes Orange
7. Gold Blue
8. Silver Blue
9. Lead Opaque
10. Knife Blue
11. Gun Blue
12. Book Orange
13. Plastic Orange
Handout
14. Explosive Orange

15. Zinc Blue
16. Sugar Orange
17. Salt Green
18. Leather Orange
19. Tin Blue
20. Power Source Blue
21. Liquid Orange
22. Detonator Copper-Blue, Aluminum-Green
23. Mechanism Green / Blue
Categorization of Contents
SAFE
Baggage / cargo under this category will be tagged as Security Checked and forwarded
SUSPECT
Baggage / cargo under this category will be segregated and subjected to Physical Checks
through the searcher
UNSAFE
Baggage / cargo under this category will be held back in the tunnel and reported to higher
authorities (Supervisor) and Police. Take other action in accordance with local standard
operating procedures.
Location of Generator
The image of an object depend son the placement of the object on the conveyor belt. The
placement depends on the location of the X–Ray generator. The advantages and
disadvantages are given below:
TOP DOWN BEAMER

 Advantages
Low conveyor belt
Space Saving Design
Handling of Bulky Baggage
 Disadvantages
Performance Limitation
Handout
DOWN TOP BEAMER

 Advantages
Magnification of Objects
High Performance X – ray
Space Saving Design
 Disadvantages
Conveyor belt
Handling of Bulk Baggage
SIDE BEAMER
 Advantages
Low conveyor belt
Handling of Bulky Baggage
High Performance
 Disadvantages
Machine Dimension - Consume more space
Easy access for passenger traveling with small
children
BCAS Regulations
Minimum 10% of X-ray screened baggage should, at random, be marked for physical
examination in normal conditions
In alert situation or vulnerable flights minimum 25% to 30% of X-ray screened baggage
should, at random be marked for physical examination.
Responsibilities of the official agencies operating X–Ray BIS

Each X – BIS requires to be manned by three-trained personal per shift.
Screening Officers:
The following officers (trained and certified) will be deployed when screening is taking
place:-
Load Officer -1
X-Ray Officer -1
Officers for manual hand search/ -2
Handout
Explosive detection test
At airports which have limited traffic, 1 officer may suffice for manual hand search /
explosive detection test. Load Officer may also not be required and his duty may be
performed by X-Ray Officer or the Manual Hand-Search/Explosive Detection Test
Officer, as the case may be.
The above officers shall be trained and certified screeners and shall be rotated after 20
minutes.
Duties of Load Officer:

 The load officer must be positioned at the ‘input’ end of the X-Ray machine to
enable him to observe and assist with the flow of persons proceeding through the
screening process.
 The Officer will remain alert for any person who gives cause for concern.
 The Officer will take bags, packages and other articles from each person as they
arrive for screening.
 He will ensure that
(a) Bag is placed correctly into the tunnel of X-BIS.
(b) Lift heavy baggage onto the idle rollers.
(c) Take them off the idle rollers.
(d) Assist in operating the security strapping machine.
(e) Assist the passengers in queue.
(f) Keep the X-BIS area free of left-over trolleys.
 All bags are to be placed on the conveyor belt in such a way as to create a clear
image on the X-ray monitor.
 All bags shall be removed from trolleys. The Officer will alert the X-Ray Officer
if there is any bag, which may be unusually heavy or for another reason which may
warrant particular scrutiny.
 The Officer shall not leave their duty unless relieved or until the screening point is
closed.
Duties of X-Ray Officer:

 Before commencing duty, the X-ray Officer will check the equipment (X-Ray
machine) to ensure that it is fully operational.
 The X-Ray Officer will always be in a position to study the X-Ray image and
maintain easy operation of the controls.
 The X-Ray Officer will examine the contents of each bag and its image on the
monitor.
 The X-Ray Officer will not continuously view images on the X-Ray monitor for
periods exceeding 20 minutes.
Handout
 If any unauthorized articles are present, or if there is doubt as to the contents of

the bag, the bag will be referred for manual hand search and/or explosive detection
test.
 Only when the Officer is satisfied that the baggage is free of any unauthorized
articles, he will check the bag for further processing.
 The Officer will not leave his position unless relieved or until the screening point
is closed.
Duties of Manual Hand Search/Explosive Detection Test Officers:

 One or two officers to be detailed for conducting manual hand search and /or
explosive detection test of the hold baggage on continuous random basis or when a
bag / item is not cleared by the X-Ray Officer. The X-Ray Officer will not clear the
bag in the following cases:
(a) An unauthorized articles (prohibited or dangerous items) other than
explosive device is observed on the X-Ray image or
(b) The X-Ray Officer is not satisfied as to the safety of any articles in a
hold baggage or
(c) If the contents of any hold baggage are not distinguishable on the X-
Ray image, or
(d) If at any time the X-Ray Officer considers it necessary are when
directed to do so by their Supervisor.
Two logbooks shall be maintained at each X – BIS as detailed below: -
a) X – ray BIS maintenance register – It shall contain the machine model / make
distinctive number name of manufacture purchase price and date of installation on the
first page. From second page onwards, it will contain the time and date of breakdown
nature of complaint date and time of arrival of repairer date and time when machine is set
to order . Last column will give the name and signature of official agency personnel who
accepts the machine as repaired.
b) Dangerous goods register - Details of dangerous goods detected or not permitted to be

carried or permitted to be carried in safe condition will be entered. Following particulars
Will be entered: -
1) Date and time
2) Name of pax / flight No / Aircraft
3) If weapon then details of license
4) Dangerous item detected
5) Condition of packing of dangerous goods (ammunition if loaded / batteries off (if
permitted how it was repacked)
Handout
Supervisors should regularly monitor efficiency, alertness and professional competence

of an operator on duty. Persons not up to the mark will be taken off the X- ray BIS and
shall be deployed back only after training / refresher course.
Additional documents based on requirement

 Screener rotation / Sticker consumption register
 Baggage physical check register
 Copy of certified screener’s certificate
 CTP Log Sheet
Items that may present difficulties to the X-ray Operator while Screening:
While screening the x-ray operator may come across certain items that may be difficult to
screen. This will include:
 Wrapped presents and gifts
 Children’s toys
 Crutches, canes, walking sticks
 Urns containing human remains
 Religious objects, valuable jewellery and paintings
Rules for X-Ray Operators

An X-ray Operator may carry out Hand Search of the baggage during the screening
process if:
(a) A Dark Object is noticed on the Monitor
(b) An Item seen on the screen cannot be identified.
(c) Wires on the Screen.
(d) Pale Stick like Object.
(e) Liquids in Bottles.
Typical screening point Log will contain:

 Location of screening point
 Time and date of concurrence
 Airline flight number and destination
 Details of prohibited items detected (weapon/knife)
 name of security person who detected item
 reference to property disposal form
Influence on the screening process

X ray screeners are subjected to pressures from various sources like working
environment, commercial staff, regulatory agencies, airport management and passengers
etc. Environmental factors are poor lighting: faulty lay out, poor working conditions etc
The human factors are low salary, lack of training, confidence, hostile co-workers etc.
Major factors influencing screeners are:-
Handout
Poor or no training Selection of security staff Lack of supervision

(quality)
Poor signs (person unable to Any display of aggressive Congested screening area
understand the attitude
environment)
Confused screening point Passenger pressure Air carrier pressure
layout
Pressure from seniors Protocol requirement Over expectations
Language difficulties Temporary separation from Time deadline for aircraft
earlier jobs departure
Cancellation / delay of Lack of facilities Inefficient PA system /
flights announcements
Prying eyes into personal Possible first time Fear of unknown

possessions experience of passenger
Lack of confidence Lack of experience Increased surprise checks
Known Personality / Lack of co-ordination from Non co-operation from
political influence other agencies passengers
Poor lighting Long hour of duties Insufficient motivation
Influence / acquaintances Sympathy factors Discussions
Constant announcements of
PA systems
Advantages & Disadvantages of X-Ray BIS
Advantages: Disadvantages:
Film Safe Not 100% full proof
Does not cause any hazard to food and Only trained / qualified staff can use the
drugs machine
Consignments bigger than the tunnel size
Time saving
cannot be checked
Human factor is vulnerable - Operator
Convenience to passenger
skills lost if not used regularly
Less manpower required Cost and availability of the machine
Baggage can be checked for IED/ Weapon/ Regular maintenance & calibration is
Dangerous goods without opening it required
Contents obscured by dense items - Lack of
penetration of X-rays
Complex items hard to interpret
Handout
Do’s and Don’ts for X Ray Operators

Although x ray machines may very in type and manufacture, there are common safety
precautions to be taken before operating any x ray equipment. X ray equipment
manufactures give certain safety rules. A list of Do’s and Don’ts is given below:-
Do’s for Screeners

 Always Switch ON and OFF the x ray machine using the key switch only. When
the key switch is ON the UPS inside the X ray machine is also ON.
 Ensure that no person puts a hand or any part of the body into the inspection
tunnel while the X ray unit is activated.
 Ensure that baggage or freight items do not pile up or stack inside or at the end of
the inspection tunnel. A gap of 30 cm from one bag to another is recommended.
 Use the emergency stop switches to shut down the x ray machine incase of
emergency.
 Keep away open containers with liquids or any other non-solid materials as well
as dirty objects from all parts of the x ray unit and from the feed and discharge
conveyors. Containers with liquids or non-solid materials may only be scanned after
having been put into appropriate plastic containers.
 If liquid are spilled on the belt or inside the unit, remove the power or shut down
the x ray machine immediately.
 Check the lead curtains closing the input and output of the inspection tunnel for
tears and missing segments
 Check the conveyors of your x ray unit for damages and dirt as well as for items
caught in the conveyors.
Don’ts for Screeners

 Do not look into the laser beam of the bar code scanner, which is available as an
accessory, and do not point the beam at other persons.
 Do not sit or stand on the conveyor, even when the system is switched off.
 Do not touch the conveyor belt when the system is in operation.
 Do not keep the baggage on the conveyor belt of the x ray machine with force or
push the baggage into the x ray tunnel.
 Don’t keep any unwanted items (tea, liquid or eatable etc) near the keyboard, or
on the machine.
 Do not allow passenger to insert the baggage bigger than the prescribed size
inside the X ray tunnel.
 Do not paste any paper or put rubber stamp on the panels or cover of x ray
machine. This makes the look untidy.
 Do not cover the verification openings of the x ray unit and the monitors.
Handout
Combined Test Piece (CTP)
CTP is a Combined Test Piece used to check serviceability of the X-ray Baggage
Inspection System by the operator and ensure suitable image is obtained.
CTP is to be used as a quick routine test carried out daily to ensure that equipment is
working properly and satisfactory image is obtained as per the minimum specifications
given by the Regulatory Authority. The results of the test should be recorded.
Combined Test Piece (CTP) Tests
Handout
Single wire resolution test A set of un-insulated copper wires of size 26 SWG, 30
SWG, 35 SWG, 38 SWG, 40 SWG and 42 SWG are placed
on the Perspex sheet. The wires are laid out in ‘S’ shaped
curves. The wires are placed behind varying thickness of
aluminum.
Un-insulated copper wire of 40 SWG should be seen not
covered by any step wedge.
Objective is to detect connectivity
Useful Penetration test This test defines what level of details can be seen behind a
thickness of known material.
26 SWG should be displayed under the second step
wedge.
Objective is to detect hidden connectivity
Material Discrimination test The X-ray should be able to distinguish between

materials of
(Multi Energy Test) different atomic number.
The sugar should be seen in orange colour and salt in
green.
Objective is to ensure that the XBIS distinguishes
between organic and in-organic materials even if the
object / item are similar in colour and the atomic
numbers are close.
Simple penetration test This test defines what thickness of steel the machine should
be able to penetrate. The CTP has steps of 2 mm ranging
from 16 mm to 32 mm.
Lead strip should be visible beneath 26 mm steel.
The objective is to check the penetration level of X-ray
on Steel Step wedge
Spatial resolution test The test defines the ability of the system to distinguish and
display objects, which are close together. The CTP has 16
copper gratings at right angles to each other.
The vertical and horizontal gratings should be seen.
The objective is to identify two objects kept close
together.
Thin Metal Imaging Steel step wedges should be provided in the CTP, the size
of each
Handout
(Grey scale test) should be 3 cm (Length) X 1 cm (Width) X thickness is

mm as under – 0.0, 0.1, 0.2… 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.9, 2.3,
2.7, 3.2, 3.8, 4.8, 6.3 and 9
The requirement is to image steel 0.1 mm thick.
The objective is to check the penetration level of X-ray
on a thinnest part of object or material.
GOLDEN PRINCIPLE:-
DENSER THE OBJECT DARKER THE IMAGE. THINER IS THE OBJECT

LIGHTER IS THE IMAGE.
Method of Use
The CTP is used for a quick routine of XBIS check carried out daily. It should be placed
on the belt depending on the X-ray source and detector arrangement. The details shown
on screen should be recorded giving information like date, time, machine number and
type supervisors name and other remarks.
The CTP may be viewed by using image-enhancing facility till the operator is satisfied
that the machine is working properly.
Supervisory staff should do the CTP test at least once in a week. The records should be
maintained for 01 year.
Handout
Threat Image Projection
Introduction
Threat image projection is a computer software programme installed on modern X-ray
machines. The programme projects realistic / fictional images of threat articles (e.g. gun,
knife, improvised explosive devices.) within the X-ray image of a real bag under
examination.
The operator’s task as with real threats is to detect these threat images whenever they
occur. To indicate that a threat image has been detected, the appropriate button on the
control panel is pressed. The system provides immediate feedback to the operator on the
accuracy of individual performance to be built up over time.
There are no cues available to the operator to indicate that it is fictional either before it is
presented or while being presented. The presentation of these images will be frequent but
unpredictable.
The Benefits of TIP are:-

 Screeners receive increased exposure- to images of threat items especially
rarely seen threat items such as improvised explosive devices.
 Immediate feedback- on the accuracy of response, i.e. hit, miss, and false alarm.
 Increased alertness- as screeners will be aware that images will be presented but
not when they will be presented.
 Increased motivation- of screeners.
 Tailored training for screeners- It is a specific training for a specific Trainee to

specific need in area where he is weak in detection.
 Supervisory Feedback- supervisor can access his screener if he requires more

training or not.
Feedback Report:
By means of the TIP system, complete X-ray image of fictitious baggage items
containing threat objects are automatically projected, at arbitrary intervals, among the
images of real baggage items. The feedback will come automatically on the screen as
under:-
Handout
HIT / Detected Objects – Green Colour
Ok you have correctly identified a fictional GUNS threat!
Pl Check the bag to make sure there are no real threat!
Ok You have correctly identified a fictional

Missed objects BOMB threat!!
Pl In this case both the threat and the bag are not real threats!
Missed Objects – Red Colour
Ok you did not identify a fictional GUNS threat!
Pl Check the bag to make sure there are no real threats!
Ok You did not identify a fictional BOMB threat!
Pl In this case both the threat and bag are not real!
False Alarm /Aborted projections – Yellow Colour
Ok A fictional GUNS threat was cancelled!
Pl Check the bag to make sure there are no real threats!
Ok A fictional BOMBS threat was cancelled!
Pl In this cancelled image both the threat and the bag were not real!
Handout
Chapter 4
Explosives & Recognition of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs)
Introduction:
Airports and airlines are soft targets for terrorist attacks. Any sabotage / explosion at
airports or in aircraft shatter public confidence in the State machinery. Such
acts have high news-value and the terrorist group gains publicity with very
low investment. 11 September 2001 incidence has opened new chapter in
aviation history where fuel-laden aircraft has been used as a weapon of
mass destruction. The Colombo incident on 24th July 2001 exposed the
weakness in perimeter security system.
A bomber has all the advantages. He can choose the time, target, territory, means of
placements and almost infinite variety of IEDs. An IED is designed to explode the way
the bomber wants to have it. He can incorporate a delay from 5 minutes to 194 days,
which enables him to be miles away, continent away, months away before the actual
explosion occurs. An IED can be planted during the day and it will explode when
darkness set in and vice versa. It is difficult to track down the Bomber in many bomb
explosions.
The threats to civil aviation are from passengers, their hand/checked baggage, employees,
airline service personnel, contractors’ employees, cargo, courier, mail, transfer baggage,
perimeter etc. The X-ray screeners have very important role in detection of explosives.
An Irish pregnant lady Ms Anne Murphy Marie on 17 th April 1989 tried to board an
Israeli aircraft with 1.48 Kg. of plastic explosive cleverly concealed at false bottom of her
bag Detonator was placed in a commodore calculator with 58 gm of plastic explosive. A
passenger, Richard Reid was overpowered while he was igniting a shoe bomb flight from
Paris to Miami on 22 Dec 2001,
Explosives are chemical compounds or mixtures which on application of an external

stimulus such as heat, shock, friction or ignition undergo a dramatic chemical
decomposition. At the most basic level, an explosive is just something that burns or
decomposes very quickly, producing a lot of heat and gas in a short amount of time.
Handout
This chemical reaction results in a sudden release of large amounts of energy. When high
explosives detonate, they release gases 12,000 to 15,000 times greater than their original
volume and temperatures of 3000 to 4000 degrees centigrade.
The gas expands faster than the speed of sound and generates a powerful shock wave.
The pressure can push pieces of solid material outward at great speed, causing them to hit
people or structures with a devastating effect
As far as explosives detection is concerned, most modern high explosives fall into several
groups:
 Nitro-glycerin based. Nitro-glycerin based explosives consist of mixtures of the
liquid explosives nitro-glycerin (NG) and ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) with solid
materials such as wood pulp which reduce the sensitivity of the explosives to shock.
Because they have a long history of industrial use they are often called “commercial
explosives”. Trade or generic names for Nitroglycerine explosives include
“Dynamite”, “Gelignite”, “Blasting Gelatin”, “Special Gel” and “Frangex”, and
usually come as paper-wrapped sticks.
 TNT based. TNT (trinitrotoluene) is a hard, yellowish white solid that can easily be
melted and cast. For this reason it has long been used to fill bombs and shells. It may
be mixed with other explosives which are not castable but more powerful. TNT is
sometimes found as blocks and is often supplied in the form of flakes. Terrorists have
sometimes disguised TNT by casting it into ornaments and decoratively painting
them.
 Plastic explosives. Plastic explosives are usually mixtures of the powerful explosives
RDX (cyclonite or hexogen) or PETN (pentaerithritol tetra nitrate) with oil or grease,
making a puttylike material. Plastic explosives are easily moulded into any shape and
have many military and industrial uses. They are commonly used by terrorists. It is
well known that a few hundred grams of plastic explosives can destroy an airliner.
“C4”, “PE4” and “Semtex H” are well known plastic explosives.
 Fuel/oxidant mixtures. Fuel/oxidant mixtures comprise something that burns, such

as oil, and an oxygen-containing chemical which liberates oxygen quickly on heating,
such as ammonium nitrate. Many fuels (sugar, charcoal, sulphur and powdered
aluminium to name but a few) and many oxidants (most inorganic nitrates, chlorates,
perchlorates and permanganates) will work. Mixtures of almost any fuel with any
oxidant will produce either a pyrotechnic or high explosive effect.
Most modern commercial explosives are fuel/oxidant mixtures. ANFO (ammonium

nitrate and fuel oil) and “Power gel” are examples. Some contain water and are known as
“slurries”, “gels” and “emulsions”. They often come packed in sausage-like plastic tubes.
Handout
Since many oxidants are common industrial or agricultural chemicals, terrorists often
produce their own fuel/oxidant mixtures, sometimes using them in large quantities. These
are often fuel/oxidant mixtures or mixtures of Nitroglycerine with nitro-cellulose. They
may be used to propel munitions, to produce a blast effect if confined, in rockets, and for
their illuminating properties in flares.
S.
Explosive Colour Physical Form
No
1 RDX White Crystalline
2 PETN White Crystalline
3 Sheet Expl White Flexible
4 C–4 White Plastic/Puttylike substances
5 TNT Pale Yellow Block (Brick Shaped)
6 PEK Yellow Cartridge/plastic mass
7 Tetryl/CE Yellow Granular/Powder

Chocolate / White /
8 Cordtex Cord
Orange
9 LTPE Black Flexible/cartridge
10 Semtex Black/orange Slurry
11 Gun powder Black Granular
Pyrotechnic
S.No Explosive Colour Physical Form
1 Safety Fuse Dirty black Yarn/jute bounded
Handout
Commercial Explosives
1 Gelatin Yellow Stick
2 Dynamites Yellow Cartridge wrapped in paper
3 ANFO Greenish Slurry with white crystal of AN
WHAT IS AN IED
An IED is the explosive device designed, fabricated, placed and activated with an
intention of causing injury/death or to create panic and chaos amongst public or to cause
intensive damage to property.
These IED could be of any size and shape. They could be manufactured in any innocuous
objects such as brief case, suitcase, Tiffin carrier, sweet packet, gift item, Radio, Laptop
computer, TV, VCR, Telephone, Cycle, Scooter, Car, Vehicle etc. It may be operated
electrically or mechanically and designed to explode while handling or by use of any
delay mechanism or remote control etc.
A standard IED mechanism consists of: -

(a) Explosives
(b) Detonator
(c) Power source
(d) Switches (Bomb Initiating Mechanism)
Explosive Device Components
Handout
Effects of Explosion
You would have seen that a number of people are killed immediately after an explosion.
Explosion resulted in loss of lives and severe damage to the property. The major effects
of explosions are: -
a) Blast over pressure High pressure may generate up to 40, 00,000 PSI.
(250lbs pressure is required to damage the lungs.)
Velocity of Detonation - 25,000 KMPH.
(50lbs pressure will damage ear drums).
b) Fragmentation Speed of fragment may be up to 6000 KMPH.
c) Thermal effect Temperature 3000 – 4000 0 C
d) Translation Bodies are lifted up to 30 to 60 Feet and thrown

hundred of meters away.
e) Earth and water shock Damage takes place miles away.
Handout
f) Secondary effects Fire, Damage to Building/crack
(i) Explosives
Most commonly used explosives by terrorists today are RDX, TNT, PETN, SEMTEX,
C4, Dynamite, gelatine, sheet explosive, flex-x etc. Terrorist may manufacture / prepare
improvised explosive at home or laboratories such as Chlorate mixture, ANFO, fire
cracker mixture etc. It is not necessary that explosives have to be smuggled or stolen
from legitimate manufacturers or suppliers. The improvised explosive could be
manufactured even from urine, aspirin tablets, weed killers, insecticides, napalm etc.
(ii) Detonator
There are various devices used for initiating

explosives and connecting charges. These include
detonators, fuses and shock tube. A detonator is a
small cylinder containing an initiating explosive
and, usually, a “booster” charge of high explosive.
It is used to initiate the detonation of high
explosives. In blasting and demolition, the
detonator is normally stored separately from the
high explosives and inserted only when the charges
are placed and the area is evacuated.
 Non Electric detonators are open at one end. A fuse is inserted into the open end and
the spark from the fuse impinges on the initiating explosive and fires the detonator. The
plain detonator is sometimes used with percussion caps and other devices which can
produce a flame. This is half filled and half empty for inserting safety fuse.
 Electricdetonators have wires emerging at one end. They are fired by passing an
electric current through the wires. In legitimate use this current is provided by a hand-
held device called an exploder. In terrorist and criminal use, a battery together with an
improvised electrical delay circuit (timer and power unit or TPU) is commonly used
to fire the detonator.
(iii) Power Sources
Power sources of bomb could be from normal batteries such as

1.5V, pencil and torch cells, 6V, 9V etc. There are flat batteries,
Handout
which can be used for letter bombs. Latest batteries manufactured in pure plastic
containers, which are difficult to view in x-ray machine.
(iv) IED Initiating Mechanism

There are four types of IED mechanism swichtes
(a) ANTI HANDLING

(b) DELAYED
(c) AMBIENT CONDITION
(d) REMOTE CONTROL
Anti Handling Bombs

Many bombs are targeted at innocent people, security agencies or bomb technician in
such a way that when it is inadvertently removed, lifted or opened it may explode. It is
generally made of anti-handling switches and these bombs are too dangerous to handle.
They rely on concealment or disguise. During war, mines and grenades are strapped on
the bodies of dogs to destroy the enemy concentration of tanks. The anti-handling
switches area also meant to eliminate unsuspecting target. Anti-handling switches may
vary from small micro switch to improvised switch such as cloth-peg or loop made from
normal electrical wire. Inadvertent or careless handling will certainly activate the bomb
causing serious damage to the target. The anti-handling switch may employ any one or
combination of the principles. It is more sort of booby-traps to kill or main the
unsuspecting targets.
Delayed Bombs
The delayed bombs may have a delay varying from 5 minutes to 5000 hours today. For
earlier days, delay was achieved by normal clockwork mechanism like watch or
timepiece. Today, many sophisticated timer mechanism are available in the market. Delay
can also be used by chemicals cleverly concealed in ordinary objects and these chemicals
when come in contact with Improvised explosives causes fire or explosion. Chemicals
such as sulphuric acid, cupric chloride, nitric acid slowly seats away the metal, the
breaking of metallic wire will trigger the firing mechanism. The training of Bomb
Technician in construction, function and operating principle is absolutely essential for
efficient bomb disposal operations.
E.g. Clock Work; Electronic Timer; ABCD /PTD Timer; Thermal; Material Fatigue;
Chemical; Collapsing Circuit; Electro Chemical; Water Drip; Water Add; Expanding
Seeds; Pyrotechnics.
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Ambient Condition Switches

The triggering mechanism is activated by environmental factors such as gas, smoke
acoustic, barometric, humidity, proximity etc. A bomb may be planted during the day and
activate the same when darkness sets in or by the principle of difference in pressure
variation. The sound from small bomb can be used to activate a bigger bomb. There is a
tendency among the public to crowd near a suspected bomb, the very proximity to noise
created by curious on lookers or security people will activate the bomb.
Whenever a suspected object is located, crowding of public near the bomb must be
prevented and the area evacuated immediately.
E.g. Proximity; Gases/ Smoke Sensitive; Barometric/ Humidity; Transient Sensitive; X-
Ray Sensitive; Infrared Sensitive; Metal Sensitive; Acoustic Sensors; Light/Dark
Sensitive.
Remote Control Bomb

Normal remote control bombs are activated by transmission of electromagnetic waves.
Remote bombs will have a transmitter with the bomber and receiver at the target with
explosive. The range of radio control device depends on line of sight and power of
transmitter. Range from 10mtr to 1000mtrs is very common. A remote control bomb
assassinated Lord Mount batten.
Another method of remote explosion is by means of a wire connecting from bomber to

the intended target. Such command wire bomb can be easily activated up to a distance of
one KM. The terrorists had used these bombs in Punjab and Andhra Pradesh very
frequently.
E.g. Radio Control; Fm Transmission; Command Wire; Post Office System; Infra-Red
Beam; Laser; Cell Phone; Pager; PC IED; Sat Phones.
Recognition Explosives
S.
Explosive Colour Physical form
No.
1 TNT Pale Yellow Flex Per/block
2 RDX White Crystalline
3 PETN White Crystalline
4 PEK Yellow Cartridge/plastic mass
5 LTPE Black Flexible
6 Semtex Black/orange Slurry
7 Tetryl Yellow Granular/Powder
8 Sheet Expl White Flexible
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9 C–4 White Plastic / Putty like substance

10 Cordtex Chocolate & White Cord
11 Gun powder Black Granular
Pyrotechnic
12 Safety Fuse Dirty black Yarn/jute bounded
Civil Explosives
13 Gelatin Yellow Stick
14 Dynamites Yellow Cartridge wrapped in paper
Ammonium Nitrate Slurry with white crystal of
15 Greenish
Fuel Oil Ammonium Nitrate
16 Weed Killer Bitter Taste
Differences between low explosive and high explosive
LOW EXPLOSIVES HIGH EXPPLOSIVES

It burns It explodes
It does not require detonator It requires detonator
Magnitude of destruction is less Magnitude of destruction is more
Not safe to handle Safe to handle
Not safe to store Safe to store
Needs confinement to explode Does not need confinement to explode
More Hygroscopic Less Hygroscopic
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IED AND IID:

IED IID
Four components (Explosives , detonator , Three components (Low Explosives , Initiator
power source and switch) and Incendiary material)
It require detonator It does not requires detonator
Magnitude of destruction is more Magnitude of destruction is less
Requires triggering mechanism Required ignition mechanism
Difference between Improvised explosive device and Bomb.

BOMB IED
Service Explosives Improvised Explosives
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Made by approved ordinance factory Made by Terrorist

Standard mechanism used Improvised mechanism used
Used by Army & Security forces (SFS) for safety Used by terrorist to kill innocent public &
& security of the country create terror in public
Very difficult to diffuse as mechanism is
Can be diffused easily as mechanism is known
not known.
Places and Methods of Concealment:
Places of Concealment: The places of concealment are usually:

 On the person or in clothing;
 In vehicles;
 In carry-on baggage; and
 In checked baggage.
 On aircraft
 In cargo
Weapons and devices used in the past have also been disguised, dismantled and
camouflaged.
Methods of Concealment (Disguised and concealed explosives):
In order to overcome the security problems of transporting explosives across frontiers,

terrorists have adopted various methods and techniques for disguising and concealing
such materials so that they appear as innocent example.
 Small pieces (approx 50 g) of blasting gelatin (nitroglycerin based) explosives
embedded with pistachio and other nuts covered with icing sugar and wrapped in
cellophane to give the appearance of Arab sweetmeat
 TNT cast into shapes such as dolls heads, animals, wall plaques etc
 Concealed explosives and IEDs: Explosives concealed in shaving cream tubes, liquid
explosives hidden in bottles to look like whisky or wine.
 Explosives concealed within a birthday cake
 Plain detonators with a short length of safety fuse attached, concealed inside felt tip
pens (The ink cartridges having been removed)
 Detonators concealed inside cigarettes, in the soles or heels of shoes and in the
handler of a suitcase
 IEDs built into luggage in a manner that detection by x-ray is made more difficult by
explosive and components being concealed behind the lining of the case.
 Grenades (and weapons) concealed in wine bottles
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Latest Order on Regarding Items Banned For Carriage In Hand Baggage On Board
Flights Operating From Civil India Airports and Indian Registered Aircraft From
Foreign Airports
NOTE: The above list is not exhaustive but indicative of items, which can endanger civil
aviation security.
EXTRACT ON AVSEC ORDER NO. 5/2005 Date : 07.6.2005
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(i) The items mentioned in Annexure-I are banned for carriage on person or in cabin
baggage (carry-on baggage) by a passenger on board the flight operating from
Civil Indian Airports and Indian registered aircrafts operating from foreign
airports;
(ii) Some of the items in Annexure-I are authorized for carriage in registered
(checked) baggage by a passenger on board the flight operating from civil Indian
airports; and Indian registered aircrafts operating from foreign airports. Details of
the items which are authorized in cabin (carry-on) baggage and in registered
(checked) baggage are given in Annexure-II.
(iii) The above mentioned are only indicative lists of items. Common sense,
however, shall prevail in assessing whether an object can be used as a weapon for
committing any act of unlawful interference with civil aviation operations.
(iv) A board indicating the list of items authorized for carriage in cabin baggage and
in registered baggage (Annexure-II) may be displayed in Hindi / English at entry
point
of the airports by Airport operators. Airlines may also publish the list of above
items on the jacket of Air Ticket for prior information of passengers.
(v) It is clarified that this AVSEC Order does not supersedes BCAS Circular No.
14/2005 dated 15.4.05 relating to carriage of Kirpan by Sikh passengers in
domestic flights.
(vi) This supersedes AVSEC Order No. 2/2003 dated 20-01-03; and shall remain in
force till further order.
ANNEXURE – I
Items that are banned for carriage on person/hand baggage on board flights operating
from civil airports in India; and Indian Registered aircrafts from foreign airports :
S. No. Description
Personal Items
1 Lighters
2 Scissors-metal with pointed tips
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3 Realistic replica of toy weapon

Sharp Objects
4 Box Cutters
5 Ice Axes/ Ice Picks
6 Knives (any length and type except round-bladed, butter, and plastic cutlery)
7 Meat Cleavers
8 Razor-Type Blades such as box cutters, utility knives, razor blades not in a
cartridge, but excluding safety razors
9 Sabers
10 Scissors – metal with pointed tips
11 Sword
Sporting Goods
12 Baseball Bats
13 Bows and Arrows
14 Cricket Bats
15 Golf Clubs
16 Hockey Sticks
17 Lacrosse Sticks
18 Pool Cues
19 Ski Poles
20 Spear Guns
Guns and Firearms
21 Ammunition
22 BB guns
23 Compressed Air Guns
24 Firearms
25 Flare Guns
26 Gun Lighters
27 Gun Powder
28 Parts of Guns and Firearms
29 Pellet Guns
30 Realistic Replicas of Firearms
31 Starter pistols
Tools
32 Axes and hatchets
33 Cattle Prods
34 Crowbars
35 Hammers
36 Drills (including cordless portables power drills)
37 Saws (including cordless portable power saws)
38 Screwdrivers (except those in eyeglass repair kits)
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39 Tools (including but not limited to wrenches and pliers)

40 Wrenches and Pliers
Martial Arts / Self Defense Items
41 Billy Clubs
42 Black Jacks
43 Brass Knuckles
44 Kubatons
45 Mace/ Pepper Spray
46 Martial Arts Weapons
47 Night Sticks
48 Nunchakus
49 Martial Arts/ Self Defense Items
50 Stun Guns/ Shocking Devices
51 Throwing Stars
Explosive Materials
52 Blasting Caps
53 Dynamite
54 Fireworks
55 Flares (in any form)
56 Hand Grenades
57 Plastic Explosives
58 Realistic Replicas of Explosives
Flammable items
59 Aerosol (any except for personal care or toiletries in limited quantities)
60 Fuels (Including cooking fuels and any flammable liquid fuel)
61 Gasoline
62 Gas Torches
63 Lighter Fluid
64 Strike-anywhere Matches
65 Turpentine and paint Thinner
66 Realistic Replicas of Incendiaries
Disabling Chemicals and other Dangerous Items
67 Chlorine for Pools and Spas
68 Compressed Gas Cylinders (including fire extinguishers)
69 Liquid Bleach
70 Spillable Batteries (except those in wheelchairs)
71 Spray Paint
72 Tear Gas
Handout
ANNEXURE-II
S.N Can I take it Carry on Checked

1. Personal Items
2. Cigar Cutters Yes Yes
3. Corkscrews Yes Yes
4. Cuticle Cutters Yes Yes
5. Eyeglass Repair Tools (including screwdrivers) Yes Yes
6. Eyelash Curlers Yes Yes
7. Knitting and Crochet Needles Yes Yes
8. Knives ( round bladed butter or plastic) Yes Yes
9. Lighters No No
10. Strike anywhere matches No No
11. Nail Clippers Yes Yes
12. Nail Files Yes Yes
13. Personal care or toiletries with aerosols, in limited Yes Yes
quantities (such as hairsprays, deodorants)
14. Safety Razors (including disposable razors) Yes Yes
15. Scissors-plastic or metal with blunt tips Yes Yes
16. Scissors-metal with pointed tips No Yes
17. Toy Transformer Robots Yes Yes
18. Toy Weapons (if not realistic replicas) Yes Yes
19. Tweezers Yes Yes
20. Umbrellas (allowed in carry-on baggage once they Yes Yes
have been inspected to ensure that prohibited items
are not concealed)
21. Walking Canes (allowed in carry-on baggage once Yes Yes
they have been inspected to ensure that prohibited
items are not concealed)
22. Medication and Special Needs Devices
23. Braille Note-Taker, Slate and Stylus, Augmentation Yes Yes
Devices
24. Diabetes-Related Supplies/ Equipment, (once Yes Yes
inspected to ensure prohibited items are not
concealed) including: insulin and insulin loaded
dispensing products; vials or box of individual vials;
jet injectors; pens; infusers; and preloaded syringes;
and an unlimited number of unused syringes, when
accompanied by insulin; lancets;.
25. blood glucose meters; blood glucose meter test strips;
insulin pumps; and insulin pump supplies. Insulin in
any form or dispenser must be properly marked with
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a professionally printed label identifying the

medication or manufacturer’s name or
pharmaceutical label
26. Nitroglycerine pills or spray for medical use (if Yes Yes
properly marked with a professionally printed label
identifying the medication or manufacturer’s name or
pharmaceutical label)
27. Prosthetic Device Tools and Appliances including Yes Yes
drill, Allen wrenches, pull sleeves used to put on or
remove prosthetic devices, if carried by the individual
with the prosthetic device or his or her companion.
28. Electronics Devices
29. Camcorders Yes Yes
30. Camera Equipment Yes Yes
The checked baggage screening equipment will
damage undeveloped film in camera equipment. We
recommend that you either put undeveloped film and
cameras containing undeveloped film in your carry-
on baggage or take undeveloped film with you to the
checkpoint and ask the screener to conduct a hand-
inspection.
31. Laptop Computers Yes Yes
32. Mobile Phones Yes Yes
33. Pagers Yes Yes
34. Personal Data Assistants (PDA’s) Yes Yes
35. Note: Check with your airline or travel agent for
restrictions on the use of these and other electronic
items during your flight.
36. Sharp Objects
37. Box Cutters No Yes
38. Ice Axes/ Ice Picks No Yes
39. Knives (any length and type except round-bladed, No Yes
butter, and plastic cutlery)
40. Meat Cleavers No Yes
41. Razor-Type Blades such as box cutters, utility knives, No Yes
razor blades not in a cartridge, but excluding safety
razors
42. Sabers No Yes
43. Scissors – metal with pointed tips No Yes
(Scissors with plastic or metal blunt tips are permitted
in your carry-on.)
44. Sword No Yes
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Note: Any sharp objects in checked baggage should

be sheathed or securely wrapped to prevent injury to
baggage handlers and inspectors.
45. Sporting Goods
46. Baseball Bats No Yes
47. Bows and Arrows No Yes
48. Cricket Bats No Yes
49. Golf Clubs No Yes
50. Hockey Sticks No Yes
51. Lacrosse Sticks No Yes
52. Pool Cues No Yes
53. Ski Poles No Yes
54. Spear Guns No Yes
Note: any sharp objects in checked baggage should
baggage handlers and security screeners
55. Guns and Firearms
56. Ammunition No Yes
(Check with your airline or travel agent to see if
ammunition is permitted in checked baggage on the
airlines you are flying. If ammunition is permitted, it
must be declared to the airline at check-in. Small
arms ammunitions for personal use must be securely
packed in fiber, wood or metal boxes, or other
packaging specifically designed to carry small
amounts of ammunition. Ask about limitations or
fees, if any, that apply)
57. BB guns No Yes
58. Compressed Air Guns No Yes
59. Firearms No Yes
60. Flare Guns No No
61. Gun Lighters No No
62. Gun Powder No No
63. Parts of Guns and Firearms No Yes
64. Pellet Guns No Yes
65. Realistic Replicas of Firearms No Yes
66. Starter pistols No Yes
Note: Check with your airline or travel agent to see if
firearms are permitted in checked baggage on the
airline you are flying. Ask about limitations or fees, if
any, that apply. Firearms carried as checked baggage
MUST be unloaded, packed in a locked hard-sided
Handout
gun case, and declared to the airline at check-in. Only

you, the passenger, may have the key or combination.
67. Tools
68. Axes and hatchets No Yes
69. Cattle Prods No Yes
70. Crowbars No Yes
71. Hammers No Yes
72. Drills (including cordless portables power drills) No Yes
73. Saws (including cordless portable power saws) No Yes
74. Screwdrivers (except those in eyeglass repair kits) No Yes
75. Tools (including but not limited to wrenches and No Yes
pliers)
76. Wrenches and Pliers No Yes
baggage handlers and security screeners
77. Martial Arts/ Self Defense Items
78. Billy Clubs No Yes
79. Black Jacks No Yes
80. Brass Knuckles No Yes
81. Kubatons No Yes
82. Mace/ Pepper Spray No Yes
One 118 ml or 4 fl. Oz. Container of mace or pepper
spray is permitted in checked baggage provided it is
equipped with a safety mechanism to prevent
accidental discharge. For more information on these
and other hazardous materials, please consult your
airline.
83. Martial Arts Weapons No Yes
84. Night Sticks No Yes
85. Nunchakus No Yes
86. Stun Guns/ Shocking Devices No Yes
87. Throwing Stars No Yes
baggage handlers and screeners.
88. Explosive Materials
89. Blasting Caps No No
90. Dynamite No No
91. Fireworks No No
92. Flares (in any form) No No
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93. Hand Grenades No No

94. Plastic Explosives No No
95. Realistic Replicas of Explosives No No
96. Flammable items
97. Aerosol (Any except for personal care or toiletries in No No
limited quantities)
98. Fuels (Including cooking fuels and any flammable No No
liquid fuel)
99. Gasoline No No
100. Gas Torches No No
101. Lighter Fluid No No
102. Strike-anywhere Matches No No
103. Turpentine and paint Thinner No No
104. Realistic Replicas of Incendiaries No No
105. Disabling Chemicals and other Dangerous Items
106. Chlorine for Pools and Spas No No
107. Compressed Gas Cylinders (including fire No No
extinguishers)
108. Liquid Bleach No No
109. Spill able Batteries (except those in wheelchairs) No No
110. Spray Paint No No
111. Tear Gas No No
Comparison chart of Items for Carriage on International and Domestic Flights:
SL Domesti
Articles International Remarks
No. c
1 Kirpan Yes No
 Maximum 5 Liters in a
registered baggage in
retain packaging.
 Permissible as in hand
baggage on International
2 Alcohol Yes Yes
Flights (Maximum 2
Liters)
 Not allowed in hand
baggage in Domestic
Flights.
3 Safety Matches No No
4 Lighter with No No
Handout
liquefied Gas.
Spillable Reference IATA DGR Manual
5 Yes Yes
Battery Table 2.3A
Procedures regarding the carriage of liquid items/gels/pastes or items of similar

consistency (CIRCULAR 18/2006):
(i) No passenger boarding an aircraft will be allowed to carry in his hand baggage or on his
person liquid items/gels/pastes or items of similar consistency, except medicines/inhalers
accompanied by prescriptions as well as baby food;
(ii) A passenger boarding an aircraft shall, however, be allowed to carry separately, in

small quantities required for the duration of journey, liquid items/gels/pastes or items of
similar consistency in one clear transparent reseal able one liter size plastic bag. Each
item should, however, not exceed 100 ml in quantity. The contents of the plastic bag must
fit comfortably within it and will be subjected to prescribed screening and security checks
in addition to the passengers carry on baggage;
(iii) Liquids/gels/aerosols will include beverages, shampoos, suntan lotions, creams,

toothpastes, hair gels, hair sprays and other items of similar consistency;
(iv) Flight crew/cabin crew members in uniform are exempt from the prohibition of
carrying on board liquids/gels/aerosols. They will, however, carry such items in small
quantities required for their itinerary;
(v) Aircraft operators will provide wide publicity to the above instructions and advise
passengers to declare at the security check points items carried in conformity with
instructions at (ii) above.
2. Existing instructions, already in force, restricting the carriage of only one hand
baggage of the prescribed dimensions (besides the one liter size plastic bag mentioned at
(ii) above) on board an aircraft, shall continue.
3. The above instructions shall be implemented with immediate effect.
Procedures for carriage of Duty Free items by departing passengers on
Handout
board the aircraft at airports in India (CIRCULAR NO. 15/2006)..
In partial modification of this Bureau Circular No. 14/2006 dated 11.8.2006 (prohibiting
carriage by passengers in cabin baggage or on person of liquid items/ gel/paste or items
of similar consistency except medicine/ inhaler accompanied by prescription and baby
food), the following procedures for carriage of duty free items purchased from duty free
shops at airports in India shall be followed with effect from 1st September, 2006 :-
1. Security Procedures for the duty free shops located outside security hold area.
(i) Duty free items shall be sold under proper cash receipt incorporating the
name of the passenger and his seat no./ name of Air Carrier
(ii) The items will, however, not be handed over to the passenger at the Duty Free
Shop.
(iii) The items shall be kept in a uniquely identifiable bag (bearing the name of the Duty
Free Shop alongwith the following inscription “Duty Free Items”). The cash receipt will
be attached to the bag.
(iv) It shall thereafter be the responsibility of the owner of the Duty Free Shop to get the
bag (containing the duty free items sold to a passenger) checked at the security check
points before entry to the SHA and have these delivered to the concerned passenger at the
gate of the aircraft.
(v) The owner of the duty free shop shall be liable to ensure that no prohibited/ dangerous
goods are kept and sold at the duty free shop which may be used to commit unlawful
interference.
(vi) It shall also be the liability of the owner of the duty free shop to ensure that security
vetted employees on his rolls are used for delivering duty free items to passengers at the
gate of the aircraft.
(vii) Screeners of CISF/ State/ UT Police shall be responsible for carrying out thorough
checks of the duty free bags through X-ray BIS/ physically as well to ensure that the bags
do not contain any dangerous goods so as to preclude any possibility of unlawful
interference with civil aviation operations.
2. Security Procedures for duty free shops which are located in the security hold
area.
(i) The instructions mentioned in para 1 above shall be followed.
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(ii) However, in order to ensure that the items sold by duty free shops located in the
Security Hold Area do not contain any dangerous goods , the following procedures shall
be observed:
(a) All items shall be subjected to thorough security checks at the time of induction. It
shall thereafter be the responsibility of the owner of the Duty Free Shop to ensure a
secure environment for his operations to preclude any unauthorized intervention at his
premises.
(b) It shall also be the responsibility of the owner of duty free shop to carry out daily anti-
sabotage checks of the shop to ensure that there are no dangerous goods in the shop to
preclude possibility of unlawful interference with civil aviation operations.
***
Handout
Chapter 5
Security Control measures-Registered Bag
Security control measures for Accompanied Hold baggage:

(Extracts from CIRCULAR No. NO- 34 /2005 Dated: 22.8.2005 and AVSEC order
05/09)
Policy
In order to prevent weapons, explosives or any other dangerous devices which may be
used to commit an act of unlawful interference with aviation, the carriage or bearing of
which is not authorized, from being introduced by any means whatsoever onto an aircraft
engaged in civil commercial aviation, no item of originating accompanied hold baggage,
transfer-baggage and or interline baggage shall be loaded onto the aircraft unless it has
been security screened and cleared as per the prescribed norms.
It is responsibility of the concerned airline operator to ensure that all items of

accompanied hold baggage, unaccompanied hold baggage, transfer-baggage and interline
baggage are subjected to security procedures prescribed in this circular before loading
such items onto an aircraft engaged in civil commercial aviation.
Security procedures
General Principles:
Airline Operators should ensure that hold baggage is accepted only from Passengers
holding confirmed tickets, and only by a responsible employee or authorized
representative of the Operator.
Baggage once accepted from a passenger shall be protected from unauthorized access
until the time the baggage is returned to the passenger at the destination or transferred to
another aircraft operator.
Baggage originating from places other than airport check-in counters shall be protected
from the point it is checked-in until it is placed on board an aircraft.
Technical equipment used for the screening of baggage has limitations. To compensate
for such limitation or to introduce a random Element into the selection process, an
additional manual hand search of hold baggage is required after being screened by
technical means.
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Selection of hold baggage for hand search by X-ray operator should always be made
using the principle of reasoned selection and in a consistent manner throughout the
period hold baggage is being processed. Reasoned selection means that the selection is
based on the X-ray image, concentrating the effort on those bags most likely to conceal a
prohibited/dangerous item.
It is imperative that the screening of baggage should not cease when an unauthorized
single weapon or device is detected since multiple weapons, devices or dangerous items
can be present in a hold baggage.
Hold baggage which cannot be cleared by X-Ray screening process should be referred for
explosive detection test/manual hand search. Even than baggage cannot be satisfactorily
cleared by the total screening process inclusive of manual hand search be denied loading
into the aircraft.
In the interest of effective security and passenger facilitation, a manual search of the hold
baggage should be conducted in accordance with the following basic guidelines:-
(a) The searcher should be tactful, courteous and use caution.
(b) It is important to adopt a systematic approach so that no items or areas of the bag are
overlooked.
(c) Baggage must be matched with the correct person/owner and positioned on the search
table so that the owner can open the bag, but not interfere with the conduct of the search.
(d) Items found in baggage which could conceal a prohibited article should be opened or
subjected to screening by X-ray or other explosive detection equipment.
Screening and clearing of hold baggage
All items of originating accompanied hold baggage shall be screened and cleared by one
of the following methods:-
(i) 100% manual hand search; and (b) Screening by X-Ray or Explosive Trace Detection
system for items, which cannot be adequately cleared by manual hand search.
(ii) 100% screening by X-Ray BIS; and (b) Manual hand search on a continuous random
basis where the percentage of baggage including suspect baggage so searched within a
particular period shall not be less than 10% to 15% of the total baggage during that
period.
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(iii) 100% screening by X-Ray BIS; and (b) screening by Explosive Detection System
(EDS) unit approved by BCAS, on a continuous random basis where percentage of bags
so screened during a particular period including suspect baggage shall not be less than
10% of the total baggage screened during that period.
(iv) (a) 100% screening with an automatic X-Ray system (level one); and (b) screening
by the operator, online or otherwise, of all the bags/items rejected by the system at (a)
above (level II); and (c) screening of all bags/items rejected at (b) above with an EDS
unit approved by BCAS and cleared by the operator using tools of the machine (level III).
(v) (a) 100% screening with an EDS unit approved by BCAS; and (b) Manual hand
search of all bags/items rejected at (a) above.
Note:
(A) Manual hand search will be done in the presence of the relevant passenger. So, in
case screening is done after check-in process the passenger will be located by the
concerned airline operator and required to be present during search of his baggage.
(B) If a bag is not cleared after applying security controls mentioned at serial No’s
(iii) and (iv) above, it will be subjected to thorough manual hand search in presence of
the concerned passenger.
(C) If the passenger is not located, the BDDS and ASG/ Police will be called by the
screener to handle the suspect bag and to take further necessary action as per prescribed
drill
.
Diplomatic bags transported as hold baggage shall be screened in accordance with
procedure prescribed vide AVSEC Order No. 2/2002 dated 1.7.2002.
Method for Manual Hand Search

Manual hand search of the baggage will be carried out as follows:-
(a) Physical inspection of hold baggage should always be carried out in the presence
of the person presenting it;
(b) Particular attention should be paid to the lining, rims, studs, zip fasteners, locks,
hinges, wheels and handles to identify signs of tampering or repair which may indicate
the concealment of a prohibited/dangerous article?
(c) The contents of the bag should be removed layer by layer, each being examined until
the bag is empty. The empty bag should then be lifted by hand and assessed for balance
and empty weight. If there is suspicion that that the bag is not of uniform weight or not of
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a weight consistent with being empty, the bag itself should be examined for concealment
of prohibited/dangerous items, if necessary, it should be screened by X-Ray.
(d) Electrical items that might conceal a firearm, weapon or explosive device (e.g.
razors, calculators, radios, clocks, cameras, personal stereos and their
cassettes/CD’s/DVD) should be examined to ensure they have not been tampered with, or
of the expected weight, are balanced and have no additional batteries. If necessary, an
item should be screened by X-Ray to ensure that it has no additional power source or that
there is no organic material within what should be an inorganic shell.
(e) Articles such as vacuum flasks, books, umbrellas and crutches should be
examined in sufficient depth, by X-Ray, if necessary, to establish their bonafide;
(f) Attention should be given to the contents of containers and bottles capable of
holding volatile liquids. Liquids shall be rejected when there are grounds for suspecting
that they may be used to commit an unlawful act;
(g) Screener should examine for greasy stains and small holes in the exterior of the
case and for the smell of almonds, nail polish, glue, perfume or other masking vapours,
which might indicate the presence of explosives;
(h) While checking the hold baggage physically, it should be ensured by the Screener
that the hold baggage is repacked properly in the presence of the passengers and their
belongings are not left around or tampered with.
Protection of hold baggage:

Following security measures will be applied to protect the hold baggage from
unauthorized interference:-
In case screening is done before check-in process
(a) Security straps/stickers: Security stickers shall be applied to the screened hold
baggage. In case there are pockets in the hold baggage, security seal shall be applied to
all pockets. After that baggage will be strapped to prevent the introduction of any
prohibited items therein. In the event of a pocket being found unsealed at the check-in
counter or in the baggage make-up area, security seal shall be applied only after pocket
has been searched or baggage is re-screened. All security seals, straps, stickers shall be
strictly controlled to prevent unauthorized use.
(b) Surveillance from X-Ray screening points to check-in counters the area between
the security check point of hold baggage and check-in counters shall be kept close under
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watch by security personnel of the concerned aircraft operator to prevent unauthorized

interference with screened hold baggage.
(c) Acceptance of screened hold baggage by check-in staff, Check in staff of the aircraft
operator will not accept hold baggage unless security sticker/security seals are affixed on
it and these are intact. No baggage will be checked-in unless it has been subjected to
prescribed security controls. If any bag needs to be opened for any reason (customs
checks etc.) after it has been security cleared, it will be done in the presence of security
staff of the concerned airlines that will reseal the bag after ensuring that the bag is not
contaminated.
In case screening is done after Check-in process
Passenger questioning and passenger identification will be undertaken by the Check-in

staff/ security staff of the airline operator. Proxy check-in in individual cases will not be
allowed. However, group check-in or family check-in may be permitted after verifying
the credentials. Following questions may be asked –
a) Is it your baggage?
b) Did you pack it yourself?
c) Do you know the contents?
d) Was the baggage in your custody throughout?
e) Are you carrying some electronic/electrical goods?
f) Did you accept any gift/packet etc. from some other person?
If answer to any of the above question raises doubt, the passenger along with his hold
baggage shall be referred to the security supervisor of the airline operator, who will
ensure thorough check of the passenger and his entire baggage before allowing him to
check-in and proceed further.
What security control to be provided after baggage is screened:-

1. Sealing-plastic strapping/Security sticker and locktainer.
2. Safeguarding- Passenger should not open it take it to check in counter.
3. Supervision/Escorting-From check in counter to Conveyor belt and from BMA
(BSA) till it loaded in aircraft.
Protection during movement over conveyor belt

In case screening is done before check-in process, the conveyor belt from check-in point
to the baggage make-up area shall be provided with a transparent overhead cover to
protect the hold baggage during its movement up to baggage make-up area. It shall be
ensured that only authorized personnel have access to the screened hold baggage.
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Surveillance in Baggage Make-up Area (BMA) and during movement to aircraft

hold:
(i) Baggage make-up area shall be designated as a special security zone and only
specially authorized persons will be allowed to enter into it.
(ii) An Officer of ASG will be detailed in the Baggage make-up area. He will be
positioned in such a way so as to ensure a clear view of all the bags coming on the
conveyor belt.
(iii) The Baggage make-up officer shall check that all bags have the relevant destination
tag attached.
(iv) If a bag is found without a destination tag attached, the baggage will not be
permitted to be loaded into baggage trolleys/containers. The Airline representative
will be informed of it.
(v) Apron patrols either mobile or foot will pay particular attention to baggage
trolleys/containers moving between baggage make-up and the aircraft hold. This is
to minimize the risk of any unauthorized article being introduced.
(vi) The Airlines staff will normally search the hold of the aircraft before loading.
However, in cases of alert, the hold will be searched by security officers of the
airline operator or aviation security group. The search will be thorough enough to
ensure that no unauthorized article is present.
Protection of aircraft operators’ documents.

When not attended by staff, boarding passes, baggage tags, security stickers and seals and
other documents shall be protected from unlawful access.
Security measures for un-accompanied/mishandled baggage:

When an item of hold baggage is separated from its owner through breakdown of the
baggage handling system, airline will take following actions;
a) The baggage shall be protected from unlawful access by staff of the concerned
airline operator.
b) It will be stored in a secured room provided for this purpose.
c) The baggage will be subjected to prescribed security controls to ensure that it does
not contain any explosive or other sabotage device, before it is loaded on to the
aircraft for transportation as unaccompanied baggage.
d) The baggage which is suspected to have been left deliberately by the passenger will
be treated as ‘suspect baggage’ and handled as per prescribed drill.
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Transfer baggage:
Transfer-baggage may not be screened again if it has already been subjected to
prescribed security procedures, but it shall be reconciled and protected from unauthorized
interference as per the procedure laid down in this circular.
Interline baggage:
Interline baggage shall be treated like originating accompanied hold baggage and
subjected to the same security procedures as given in this circular for originating
accompanied hold baggage.
Procedure when a weapon or explosive/ explosive device or any other dangerous

good is detected.
Following procedures will be followed in respect of such baggage:

In case a firearm and/ or ammunition is detected during the screening process and the
passenger has not declared it before hand as per the norms, necessary action will be taken
as per the instructions issued in this regard vide, BCAS Circular No. 31/2005 dated
28.7.2005.
(a) During screening of a bag if the x-ray officer believes that anything contained in
the bag constitutes an immediate threat, the officer will stop the machine with the bag
inside and do;
i) Inform his security supervisor and APSU/ASG/ Police control room about it.
ii) The ASG/ Police will detain the passenger and take necessary legal action
against him.
iii) ASG/ Police will also call the services of bomb disposal squad to remove the
bag from x-ray BIS, and to diffuse any explosive device in it.
iv) In case screening is done after the check-in process, the x-ray officer will
inform the concerned airline operator besides his supervisor and APSU/ASG/ Police
control room.
v) The airline operator will try to locate the passenger who has booked the bag
and if found, will hand him over to APSU/ASG/ Police. APSU/ASG/ Police will
take action as mentioned above.
Accompanied Hold Baggage can be screened by:

(Responsibility Airport/Airline operator)
1. X-BIS, In Line screening and CTX

2. Physical Check
3. Check by ETD/EVD
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Chapter 6
Security Measures for Cargo/Express Cargo/Mail/Courier
Security standards throughout the civil aviation industry have improved over the years
and that the potential terrorist has had to adjust accordingly, choosing a softer (more
vulnerable) point of attack.
Nature of the Threat to cargo:
• Threat from incendiary/explosive devices

• Barometric trigger activate at pre-determined attitude
• Timing mechanism (mechanical/electronic) can be programmed to activate after
extended period.
• Combination of both
REGULATED AIR CARGO AGENTS- Refer terminology chapter
Types of Cargo
 General Cargo
 Perishable Cargo (PER)
 Valuable Cargo (VAL)
 Live animals (AVI)
 Diplomatic mail (DIP)
 Company Stores ( Comail / Comat)
 Human Remains (HUM)
 Transshipment Cargo
 Express cargo / parcel
Consignments that are treated as cargo

 Courier
 Postal mail
Methods of Screening of cargo:
 Visual Checks of cargo including document checks

 Screen by X-ray – (For prohibited / objectionable items)
 Search by Hand – In case X-ray Machine is not available / cannot be x-ray screened
due to size etc.
 Explosive trace or vapor detection
 24hrs Cooling Off – In case X-ray/physical checks and oversize of cargo is not
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possible then the cargo is required to be cooled off for 24hrs and adequate entry in
register for the same is to be made.
 Simulation chamber – Pressure Chamber
IATA SCREENING CODES
IATA codes identifying cargo and mail subject to methods to screening:
PHS Physical inspection and/or hand search

VCK Visual check
XRY X-ray equipment
EDS Explosive detection system
RES remote explosive scent tracing explosive detection dogs
FRD Free running explosive detection dogs
VPT Vapour trace
PRT Particle trace
MDE Metal detection equipment
SIM Subjected to flight simulation
AOM Subjected to any other means.
New security statuses:
NSC Cargo has not been secured yet for Passenger or All - Cargo Aircraft.
SPX Cargo secure for Passenger and All - Cargo aircraft
SCO Cargo Secure for All - Cargo Aircraft Only
New Screening Exemption Codes:
SMUS Small undersized shipments

MAIL Mail
BIOM Bio-medical samples
DIPL Diplomatic bags or diplomatic mail
LFSM Life-saving materials
NUCL Nuclear materials
TRNS Transfer or transshipment
Security measures for Perishable cargo

 X- ray screening by Airline staff
 Physical Check
 No Cooling Off
 Security Certificate from agent to air carrier
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Security measures for – VAL (High Value Goods)

 Security checks as any other cargo
 Stored in Strong Room
 Escorted
 Log Book for records
Security Measures for–AVI

 Health/ physical condition of pet
 Certificate from Veterinary Doctor if pet is pregnant.
 Cage / Box to be examined by X-BIS/ Physical Inspection.
 Check that no item is attached to the body of animal.
 Live Animals (AVI) not to be put through X-ray.
Security Measures for–Unaccompanied Baggage
 Same as other cargo such as X-ray screening/physical check and 24hrs cooling off.
Security Procedures for Diplomatic mail bag

Reference document: Avsec Order 05/2002
The following points must be verified while

accepting diplomatic mail bag:
 Visible external marks of their
character
 Contain only diplomatic documents or
articles intended for official use.
 Name and address of the consignee as
well as that of the Foreign Diplomatic
Mission / Consular Post a sender.
Security Controls for Diplomatic Bag:
1. Diplomatic bags to be transported as cargo / registered baggage

 Screened by X-ray
 In case of serious doubts / suspicion about the contents of these bags, the matter shall
be brought to the notice of the Protocol Division of the Ministry of External
Affairs who would take appropriate action.
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 Such suspicious baggage shall not be transported until and unless the doubts are
cleared to the satisfaction of security staff.
2. Diplomatic bags carried as hand baggage

 Diplomatic Bags carried as hand baggage is exempted from Security Checks
 Concerned courier / person will be allowed to go till the boarding gate to hand over /
receive the diplomatic bag
 Pre-embarkation security checks shall be carried out on the person accompanying the
diplomatic bags and other bags carried by him should be security checked
 The holder of a diplomatic bag must submit a certificate by concerned diplomatic
mission stating that the packages constituting the diplomatic bag do not contain any
substance which would be dangerous and harmful to the aircraft or its passengers.
Diplomatic mail bag

The following points must be remembered while acceptance of diplomatic mail bag:
Security Controls For Diplomatic Pouch

 Visible external marks of their character
 Contain only diplomatic documents or articles intended for official use.
 Name and address of the consignee as well as that of the Foreign Diplomatic
Mission / Consular Post a sender.
 If the pouch is booked as cargo / baggage the same will be screened by X-Ray only.
 In case of doubt, protocol division of external affairs ministry will be approached to
clear the doubt. The Diplomatic mail should not be opened and checked.
 Till doubt is cleared the diplomatic bag will not be sent for loading.
Diplomatic bags to be transported as cargo / registered baggage

 Screened by X-BIS.
 In case of serious doubts / suspicion about the contents of these bags, the matter shall
be brought to the notice of the Protocol Division of the Ministry of External Affairs
who would take appropriate action.
 Until and unless the doubts are cleared to the satisfaction of security staff it cannot be
transported.
Diplomatic bags carried as hand baggage

 Diplomatic Bags carried as cabin baggage is exempted from Security Checks
 Diplomatic Courier will undergo pre-embarkation check unless exempted.
Security Measures for–Co-Mail/Co-Mat

 Must have a visual identification mark of character on packets.
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 Must be cleared by X-ray/ Physical check.

 Co-Mails can be handed over to cabin crew.
 Co-Mats to be loaded in hold
 A record to be maintained by airline.
Guidelines by Regulatory Authority – HUM
Security Measures
(a) Requirements: (Domestic)
• Death Certificate
• Police clearance certificate
• Embalming certificate
• Identity proof of deceased
Security personnel will:

a) Identity of person/ relative who accompanies shall be established
b) In case no relative/ person accompany the human remains shall be X-Rayed.
c) In the absence of x-ray machine human remains shall be inspected visually
(b) Requirements: (Domestic)

• Death Certificate
• Police clearance certificate
• Embalming certificate
• Clearances from Embassy concerned
• Copies of cancelled passport
Security personnel will:

a) Identity of person/relative who accompanies shall be established
b) In case no relative/person accompanies the human remains will be X-Rayed.
c) In the absence of x-ray machine human remains shall be inspected visually
Trans-shipment Cargo
 Transshipment Cargo shipped from domestic to international will be screened as
any other cargo.
 At transit station the transshipment cargo will not be screened if it is transported
through the sterile area (domestic to international terminal)
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 In case the transshipment cargo is transported from the landside it will required to
be re-screened as normal cargo.
 Transshipment Cargo shipped from international to domestic will not be screened
if the same has been carried out at origin station. Document to be checked.
 The consignment needs to be checked for any signs of tampering. In case of any
tampering the cargo needs to be screened.
 In case the transshipment cargo is transported from the landside it will required to
be re-screened as normal cargo.
Secret Sensitive Store

 Verify the credibility of forwarding agency
 Document needed
 Certificate from booking agency/ Department for packing, Contents, Supervision
& accessibility.
 Permission from competent authority (BCAS) for transportation/ Exemption from
checking
Security measures for Postal Mail:

 Security declaration certificate from Post Master
 X-ray Screening by Airline Security
 No Physical Inspection by Airline Security. Bag to be opened by Postal authority
in case of any doubt.
 If doubt not cleared postal bag should not be accepted for carriage.
Courier Bags-For definition refer terminology.

On Acceptance:
 Courier bags must reach 02 hours before the flight.
 Contents of each bag must be mentioned in manifest.
 The ID card of person delivering the bags must be verified.
 The signature of authorized signatory must be tallied with the records.
 If no courier is escorting than it will be transported as cargo.
Security measures for Courier bags:

 X-ray screening by Airline security.
 Minimum 10% Physical inspection at random
 An IATA restricted article certificate to be issued by sender.
Security Measures for Unaccompanied Consignments Of Courier Companies /

express cargo
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(a) Process of such consignments shall be undertaken either in the airline operator’s
cargo facility or in the dedicated space provided by AAI/ aerodrome operators, in the
courier terminal wherever it exists, subject to BCAS clearance
(b) Thorough physical checking of individual packets contained in the consignment to

the satisfaction of the airline operator where x-ray BIS machines are not available.
(c) Wherever X-ray BIS machines are available such consignments are to be screened at
least from two angles.
(d) If the security measures enumerated in b) and c) above are not possible such
consignments shall be cooled off for 24 hours prior to dispatch.
(e) The courier companies forwarding such consignments shall furnish a declaration
certificate.
Security Measures For Courier Bags through Passenger Terminals:-

At airports where separate express cargo/ courier terminals do not exist, airline operators
shall process the courier bags in a separate counter/area in passenger terminal building
with necessary infrastructure and away from the passenger check-in counters.
The following instructions shall be adhered to:-
(i) Courier bags shall be accepted at the airport by the representative of airline operator
only from a courier company which is registered with the airlines and must be
accompanied by authorized courier company employee.
(ii) Each such baggage shall display clearly the visible identification mark / logo of the
concerned courier company.
(iii) The courier shall be fully aware of the contents of the courier bags and shall be
responsible to produce to the concerned airline operator, prior to the x-ray screening of
the courier bags, a copy of the manifest containing description and details of goods,
weight, number of parcels, destination, shippers, originators etc. A declaration certificate
shall be submitted as per Annexure-A, duly signed by the authorized employee of the
courier company.
(iv) The airline operator concerned shall screen courier bags with the help of X-ray BIS,
at least from two angles and satisfy themselves that they do not contain any dangerous or
prohibited items.
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(v) After screening/physical examination a security sticker shall be affixed by the airline
operator on the courier bag.
(vi) If any prohibited article is detected during the course of screening, such consignment
shall not be loaded into the aircraft and the courier could be liable for legal action.
(vii) The concerned courier companies shall provide separate manifest for each courier
bag and a certificate stating that it does not contain any prohibited goods as mentioned.
(ix) The couriers will report at least two hours and for international flights is two hours
before departure of the flight.
Airline operators and courier companies would produce relevant documents such as
manifest of courier bags/registration papers and declaration certificate by the authorized
employee of the courier company to the BCAS as and when required.
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(Letter head of the Company)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the consignment forwarded by us as courier bags or cargo does
not contain any of the following items:-
1. IATA restricted articles.

2. Weapon /ammunition
3. Explosive material/explosive devices
4. Chemicals and inflammable items.
5. Currency/Gold/Silver/Jewellery and any other precious or semi-precious items.
6. Electronic items/Televisions/VCRs/VCPs/Radios/Transistors/Computers parts,
Calculators/Transformers/Alarm Clocks etc.
7. Bulk commodities like washing machines/cooking ranges/microwave ovens
etc.
8. Bulk pharmaceuticals
9. Drugs (Narcotics)
It is further certified that:-
The Courier / Express Cargo consignments details of which have been given in the
manifest of each bag have been checked from security angle in our premises and do not
contain any prohibited or dangerous item which may cause unlawful interference with
civil aviation operations. The courier / express cargo has been protected from the time it
was tendered to and accepted by us at our acceptance location. In case any of the above
banned/dangerous items are found in our bags the concerned air carrier is authorized to
ban the transportation of our consignment and we are also aware that we will be liable for
action for violation of any prescribed rules/regulations/laws on the subject. Seal Signature
of the
Responsible Officer of the courier company
Name :
Designation
Date:
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Annexure-B to Circular No.6/2003

PROHIBITED AIR ARTICLES
Acetone, Acetylene (Liquid or Dissolved), Acids (Except Citric and Tartaric Ammonia
ammonium Per Soleplate, Ammonium Nitrate, Ammunition (Except Safety Cartridges),
Attack Benzene, Benzoline, Batteries charged, Calcium Carbide Camphide Camphore
Oil, Carbon Bisulphide, Carbolic Acid (in steel Cylinder), Carbolic Acid Gas, Cartridges
of all kinds (Except Safety Cartridges) Celluloid & Xsionite or other similar substances,
Chlorate of Potash, Chlorate of
Soda, Colloidal Cordites, Dynamite Ether Eau Oxygen, Explosives of all kinds (including
Percussion Caps, Film unless packed in Fireproof Metal Containers, Firework and
Crackers, Photographic Fulmmating powder, Gases of any description (under Pressure),
Gun Powder, Hydrogen Peroxide, Kerosene Matches, Luciter & Percussion all kinds,
Meal Worms Methylated Spirit Naptha, Natrium Peroxide Nitrate of Soda, Nitro
Glycerine, Nitro of Lime Calcium, Paraffin Peticium & its products (Excepting when
used as fuel and contained in tank provided for the purpose), Phosphorus, Pyridine
Pyrotechnics, (other than those required for the Navigation of A/C, Rocket Safety
Dynamite, Fuses (with or without Detonators, Saltpetre, Spirites or wine, Varnish etc
containing Spirits Cellulose Nitrate Plates, Chloride of lime, compressed Air Bottles of
Gases, Explosive Rivets Permanent Magnets, Mercury Oxide, Metallic Mercury radium
and Radio Active Materials, Sulphur dioxide Bleaching Powder, any form of combustible
material having a Flash point below 790F, Anything dangerous or obnoxious or which
may cause inconvenience to passengers and all such goods which are prohibited for
carriage under the Indian Aircraft Rules 1934. For restricted articles its packing and
labeling etc., please refer to the book named IATA REGULATION RELATING TO THE
CARRIAGE OF RESTRICTED ARTICLES BY AIR.
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Chapter 7
Pre-embarkation screening of hand bags / frisking of pax
Refer AVSEC ORDER-06/2009 for Exempted category ; Passenger Screening Concept:
Refer AVSEC Cir 23/2005)
Physical Inspection of Baggage

When Physical Inspection of Baggage required:
1. When an X-ray examination has not been able to accurately determine the contents
of baggage
2. When a prescribed percentage check of baggage is required.
3. In the event of the breakdown of X-ray equipment
4. As prescribed in local standard operating procedures and conducted when higher
level of threat exists either locally or internationally
100% physical search is required for

a. a specific flight
b. a series of flight
c. certain airline/s
d. all flights
Layout and organization of physical Baggage search area

a. ensure sufficient table/counter space available
b. Table/counter placed between searcher and passenger
c. Position baggage so that searcher and passenger can see the contents but that other
Passengers cannot
BASIC SEARCH RULE (Behavior of search Team Personnel)

a. Wish the passenger
b. Consent of passenger
c. Use gloves for searching the bag
d. Be courteous and tactful, but also cautions
e. Thank the passenger for their cooperation
f. Be cautious of sharp objects, especially hypodermic syringes
g. Check systematically
Selection of Bags for Physical search determined:

a. because contents cannot be determined by X-ray
b. Because contents show dark mass and prohibited items can be hidden or disguised
c. because of local Standard operating procedure prescribing that a certain of baggage
is subjected for physical check
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How to check false bottom of baggage

a. Insert a scale from inside and one outside of baggage if there is a difference in
measurement then that bag has false bottom: or
b. Insert your finger from inside the bag and also from the bottom of the bag and if
your finger touches each other there is no false bottom: or
c. if finger feels something in between and not touches each other than there is a false
bottom in a bag.
Recommended Techniques for physically searching Baggage

a. If possible, search the clothing without removing the items from the bag.
b. Start at the top and work towards the bottom
c. Completely search the left side, then the centre and then right side
d. Feel between the layers exerting pressure from above and below
e. If baggage has more than one compartment, search each compartment completely
before moving on to next one
f. Develop a methodical systemic procedure and follow the same method for each
piece of baggage
Special attention should be paid to:

a. wrapped gifts and presents
b. aerosol containers
c. Bottles containing liquids
d. Cameras, radios and electrical items
REMEMBER that objects such as lead crystal have been used to Hide/disguise
prohibited items such as guns and weapons
Special inspection required for the following:

Dangerous Substances:
a. Aerosol containers: check contents by weight and feel test spray
b. Bottles containing liquids: Unscrew unsealed bottle cap and smell contents
Special Items:
a. Check camera contains film by examining number indicator.
b. If films empty, ask passenger to open camera
Radio and electrical items:

a. Ask passenger to operate the item and also to open battery compartment.
b. Check tightness of seal to see if any screws removed or paint chipped off screw head
Typical response Action if prohibited items detected:
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. Remain Calm and polite- do not alarm passenger

. Notify supervisor immediately by pre- arrange signal
. Notify police if silent alarm exists.
. Do not allow passenger to board the aircraft
. Do not try to restrain or use physical force
Typical Response Action if Dangerous Article detected:

. Remove the item from the baggage and notify supervisor.
. Notify airline representative who will arrange for the item to be carried on board in
accordance with the airline’s security procedures
. Obtain a receipt from the airline representative.
. Enter the details in the screening point log.
Manual Hand Search
For Cabin Baggage / Accompanied Hold Baggage
a) RANDOM SEARCH–all bags should be subjected to random searches. On

average one bag in ten should be hand searched. This number may be changed in
cases of higher risk.
b) Before a hand search is carried out, the owner of the bag must be identified and
their consent is obtained.
d) The owner of the bags must be present when the bag is being searched.
e) Search should be performed in a designated search area, allowing the

passenger privacy.
f) Cabin baggage of a female passenger will be searched by a female

screener only.
g) When a person requests hand search of a computer, Video camera or

similar articles, the articles must be examined by following means :-
i) That the equipment being searched operates satisfactory and,

ii) It is apparent that the items is new or in almost new condition and,
iii) There is no sign of the case being tempered with or modified including case
holding screw damage and,
iv) The behavior of the passenger does not give cause for concern and ,
v) There is no other reason to be concerned as to the items or its contained
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h) The owner of the bag being searched should not be allowed access to the
bag or its contents until search is completed.
i) If a person refuses to allow a bag to be searched, the officer should inform

the Supervisor who will direct what action is to be taken. At no stage the person or
bag is permitted past the screening point before clearance is given.
j) Any unauthorized articles found during search will be dealt with in

accordance with prescribed norms.
k) After completing the search or any action arising from it, the officer shall
on being satisfied that it is safe to do so, return the bag to the owner and allow the
person to proceed.
Method for Hand Search
Hand search of an individual’s accompanied/cabin baggage should be carried out as

follows:
a) The physical inspection of cabin baggage should always be carried out in
the presence of the passenger.
b) Baggage should be opened, and examined to ensure that there is no false

bottom.
c) Particular attention should be paid to the lining, trim, seams, rims, studs,
zip fasteners, locks, hinges, wheels and handles to identify signs of tampering or
repair which may indicate the concealment of a prohibited article;
d) The contents of the bag should be removed layer by layer, each being
examined until the bag is empty. The empty bag should then be lifted by hand and
assessed for balance and empty weight.
e) Electrical items that might conceal a firearm, weapon or explosive device

(e.g. razors, calculators, radios, clocks, cameras, personal stereos and their cassettes)
should be examined to ensure they have not been tampered with, or of the expected
weight, are balanced and have no additional batteries;
f) Articles such as vacuum flasks, books, umbrellas and crutches should be

examined in sufficient depth, by X-ray if necessary, to establish their bonafide;
g) Attention should be given to the contents of containers and bottles capable

of holding volatile liquids. Liquids shall be rejected when there are grounds for
suspecting that they may be used to commit an unlawful act;
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h) Screener should examine for greasy stains and small holes in the exterior of the case
and for the smell of almonds, nail polish, glue, perfume or other masking vapors,
which might indicate the presence of explosives;
h) While checking the hand baggage physically, it should be ensured by the

screener that the hand baggage is repacked properly in the presence of the
passengers and their belongings are not left around or tampered with.
i) It shall also be ensured that hand baggage of female passengers are

checked by a female screener only;
The Three Basic Screening Concepts
A) BOARDING GATE PLAN

B) HOLDING AREA PLAN
C) CONCOURSE PLAN
Boarding Gate ( De –Centralized ) Screening System
• Requires screening point at each boarding gate

• Passengers screened immediately before boarding
• Screening take place in airline time
• Staff/equipment must be available to handle optimum passenger load in limited
time
• Screening point manned only when screening is in progress
ADVANTAGE-
-Reduce transfer of Arms/dangerous devices
-To be staffed only during screening
- Access through the gate search point needs to be secured when not in
use.
DISADVANTAGE-
-Large no of screening staff/ Equipments required,
- Delays in aircraft departure can adversely affect security staff deployment
and rotation.
Holding Area ( Semi- Centralized ) Screening System
• Area specially designed to hold passengers awaiting particular flight

• Area is sterile and access is controlled
• Doors leading to loading bridge/ramp kept locked until actual boarding begins
• Less staff/equipment required as more time available to screen
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HOLDING AREA SCREENING PLAN

• Area specially designed to hold passengers awaiting particular flight
• Area is sterile and access is controlled
• Doors leading to loading bridge/ramp kept locked until actual boarding begins
• Less staff/equipment required as more time available to screen
DISADVANTAGE of holding area plan

-To be secured when not in use
-Large area to controlled and secured
Concourse (Centralized) Screening System
• Located at the entrance to a concourse

• Continuous screening process is involved no relationship to specific flight.
• More personnel/equipment required to handle increased volume
 Advantages of concourse plan

-Fewer Staff and equipments are required.,
-More time available
- To be staffed only when screening is in progress.
- Passenger facilitation is easier due to more time being available
 DISADVANTAGE
-less equipment are available

-Requires security of large area
-All access points to the concourse area must be controlled to maintain
sterility
Handout
Chapter 8
Multi Zone Door Frame Metal Detector & Hand Held Metal Detector
Introduction
The multi zone door frame metal detector (MZDFMD) / walk through metal detector
(WTMD) is designed to detect metal objects a passenger are carrying with them.
Operation is based on electromagnetic pulsed-field technology
Parts of DFMD
 Transmitter Panel
 Receptor Panel
 Cross Piece
 Remote Control Unit
 Electronic Unit
Recommendation for selection site for installation of DFMD
 STATIC METAL
o Large static/Stationery metal should be 10cm(04inches) away from DFMD
 FLOOR VIBRATION
- Floor should be even and solidly supported to prevent Vibration
 MOVING METAL OBJECTS

o Large moving metal objects should be kept away from DFMD at 01m from
DFMD
 RADIATED ELECTRICAL INTERFERENCE

o Distance between Electrical Interference sources and Receiver Coil should be
0.5m to 4m (20-157inches)
 Conducted Electrical Interference

o Plug the power cord to a line not sharing any heavy loads like large electric
motors
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 DFMD shall work satisfactorily without any deterioration in performance with the
temperature range of 0 to +45C with RH up to 95% non condensing.
 The total weight should not be more than 50.5KG.
 The DFMD resets itself within 03 seconds after an alarm condition..
Pre Operational Check Of DFMD:
1. Check the plug is connected to the Main Supply

2. Power supply to be 160 – 260 V AC
3. Operating temperature to be between 0 – 50 degree Centigrade
4. Operating frequency should be so set that there is no interference
5. Carry out checks by using OTP (30gm piece of aluminum)
6. Not more than 1-2 LEDs should be glowing when no one passes through the
DFMD
Checking the serviceability:
The equipment should be tested before startup every shift
 Remove all metallic objects from the body

 Not more than 1-2 LED’s should be glowing when no one passes through the DFMD.
 Use OTP (Operating Test Piece), which is a 10 x 10 Sq cms steel plate.
 Place it on different parts of the body and pass through the DFMD.
 The staff should pass 10 times from the DFMD.
 Ensure that each time the OTP falls into a different zone.
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 When all eight zones are covered, place the OTP in front of the body and pass
through.
 Next pace the OTP in the back portion of the body and pass through.
 Multiple threat items are independently detected in different zones
 Out of the ten times at least eight times the DFMD should give a correct alarm.
Monitoring DFMD:
The DFMD has eight overlapping zones. On detection of metallic items the lights in that
particular zone will glow indicating the location of the item on the body. DFMD also
gives an audible alarm. Further checks can be done using HHMD or Physical Search
procedure.
Response to Metal Detector Alarm
In case the DFMD/WTMD/AMD alarm is activated, or whenever the screener deems it

necessary, the relevant person will be subjected to additional screening.
If the alarm in DFMD/AMD indicates presence of metal in the shoes, then the person will
be required to remove his shoes and thereafter again screened through DFMD. The shoes
will be screened through X-ray.
Additional screening will be done by means of:–

(a) Handheld metal detector, or
(b) Pat down search, or
(c) By combination of both the above means.
If a person objects to proceed through the DFMD on medical ground or otherwise:
 He / She will be allowed passage through alternative way by the frisking officer
and then subjected to screening by HHMD / or by Pat Down Search.
 If a person refuses to undergo screening, the frisking officer will inform the
supervisor, who will direct what further action is to be taken.
The concerned person will not be allowed entry past the screening point. Only when
satisfied that a person is not carrying any prohibited or dangerous article, the screening
officer shall allow the person to proceed to screening point
Advantages and Disadvantages of DFMD
Sr. No. Advantage Disadvantages
Handout
1 Helps in Identifying Metals Proper Distance to be maintained between

the passengers or else it may give false
alarm
2 Gives an idea of the location of the Detects only metallic items, replicas made
metallic items, as only lights in that of other materials or components of IED
zone will glow may not be identified.
3 Faster way to check passengers Detects the metallic items in specific range
only
4 Easy to operate
Examples of display signals:

If not in use no more than 1-2 LEDs should be illuminating..
It gives two type of alarm such as audio & Visual.
The visual alarm will appear in electronic unit in the form of RED Lights. It will show
the density of metal a passenger in his/her possession.
The Audio alarm will display on vertical light segments, which can be lighted separately
to indicate the position of the detected item(s). Each of the eight independent detection
zones of the METOR 200 consists of three vertical light segments. It gives a rough idea
about the location of metallic items in a passenger.
Hand Held Metal Detector
The HHMD is screening equipment, which is used to detect metallic items carried by
passenger on person
Operation is based on electromagnetic pulsed-field technology
Parts Of HHMD
The HHMD is divided into 06 parts namely:
a. Head Phone Jack

b. Metal Indicator (Magnetic loop)
c. Power Indicator
d. Power Switch
e. Sensitivity Control
f. Battery Section
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Advantages and Disadvantages of HHMD
Sr. No. Advantage Disadvantages

1 Helps in Identifying Metals both Cannot detect non metallic items
ferrous and non ferrous
2 Easy to use Cannot detect non metallic replicas of
prohibited items. Materials or components
of IED may not be identified.
3 Touch free checks for passenger Cannot detect plastic explosives
4 Quick and user friendly May malfunction and give false alarm
TESTING OF HAND HELD METAL DETECTOR

• Must be tested before each search
• Check that battery is fully charged
• Hold detector 2.5 cm (1”) from watch, belt buckle or metal object and test that it
is detecting presence of metal
• Adjust audio control knob as necessary
Use of Hand Held Metal Detector

 Ensure the HHMD is working properly.
 Greet passengers and ask for permission to frisk
 Ensure passenger is not holding or carrying any items
 Passengers shall empty their pockets for all metallic items, place these in a
tray / divestment container and pass through X-ray or search physically.
 Ask the passenger to stand on the platform if provided.
 Demonstrate to the passenger the correct way to stand if required.
 Stand slightly to one side of the passenger and hold the metal detector
approximately 01 inch (2.5cms) from the body.
 Move the detector over the entire body systematically (front & back)
 If the alarm sounds, ask passenger to check the area and to display any items
found.
 Re-scan the area to confirm that all items have been removed.
 Frisking of a lady to be done by lady only.
REMEMBER – NO SEARCH, NO FLY
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Hand-Held Metal Detector
Search Diagram Check Head Area
Check Front
and Rear of Body
Follow Systematic
Raised Platform method of search
for checking
Shoes /Boots
Handout
Chapter 9
Procedure for Carriage of Prisoners, Deportee and In-admissible Passenger
Reference document: Circular 42/2005 Instructions for carriage of prisoners / person

under judicial custody / administrative control.
The following general guidance material refers to persons in

lawful custody i.e. persons under arrest or convicted criminals
under escort.
Procedure:
 No aircraft operator shall allow a prisoner and escorting officers as passengers unless
prior permission is obtained from the BCAS by the concerned policing authority that
is responsible for transportation of such prisoner with escorts by air.
 The policing authority requiring transportation of a prisoner by air shall send their
request in writing to the Commissioner/Regional Dy Commissioner of
Security(CA),BCAS at least 7(seven) days in advance.
 The policing authority responsible for carriage of a prisoner by air shall indicate
classification of such prisoner as dangerous or otherwise in their application
addressed to BCAS.
 A prisoner should not be transported on board an aircraft unless escorted by one or

more policing authority officers.
 Policing authority officers or other authorized persons should notify a responsible

representative of the operator well before the date it is proposed to transport a
prisoner or as soon as practicable in an emergency, the identity of the person being
escorted, the flight on which transportation has been arranged, and whether or not the
escorted person is considered dangerous.
 Escorting officers shall ensure that a prisoner does not carry contraband, weapons,
matches or other potentially dangerous items.
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 Escorts shall be equipped with adequate restraining devices to be used in the event
they determine that restraint is necessary .Under normal circumstances a prisoner
should not be shackled to any part of the aircraft, including seats, tables etc.
 Escorts shall not carry arms, mace, teargas or similar incapacitating gas generating
devices or any dangerous goods /prohibited items specified by the BCAS on board
the aircraft. Weapon and ammunition if any may be allowed in registered baggage as
per instructions in force.
 Escorts shall adequately identify themselves to security personnel, security check

points, flight attendants and pilot in command.
 Any other security personnel and passengers authorized to carry firearms on board the
aircraft should be made aware of the transportation of a prisoner and escorts and their
location.
 A prisoner along with escorts should be boarded before all other passengers and
disembarked after all other passengers have left the aircraft.
 They should be seated as far as to the rear of the passenger cabin as is possible but not
in a lounge area or next to /directly across from an exit.
 They should only be seated in a row for two or more seats and at least one escort
should sit between the escorted person and any aisle.
 They should be accompanied at all times and kept under surveillance including visits
to the lavatory.
 No intoxicating beverage shall be served to escorts or prisoner while on board the

aircraft.
 Prisoner may be served food at the discretion of escorts by should not be provided
with metal utensils or a knife.
 Aircraft operator should not accept a prisoner and escort(s) as passengers unless
concurrence has been obtained in advance from the BCAS and other operators that
may be involved en route and at the intended final destination. In such cases sufficient
advance notification must be given to operator so that prior agreements can be
obtained.
Dangerous Prisoners
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At least two escorts should be required for each prisoner considered dangerous by the
escorting agency or in the judgment of a responsible representative of the operator. Not
more than one such prisoner and escorts should be carried on any one flight.
Persons suffering from mental illness

A person suffering from mental illness that is deemed to be a threat to the safety of a
flight may be accepted for transportation if accompanied by an attendant physically
capable of coping with untoward actions by that person during the flight and skilled in
administering sedatives as required and authorized by an appropriate doctor. If a mentally
disturb person requires sedation prior to departure each portion of the flight should last no
longer than the effective duration of the sedative administered. The aircraft operator, on
the advice of representatives of the operators medical and security staffs, as appropriate,
should be permitted to deny boarding to such a person.
Deportees
A person who had legally been admitted to a State by its authorities or who had entered a
State illegally, and who at some later time is formally ordered by the competent
authorities to leave that State.
Each request for transportation should be evaluated and the operators consulted to
determine if the person is threat to the safety of the flight or if additional measures such
as escorts are necessary.
The administrative and financial arrangements for removal of such persons are the
responsibility of the government ordering the deportation.
The primary responsibility of escorting a deportee is of immigration Law Enforcement

Agency of the deporting country
Inadmissible persons (sometimes referred to as “refusals’’).

A person who is or will be refused admission to a State by its authorities. Such persons
normally have to be transported back to their State of departure, or to any other State
where the persons are admissible, by the aircraft operator on which they arrived.
Handout
Chapter 10
Protecting Aircraft Catering Uplift
Reference document : Avsec Order 07/2004 - Catering Security; Avsec Order 13 /2011
Security Programme of Catering Companies; Circular 25/2006 - Security controls
for catering supplies.
Security Controls by the Caterer

 Officer to supervise Security Controls
 Premises secured
 Access control
 Personnel employed for preparation and delivery of catering supplies – regular
employee and should have undergone Security Awareness Training
 Deliveries of Raw material and equipment to be X-rayed or physically checked
 Chilling rooms and refrigerators under strict control
 Catering carts should have proper locking systems
 Security certificate for each consignment to be loaded in aircraft
 HLV’s should be securable
No airline operator shall accept any catering items for loading in the aircraft unless
a written contract is signed between both the agencies (Air operator & the caterer)
Stages of Catering Security

1. Preparation
2. Pre-Setting
3. Hi-lift/ Transportation
1. Preparation Stage 2. Pre-Setting
3. Hi-lift/ Transportation
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Role of Airline Security

 The airline security personnel will be present at the catering facility to closely
supervise the preparation, packing, pre-setting of the catering uplift and while
placing them into the meal carts / containers.
 They will ensure that no unauthorized personnel have access to the catering uplift.
 All security checked / cleared catering uplift will be sealed prior to loading into the
hi-lift van/ vehicle.
 Hi-lift van / vehicle will be checked for any prohibited and dangerous item prior to
loading of the security cleared catering uplift
 The HLV should be properly maintained and the rolling shutters on both sides should
have provision for locking arrangements and during an operation the shutters should
be locked and sealed.
 The transportation of the catering uplift from the catering facility to the airport
/aircraft shall be done under escort and strict supervision by the airline security
officials/ catering officials.
 While transferring the catering uplift from the HLV to the aircraft, airline security
official shall check the seals affixed at catering facility for any traces of tampering
and then handover the same to the cabin crew.
 All security stickers/ seals will be kept under safe custody at all times and a proper
record of the security seals used for sealing the catering uplift and HLV will be
maintained. Record to be maintained for a minimum of 07 Days.
Systematic Search of a Food Trolley

 Search under the food trolley and check locks.
 Open both ends of the trolleys and look for anything unusual inside the trolley.
 Check the trays for unusual weight.
 Search the top part of the trolley namely the ice tray.
 Seal the trolley once it has been security cleared.
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Security Controls for Newspapers and Cleaning supplies etc

Newspapers, magazines, cleaning stores and supplies or any other item for loading in the
aircraft has to be subjected to the following security controls:-
 The stores and supplies have been obtained from an establishment with whom the air
operator has a written contract for the purpose;
 The stores and supplies have been searched by hand or X-ray screened to prevent the
introduction of any prohibited article;
 Before allowing access to the aircraft, the cleaning staff shall be frisked and all the
articles carried by them checked properly by the airline operator; and
 Any other security controls prescribed by the Commissioner.
Response to Tampering Of Security Seals/ Stickers

 Inform the supervisor immediately
 Carry out a thorough check of the HLV, catering uplift for any suspicious items
 Record the incident
.
Handout
Chapter 11
Behaviour Detection
Definition
Behaviour Detection of passenger is a systematic observation of passenger, his baggage

and documents to classify them on the basis of behavior, kinesis (eye movement) and
body language as threaten or non threaten, so that the maximum attention to be paid to
the selective passenger.
Behaviour Detection (Profiling) is carried out:

1a. Passenger
2b. Baggage
3c. Document
Type of passenger
1. Threatening
2. Not threatening
Question to be asked
 Does this bag belong to you
 Are you aware of the content of bag
 Who packed the bag, when and where
 Has anybody handled the bag
 Was the bag always with you
 Do you have any gift items in your bag
 Do you have any electronic items in your bag
 Are you coming from hotel or home
Regular Passenger
Regular passenger is a passenger who does not displays any suspicious signs of
appearance and behavior & documentation;
or
if there are any suspicious signs, they have been resolved or having a positive sign
Positive signs
 Traveling with family comprising of husband, wife and one or more children
 Employee of the Airline holding employers identification card
 VIP, Diplomats, Celebrities for which data has been provided to the Airline
 Homogenous Groups-Passengers Traveling in a group provided they are:
o Known to the group leader
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o Must have a common background. e.g. school, Religious

o No addition or deletion of members during the itinerary
o Does not displays any suspicious signs on Appearance & Behaviour
Suspicious Signs
 No eye contact
 Nervous behavior
 Impatient
 Over observing security procedures
 Abnormal gait
 Passenger in a hurry
 Contradictory replies
 Pretending sick passenger to gain sympathy
 Posing as very important person (VIP)
 Secret eye contact with others
 Repeated contact over phone
 Seating in isolation
 Insufficient knowledge origin / destination
 Pretending sick passenger to gain sympathy
 Posing as very important person (VIP)
 Secret eye contact with others
 Repeated contact over phone
 Seating in isolation
 Insufficient knowledge origin / destination
Action on discovery of a suspicious passenger:

1- Frisk thoroughly
2- Ask questions
3- Check baggage thoroughly
4- Keep surveillance on the pax till he boards aircraft
5- Verify documents
6- Inform APSU / ASG if required
Handout
Chapter 12
Explosive Detectors
Different types of latest technologies being developed for the detection of explosives.
Principles of different mode of Explosives Detectors.

1
2Explosive detection system
A device or combination of devices and procedures which are intended to detect amounts
and types of explosives in passengers checked and carried hand baggage
1
2Explosive vapor detector :It works on Gas Chromatography Technology
The explosive vapor detectors are capable of detecting small quantities of explosives
provided the explosives vapor is available in the container
1
2Explosive trace detector : It works on Ion Mobility Spectrometry Technology
Trials and tests of explosive trace detection equipment confirm that is highly effective in
detecting minute traces of explosive material where they are present
 Able to detect explosives of small magnitude.

 The detection can be done by sniffing vapors in an Explosive Vapor Detector or
 by sampling traces of particulates or
 by utilizing both methods depending on the scenario.
 Most explosive detectors in the market today can detect both vapors and particles
of explosives.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD EXPLOSIVE DETECTOR
 Sensitivity- lowest amount of explosive a detector can detect reliably. Most

explosives have a very low vapor pressure and give out very little vapor. The
detector with the highest sensitivity will be the best in detecting vapors of
explosives reliably.
 Light Weight-Portable explosive detectors need to be light weight as possible to

allow users to not fatigue when holding them.
 Size-Portable explosive detectors need to be as small as possible to allow for

sensing of explosives.
 Cold Start up Time and Analysis Time-This should be as brief as possible to

allow for immediate use of the detector in emergencies.
Handout
Principles on which explosive detectors function

1. Specificity: Able to distinguish between explosive and non-explosive materials
2. Sensitivity: Able to detect minimum quantity of explosive
3. Selectivity: After detection is able to select the type of explosive
An EVD & ETD comprises three main components:
1. Sampling System
2. Analytical system
3. Data processing system
Sampling System
The function of sampling system is to collect a sufficient quantity of explosive from the
environment and present it for analysis. Vapours are usually collected by drawing air
through a material to which the vapours stick. This material is then introduced into the
analytical substance.
In case of trace detectors, wiping surfaces with a small piece or cloth usually does
searching for particulate tracing. Sometimes a device similar to a vaccum cleaner may be
used to transfer particles onosome sort of filter then to the instrument.
Analytical system
The analysis of the vapour derived from the sample is usually done in two steps. Vapours
of different types are first separated from one another. This is usually done either by a
technique called gas chromatography or by ion mobility spectroscopy.
Data processing system

It is the combination of separation and detection that gives system its ability to
discriminate between materials. All of them produce an electrical signal varying with
time. This signal rises and falls giving a series of peaks. The position of each peak in time
allows it to be recognized as a particular substance. The height and area of each peak are
related to the amount of substance present. The identification and measurement of peak is
carried out automatically by computer software allowing an alarm to be generated and the
type of explosive to be indicated.
Difference between EVD/ETD
 EVD ETD
a, captures vapours from explosives. a, captures particles over the surface
b, can detect explosive up to 05gms b, can detect explosive up to 100 nanogm
Handout
c, lighter in weight c, heavier in weight
d. Detect explosive as RDX,PETN, TNT, d. Detect explosive as RDX,PETN, TNT,

Dynamite, SEMTEX,C4,HMX, Dynamite,SEMTEX,C4,HMX
Ammonium Nitrate with programmable
detection capability
e. False alarm rate-less than 3% typical e False alarm rate- Less than 2%
alarm rate. typical alarm rate.
f. Warm up time-Approx. 20-30 minutes f. Warm up time-Approx.20-30 minutes
g. Analysis time- Less than 10 sec per sample. g. Analysis time- Less than 10 sec per
sample
h.Weight- less than 2kg. h. Weight- less than 40kg
Handout
Explosive Detection Equipment Advantages
 Detect small amounts of explosive

 Portable
 No size restriction for consignment being searched
 Less interpretation of results required
Explosive Detection Equipment Limitations
 Do not detect all explosives

 Expensive
 Not readily available
 Training required
 Warm up time is very high(20m)
 Regular calibration and maintenance
 Sampling time
 Sampling techniques
 Multi-layered packaging
1
Specification of EVD/ETD
o Should be capable of detecting explosives contained in baggage.
o Must not pose a health hazard
o Should be able to operate on DC battery as well as 230V AC
o Should be light in weight and easily portable
o Warm up time should not be more than 40min
o Throughput rate of 120 samples/hr
Handout
Chapter 13
Security Procedures for Screening of Passengers with Special Needs and Medical
Condition
(Reference document AVSEC CIRCULAR 04/2014)
Screening of Wheelchair Passengers

1) When a passenger arrives at a screening point in a wheelchair / scooter, he/she must
be accompanied either by another travelling passenger or a representative of the
airline before he proceeds through security. The accompanying passenger or
representative of the airline is responsible for the passenger throughout the whole
process of screening;
2) If a passenger arrives at a screening point in a wheelchair and he/she is not
accompanied by another travelling passenger or Jet Airways representative, the
airline’s Customer Service should be contacted for assistance;
3) At the screening point, depending upon the ability of the passenger to walk, he/she
will be requested to walk through the DFMD unaided. If he/she cannot walk, it is the
responsibility of the accompanying travelling passenger or airline representative to
push the passenger in the wheelchair unless it is self-driven;
4) There may also be non-travelling support personnel in attendance to board the
aircraft and lift the passenger into his / her seat. This support person must be
accompanied.
5) If there is a requirement for the passenger to be lifted at the screening point, the
support person or the airline representative will perform the lifting for the passenger.
6) The support person will be escorted by an airline representative at the time of
boarding/ disembarkation.
7) If the passenger can stand but cannot walk, he/she can be screened by undergoing a
pat-down while he/she stands beside the wheelchair or scooter.
8) If a passenger cannot stand, he/she should be offered a chair for screening and
subjected to a pat-down thereafter.
9) If there is an alarm by the DFMD, HHMD or other technology, the same must be
resolved. If the alarm cannot be resolved, the passenger will not be permitted
beyond the checkpoint.
10) The passenger’s wheelchair or scooter will be inspected, including the seat cushions
and any pouches/ pockets. It will be tested for traces of explosives. Removable
pouches will be x-ray screened.
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11) Any carry-on bag or document with the wheelchair passenger shall be passed
through the x-ray screening.
12) If a person objects to proceeding through the DFMD on justified medical or other
ground, he/she will be allowed passage through alternative way by the frisking
officer and then subjected to screening by pat down search and HHMD where
permissible.
13) If a person refuses to undergo screening, the frisking officer will inform the
supervisor, who will direct what further action is to be taken. The concerned
passenger will not be allowed entry past the screening point.
14) Only when satisfied that a person is not carrying any prohibited or dangerous article,
the screening officer shall allow the person to proceed beyond the screening point.
Screening of Passenger with Prosthetics

1) During screening of prosthetics ASG/APSU may use X-ray, ETD and visual check
depending on the circumstances.
2) The passenger should inform the ASG/APSU of the existence of a prosthetic, his or
her ability and of any need for assistance before screening begins. Passengers can
use Notification Card to communicate discreetly with security officers. However,
showing this card or other medical documentation will not exempt a passenger from
additional screening when necessary.
3) Dignity and privacy of the passengers should be borne in mind during the entire
process of security screening. Where the officer needs to see the prosthetic, care
should be taken against exposing any sensitive areas. ASG/APSU will also use
technology to test the prosthetic for traces of explosive material. If explosive
material is detected, the passenger will have to undergo additional screening.
4) Passenger with prosthetics or braces/support appliances must be accompanied by an
Jet Airways representative, preferable of the same gender as the passenger.
5) The airline staff and any other accompanying person shall be frisked and checked
before allowing them access to the passenger with prosthetics at the screening point.
6) The passenger will first pass through the DFMD and necessary security checks.
7) The passenger should then be taken to a private screening point and made to sit
comfortably. He/she will receive additional screening including a pat-down. If
necessary, screening through ETD trace will be adopted. While dealing with
prosthetic device and during taking off and putting on of clothes, privacy of the
passenger should be maintained.
Handout
8) Screening of the prosthetic appliance will include x-ray screening, ETD detection
and visual inspection. During visual inspection, care should be taken that sensitive
parts are not exposed.
9) The screening in the private screening area will be carried out by two officials, one
to handle the HHMD and pat-down and the other to inspect the prosthetics, braces
and support appliance and subject them to additional screening.
Screening of Passengers who cannot remove Shoes, Medical Device or Bandages
1) Passengers who cannot remove their shoes due to a medical condition should inform
the supervisor, SHA before screening.
2) Passenger can be screened using DFMD and/or a whole body pat-down.
3) The shoes may be subjected to additional screening like ETD, etc.
4) Passengers can be screened without disconnecting external medical devices and
submitting them for x-ray. Such devices include Insulin pumps, Hearing aids,
Cochlear implants, Spinal stimulators, Bone growth stimulators and Ostomies.
5) Under most circumstances, a passenger can conduct a self-pat-down of these devices
followed by ETD screening of his/her hands.
6) The devices should also be physically checked against any outside interference in
the manufacturing.
7) Casts, braces and support appliances will be thoroughly inspected without exposing
sensitive areas as far as possible. ETD screening will also be used to test for traces
of explosive materials, where possible.
8) In case of bandages and/or dressing, while caution will be observed during pat-
down, it needs to be ensured that the covered area is free of threat item. Metal
detector, observation and self-pat-down followed by ETD checks may suffice in
most cases.
9) Passengers with metal implants will be subjected to a thorough pat-down, and the
metal alarm should be resolved satisfactorily. The full body pat-down should include
the following :
a) It should concentrate on upper legs and torso;
b) Special attention should be given to the chest and abdomen areas of the body;
c) Particular focus should be on any skin surface abnormalities or wires or tubes
exiting the body that may be signs of an implanted device.
Handout
Screening of Passengers with Service Animals (Guide Dog)

If the passenger has a service animal, the instructions issued by AVSEC Circular no.
6/2001 shall be implemented. If the service animal is permitted to be carried on board the
following instructions shall be followed :
1) The animal must be wearing a harness, vest, or other identifier that it is a service
animal;
2) The passenger must maintain control of the animal at all times;
3) The passenger should not be separated from the service animal;
4) The screening officer should ask for permission of the passenger before touching the
animal.
5) Service animals are screened using walk through metal detector followed by a pat-
down. There are three options:
a) The service animal goes first and the passenger follows holding the leash; or
b) The passenger goes first holding the leash and the service animal follows; or
c) The passenger and the service animal go together.
6) Regardless of who goes through the metal detector first, the screening officer will
perform a physical inspection of the animal and its belongings (collar, harness,
leash, backpack, vest … etc). The belongings will not be removed from the animal.
7) The passenger should not make contact with service animal (other than maintain
control of the leash) until the animal has been cleared.
8) Medication for serving animals will be subjected to x-ray and other screening, if
required, separately. These also should be separated from other items in the
passenger carry-on.
Ambulance Passengers
Due to exigencies of their exceptional medical conditions/illness, some passengers are
directly taken through the security gates to the aircraft for boarding. In such cases, as far
as possible, the Airport Operator should provide its own ambulance.
1) The passenger and all occupants of the vehicle should be subjected to a pre-
embarkation security check at the security gate by the ASG/APSU staff under the
supervision of an officer not below the rank of an Inspector. The ambulance should
be permitted to proceed to the aircraft only after this check has been completed;
2) In case the ambulance is privately owned or hospital provided, it must be led by
follow- me vehicle of the airport operator. The ASG/APSU staff shall check to
ensure that the vehicles do not carry anything objectionable and are not being
accompanied by unauthorized persons or persons who have no need to be in the
vehicles. Such ambulance will be escorted by ASG/APSU staff;
3) All occupants of the vehicles, unless exempted, must be screened at the gate before
allowing entry into the airport;
Handout
4) The movement of the ambulance should be coordinated well in advance by the

airline with CASO and airport operator.
Screening of Medication and Associated Supplies

1) All medications and associated supplies (i.e. syringes, sharps disposal container,
pens, infusers … etc) are allowed through the checkpoint only after they have been
screened.
2) Medication and related supplies are normally x-rayed.
3) Passengers have the option of requesting a visual inspection of medications and
associated supplies with due reason.
4) Any medication that cannot be cleared visually must be submitted for x-ray
screening.
5) BCAS has issued detailed guidelines regarding carriage of liquids, aerosols and gel
(LAGs) on board vide AVSEC Circular No. 18/2006. Medically necessary LAGs are
permitted in excess of 100 ml on need basis after they have been screened. These
items are subject to additional screening through visual inspection and ETD swipe,
if necessary.
If a passenger has medically necessary LAGs, he or she needs to :

1) Limit the amount to what is reasonably necessary for the itinerary;
2) Separate these items from the other LAGs;
3) Declare the items; and,
4) Present these items for additional inspection on reaching the security check point.
X-ray Screening of Respiratory Equipment

1) Supplemental oxygen and other respiratory related equipment are permitted through
the check-point once they have been screened. This will be subject to DGCA
regulations also.
2) If a passenger can disconnect from the oxygen, the oxygen container will undergo x-
ray screening.
3) Passengers who cannot disconnect from respiratory equipment will be screened by
undergoing a pat-down.
4) Respiratory equipment that is not x-rayed will be visually and physically inspected,
and will be subject to ETD screening.
Handout
Take the following quiz. If you do not get all of the questions correct, please review
that section again.
1. If possible, one should sit down when speaking with a person who uses a
wheelchair.
True
False
2. When talking with a person who is deaf and is accompanied by a sign language
interpreter, speak directly to the interpreter.
True
False
3. The first thing to do when greeting a person who is using a guide dog is to kneel
and pet the dog.
True
False
4. You should always have a pen and pad of paper available.
True
False
Handout
5. Asking a person with speech impairment to repeat themselves will only make
matters worse.
True
False
6. Only people who are legally blind may bring service dogs into the Airport
terminals.
True
False
7. If you are not sure how to assist a person with a disability, asking them for advice
will embarrass them. Just use your best judgment.
True
False
8. It is okay to touch the arm of a person who is deaf in order to get their attention
before speaking to them.
True
False
Handout
9. When giving directions to a person who uses a wheelchair, telling them about
distance and ramps puts unnecessary emphasis on their disability.
True
False
10. When guiding a person who is blind, let them take your arm.
True
False
Answers
1. For an extended conversation, pull up a chair if convenient. It is also okay to kneel on

one knee.
True
2. Always talk with the person directly, not to a travel companion or assistant.
False
3. Never engage with a guide dog without first asking permission. Remember, they are
working!
False
4. Absolutely! They can come in handy in a variety of scenarios.
True
5. Don’t assume you know what the person is trying to say. Ask for clarification.
Handout
False
6. Anyone with any disability may utilize a service animal.
False
7. The person with the disability knows best the method and degree of assistance needed.
Ask, then follow their direction.
False
8. The best method of getting the attention of a person who is deaf or hard of hearing is to
wave, but is also okay to touch or tap the shoulder or back of the arm.
True
9. It is very helpful to persons who use wheelchairs to know distances, level changes, and
ramp locations. You should also consider weather conditions and time constraints.
False
10. You should let the person know that you are to their right or left, and announce that
your elbow is extended for them to take.
True
_____________________________________________________
Handout
ABBREVIATIONS
AAI AIRPORTS AUTHORITY OF INDIA

AC AERODROME COMMITTEE
ACI AIRPORTS COUNCIL INTERNATIONAL
ACOS (CA) ADDITIONAL COMMISSIONER OF SECURITY
ACS ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER OF SECURITY
ADP AIRSIDE DRIVING PERMIT
AEP AERODROME ENTRY PASS/ PERMIT
AEC AIRPORT ENTRY CARD
AMD ARCHWAY METAL DETECTOR
ANFO AMMONIUM NITRATE IN FUEL OIL
APSC AIRPORT SECURITY COMMITTEE
APSU AIRPORT SECURITY UNIT
ARC ARCHIVE IMAGE
ASG AVIATION SECURITY GROUP
AVSEC AVIATION SECURITY
AWB AIRWAY BILL
AWG AMERICAN WIRE GAUGE
AWO AIR WORTHINESS OFFICER
BCAS BUREAU OF CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY
BDDS BOMB DETECTION & DISPOSAL SQUAD
BIPPS BIOMETRIC INTEGRATED PASSENGER PROFILING SYSTEM
X-BIS X-ray BAGGAGE INSPECTION SYSTEM
BSA BAGGAGE SORTING AREA
BMA BAGGAGE MAKEUP AREA
BTAC BOMB THREAT ASSESMENT COMMITTEE
BTCF BOMB THREAT COMMUNICATION FORM
BTCL BOMB THREAT CHECK LIST
BTCP BOMB THREAT CONTINGENCY PLAN
BTRC BOMB THREAT REVIEW COMMITTEE
B+W/ BW BLACK AND WHITE
BWAF BOMB WARNING ASSESMENT FORM
CC CRYSTAL CLEAR
CAPPS COMPUTER AIDED PASSENGER BEHAVIOUR DETECTION
SYSTEM
CASO CHIEF AERODROME SECURITY OFFICER
CBD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL DEVICE
CCS CABINET COMMITTEE ON SECURITY
CCCR CENTRAL COMMITTEE CONTROL ROOM
Handout
CCTV CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION

CGO CARGO
CLIP CALLER LINE IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE
CMG CRISIS MANAGEMENT GROUP
COE CONTROLLER OF EXPLOSIVES
COSAH COMMITTEE OF SECRETARIES ON AIRCRAFT HIJACKING
COSCA COMMISSIONER OF SECURITY CIVIL AVIATION
CTCP COUNTER TERRORIST CONTINGENCY PLANS
CTP COMBINED TEST PIECE
CTX COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY X-RAY
DAW DIRECTOR AIR WORTHINESS
DCAS DIRECTORATE OF CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY
DCOS DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF SECURITY
DFMD DOOR FRAME METAL DETECTOR
DGCA DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION
DIP DIPLOMAT
EDS EXPLOSIVE DETECTION SYSTEM
EDDS EXPLOSIVE DEVICE DETECTION SYSTEM
EOD EXPLOSIVE ORDINANCE DISPOSAL
EPX ENHANCED PERFORMANCE X-RAY
ETD EXPLOSIVE TRACE DETECTOR
ETDS EXPLOSIVE TRACE DETECTION SYSTEM
EDTS EXPLOSIVE DETECTION TOMOGRAPHY SYSTEM
EVD EXPLOSIVE VAPOUR DETECTOR
EVDS EXPLOSIVE VAPOUR DETECTION SYSTEM
HAD HIGH DENSITY ALERT
HDB HIGH DENSITY BLINKING
HHMD HAND HELD METAL DETECTOR
HMTD HEXA METHYLENE TRIPEROXIDE DIAMINE
HMX HIGH MELTING EXPLOSIVES
HUM HUMAN REMAINS
IATA INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION
ICAO INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION
INTERPOL INTERNATIONL POLICE
IED IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE
IFSO INFLIGHT SECURITY OFFICER
IID IMPROVISED INCENDIARY DEVICE
IM INORGANIC MATERIAL
IMS ION MOBILITY SPECTROMETRY
INV INVERSE
LAGs LIQUIDS, AEROSOLS, AND GELS
Handout
LED LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

LTPE LOW TEMPERATURE PLASTIC EXPLOSIVE
MANPADS MAN PORTABLE AIR DEFENCE SYSTEM
MRTD MACHINE READABLE TRAVEL DOCUMENT
NCASP NATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY PROGRAMME
NCASQCP NATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY QUALITY CONTROL
PROGRAMME
NCASTP NATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY TRAINING
PROGRAMME
NSG NATIONAL SECURITY GUARD
OM ORGANIC MATERIAL
O2 ORGANIC ONLY
OS ORGANIC STRIPPING
OTP OPERATING TEST PIECE
PER PERISHABLE
PETN PENTA ERYTHROTOL TETRA NITRATE
PFNA PULSED FAST NEUTRON ANALYSIS
PIDS PERIMETER INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM
PIN PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
PSc PSEUDO COLOUR
PTI POSITIVE TARGET IDENTIFICATION
RCB RESUME CURRENT BAG
RDCOS REGIONAL DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF SECURITY
RDX RESEARCH & DEVELOPED EXPLOSIVE
RTVS REAL TIME VIEWING SYSTEM
SARP STANDARD & RECOMMENDED PRACTICE
SEN SUPER ENHANCEMENT
SOP STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE
SPG SPECIAL PROTECTION GROUP
SRA SECURITY RESTRICTED ARTICLES
SRCH SEARCH
STEB SECURITY TAMPERED EVIDENT BAG
SWG STANDARD WIRE GAUGE
TATP TRI ACETONE TRI PEROXIDE
TIP THREAT IMAGE PROJECTION
TNT TRI NITRO TOLUENE
TSA TRANSPORT SECURITY ADMINISTRATION
VCS VARIABLE COLOUR STRIPPING
VDU VISUAL DISPLAY UNIT
VDZ VARIABLE DENSITY ZOOM
VEH VARIABLE EDGE ENHANCEMENT
Handout
VG VARIABLE GAMMA
VPB VIEW PREVIOUS BAG
VZM VARIABLE ZOOM
WSO WATCH SUPERVISORY OFFICER
WTMD WALK THROUGH METAL DETECTOR
X-BIS X-RAY BAGGAGE INSPECTION SYSTEM
REM Rontgen Equivalent Man
TCV THREAT CONTAINMENT VESSEL
MRTD MACHINE READBLE TRAVEL DOCUMENT
Handout
BCAS Specifications as per Circular No. 34/2005 dated 22.08.2005)
Appendix – A
X-Ray BIS
BCAS Regulations
S. No. Particulars
1 Single wire Resolution 40SWG
2 Penetration >26mm steel
3 Conveyor Belt Speed Between 0.18 and 0.3 mtr /sec
4 Radiation level 0.1m R/Hr at 5cm
5 TIP Mandatory
6 CTP To be provided
7 Software feature of machine On line
8 Operating temperature 0-40 degree temp
9 Multicolor Mandatory
10 Zoom 8X
11 Software enhancement To be implement – TIP Facility
12 Tunnel size: Hand baggage 660 - 700 mm X 400 - 500 mm (width X
height)
13 Belt height: Hand baggage 600mm - 850 mm
14 Conveyor load capacity : Hand 100 kgs (distributed)
baggage
15 Tunnel size: Hold baggage 900 - 1000 mm X 650 - 850 mm (width X
height)
16 Belt height: Hold baggage 600mm - 850 mm
17 Conveyor load capacity : Hold 150 kgs (distributed)
baggage
18 X-ray Image minimum 1024 X 768 pixels.
19 Distance between two bags 30cms or 1 feet
20 Throughput for Baggage 300 Bags / Hour
21 Throughput for Cargo 150 Bags / Hour
Handout
Appendix – B
DOOR FRAME METAL DETECTOR
1. Sensitivity
1.1 DFMD should have uniform sensitivity across the aperture Metal object
Which shoiuld produce identical alarm when passedthrough any portion within frame.
1.2 The DFMD should have multi-zone capability with uniform sensitivity in all
zones
1.3 The system should be capable of detecting ferrous/non ferrous & metallic when
passed through the archway concealed on the body of the person irrespective of the
orientations,weight, size and shape of the object.
2. APERTURE SIZE
The aperture of the DFMD should be 02 meters in height and .75 meters to .85 meters
wide.
3. SPEED OF PASSAGE
3.1 The performance of the DFMD should be independent of the speed of the person
passing through, as a person’s foot may swing through the archway without touching the
ground, or may come to rest on the ground between the archway pillars.
4. INTERFERENCE REJECTION
Moving metal beyond one mtr from DFMD should not affect performance of
the DFMD.
5. ALARM INDICATION
5.1 There should be both visual and audible alarms. It should be possible to
adjust volume of the audible alarm.
Handout
5.2 The unit shall be able to work with out any manual adjustment for power
variations over voltage range from 160 V to 260 AC.
6. STABILITY
The DFMD shall be manufactured by firms having ISO 9000 certification.
7. SECURITY
DFMD resets itself within three seconds after an alarm condition.
8. HEALTH AND SAFETY
DFMD shall be Cardiac pacemaker, Magnetic tape & Film safe, Supplier shall
submit certification to this effect with supporting documents.
9. COMMISSIONING & TESTING
DFMD should be tested by using a standard test piece and as per method
prescribed by the BCAS
10. STATIC METAL COMPENSATION
It may be necessary to install DFMD close to fixed sheets or pieces of metal,

which form part of the building or its fittings.
11. OPERATING TEMPERATURE
DFMD shall work satisfactorily without any deterioration in performance within

the temperature range of 0 to +45 C with RH up to 95 % non-condensing.
12. CALIBRATION
DFMD shall have in built feature of auto calibration.
Appendix – C
HAND HELD METAL DETECTOR
Handout
 Should be able to detect metals without being in direct contact with it.
 Operating temperature : 0 – 45 degree centigrade
 Weight should not exceed 250gms
 Should be safe for pacemakers
 Should have both audio and visual alarms.
 Easily disposable / replaceable / rechargeable batteries.
 Indicator to indicate battery status.
Appendix – D
EXPLOSIVE VAPOUR DETECTORS ( EVD)
1. The Explosive Vapour Detectors are capable of detecting small quantities of

explosives provided the explosive vapour is available in the container. Due to low
vapour pressure of plastic explosive made of RDX and PETN, it is difficult to detect
plastic explosives. Detection capabilities of explosives have been enhanced by
marking the same with a agent named DMNB as per the ICAO convention on “
Marking of Plastic Explosive”. The specifications given below are applicable for
both marked and unmarked explosives.
2. Specifications:
2.1. Detection Capacity : Detect explosives such as RDX,PETN,
TNT, Dynamite, SEMTEX, C4, HMX,
Ammonium Nitrate etc. with programmable
Detection capability.
2.2 Detection Technology : Based on the latest technology in
explosive detection.
2.3. Sensitivity : Capable of detection Explosive
minimum of 5 gm in operational conditions.
2.4. Selectivity : less than 3% typical false alarm rate.
2.5. Analysis Time : Approximate 10 Sec per sample.
2.6. Sample collection : i) Air collection for vapour.
ii) Surface wipe for trace particle/using
filter/vacuum pump unit.
2.7. Warm up time : Approx. 20-30 minutes.
2.8. Power : 110/220 V , 50/50 Hz. 30w, Auto Sensing.
Handout
12 volt DC
2.9. Detection mode : Explosive mode. Optional - narcotic.
2.10. Signal processing : i ) Variable integration time.
ii) Plasmagram component.
iii) Recognition of multiple explosives in
particulate /vapour mode.
2.11. Weight (Hand Unit) : Less than 2 kg
2.12. Calibration : Automatic calibration
Appendix – E
EXPLOSIVE TRACE DETECTORS (ETD).
1. Introduction
The Explosive Trace Detectors are designed to detect nanogram (ng) level of
explosive traces. The swipe or vapour mode may be used for collection of samples
and analysis. The equipment selected for airport environment shall meet the
minimum specifications as given below: The specifications is applicable for both
marked and unmarked explosives. The buyer may opt for a better technology and
equipment as per their requirement.
1. 1 Detection Capacity : Detect explosives such as RDX, PETN, TNT,

Dynamite, SEMTEX, C4, HMX, and
Ammonium Nitrate etc. with programmable
Detection capability.
1.2. Detection Technology : Based on the latest technology in explosive

detection.
1.3. Sensitivity : Capable of detection Explosive minimum of

100 ng in operational/ laboratory conditions.
1.4. Selectivity : <2% typical false alarm rate.
1.5. Analysis Time : Approximate 10 Sec per sample.
1.6. Sample collection i) Surface wipe for trace particle/using
filter/vacuum pump unit.
Handout
Ii) Air collection for vapour

1.7. Warm up tome : Approx. 20-30 minutes.
1.8. Power 110/220 V, 50/50 Hz. 30w, Auto Sensing. 12
volt DC
1.9. Detection mode : Explosive mode. Optional - narcotic
1.10. Signal processing i) Variable integration time.
ii) Plasmagram component
iii) Recognition of multiple
explosives in particulate /vapour mode.
1.11. Weight (Hand Unit) : Less than 40 kg. (Portable unit)
1.12. Calibration : Automatic calibration.
2. Stages of evaluation
2.1 The test shall be conducted in different stages starting from checking
configuration data on technical parameters, system calibration, data collection etc.
The proper record of details should be maintained.
These stages are:
i. Configuration details – checking of technical
parameters.
ii. Operational and environment data
iii. System calibration
iv. Threshold verification
v. Test article selection
vi. Pretest activities
vii. Data collection
viii. Problem reporting
ix. Post test activities.
3.2 The test team will check the details of technical parameters claimed by
suppliers are in conformity with the specification issued by the BCAS. The equipment
shall meet the specification as given below.
a. Explosives detected i.e. RDX, PETN, TNT, PEK, Sheet explosives,

LTPE, Ammonium Nitrate, Gelatin etc
b. Susceptibility to interference (i.e. including specific interference’s

tending to mask the explosive): minimum
c. Sensitivity/ sensitivity loss: Nanogram level of explosive
d. Response(s) time to the explosives: 6 seconds
Handout
e. Sampling methods: swipe and vapour mode
f. False alarm rate: less than 2 %
g. Time taken for recalibration: not more than 2 minutes
h. Warm up time: 20 to 30 minutes
i. Environmental limits: operating temperature – 20 to +50oC, relative

humidity 95% non-condensing.
j. Safety factors and regulations: should meet National Safety regulations
k. Human intervention requirements: minimum
l. System design overview: as per specification.

m. Response time and processing rate of the equipment: 10 sec.
n. Physical requirements; and weight less than 40 kg/ portable.
o. Functional and performance capabilities: detect service and

commercial explosives as given in the specifications.
p. Supporting data regarding training, maintenance and availability of

spares
3.3 Instruction manuals, operation manuals, circuit diagram, and the engineering
documents must be included to assist the test and evaluation team in its evaluation
of the equipment.
***
Handout
AVSEC ORDERS/CIRCULARS
Circular no. - 10 /2002 TARMAC TRANSFER OF PASSENGERS.
Circular no. - 29 /2002 procedure for carriage of weapons and ammunition by

Personal Security Officers VVIPs /VIPs and/ or persons)
CIRCULAR NO.-26 / 2003 weapon up to the terminal building by PSOs accompanying

the VVIPs
AVSEC circular-21/2004 use of hand gloves during frisking
AVSEC Circular-25/2004 BCAS specification for equipments
AVSEC circular-14/2005 carriage of Kirpan by air
AVSEC order-23/2005 Physical search of passenger/Hand baggage
AVSEC circular-25/2005 Security check of Photographic equipment and film
AVSEC circular-31/2005 Procedure for carriage of weapon
Circular no-34 /2005 Procedure for screening of hold baggage
Handout
Circular no-38/ 2005 Carriage of authorized firearm and / or ammunition by

Units of armed forces / Para-military forces while traveling
by a civil commercial flight.
Circular no- 42/2005- Carriage of Prisoners
Circular no-43/2005 contingency plan for handling aircraft hijack situation
AVSEC circular-02/2006 Ladder point check by airline
AVSEC circular- 4/ 2006 Carriage of licensed firearm and / or ammunition by a

sportsperson while traveling by air
AVSEC circular- 13/ 2006 aircraft operator to collect security removed items
belonging to passengers from the security check point in
the SHA and hand these over to the passengers at the
destination
AVSEC Circular 14/2006 Use of LAGs
AVSEC circular-16/2006 Re-certification of screeners
AVSEC circular-18/2006 Not more than 100ml liquid items/gel/paste or items of

similar consistency (except medicine/ inhaler accompanied
by prescription and baby food to be allowed in the hand
baggage
Corrigendum Carriage of licensed firearms and /or ammunition by a

sportsperson while traveling by air- BCAS Circular No.
33/2005
Avsec order-05/2009 Arun Run Mishra committee
Avsec order 06/2009 Exemption of pre embarkation check
AVSEC circular-08/2008 Comprehensive circular for cargo
AVSEC circular - 15/2006 Carriage of duty free items
AVSEC circular - 18/2006 Carriage of aerosols and GELs
AVSEC circular-16/2010 Screening of passenger through ETD
Handout
AVSEC circular-21/2010 prompt communication to COSCA/Addl COSCA
AVSEC circular-05/2010 carriage of weapon by SPG personnel in Hold Baggage
AVSEC order-08/2011 potentially disruptive passenger
AVSEC Circular 04/2014 Security Procedures for Screening of Passengers with

Special Needs and Medical Condition

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Screeners Certification

Page 1 of 127 SECRET

Trainee Reference Book

Screeners Certification Course

This SECRET Document is

Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS)

Today the expansion of business and an exceedingly competitive environment requires

S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

Syllabus for Screener Certification Test

TOTAL MARKS -100

Aggregate of the candidate hence should be equal to or above 80%, to be declared

 Threats to Civil Aviation.

 Conduct of CTP test 04 marks

 Frisking of Passengers 10 marks

• unlawful seizure of aircraft

Aircraft security check. An inspection of the interior of an aircraft to which passengers

Baggage. Personal property of passengers or crew carried on an aircraft by agreement

Cabin baggage. Baggage intended for carriage in the cabin of an aircraft.

Co-mat. Abbreviation of aircraft operator company materials, shipped within the

Explosive Detection System (EDS). A system or combination of different technologies

Explosive Device Detection System (EDDS). A system or combination of different

Integrated/consolidated cargo. A consignment of multi-packages which has been

Mishandled baggage. Baggage involuntarily, or inadvertently, separated from

Sabotage. An act or omission, intended to cause malicious or wanton destruction of

Note.— Certain dangerous articles or substances are classified as dangerous goods by

Threat Image Projection (TIP). A software programme approved by the appropriate

Trace detection equipment. Technology system or combination of different technologies

Transfer passengers/baggage. Passengers/baggage making direct connections between

Threat to Civil Aviation

Conventional / Traditional threats to Civil Aviation

Security Measures at Airports

Major Hijacking incidents in India and countermeasures deployed

Indian Airline Airbus A-300 Flight No. IC-814 (KTM-DEL) was

Anti hijacking measures

 Secondary Ladder Point Checks

Major sabotage incidents in Civil Aviation

At 07:13 on Sunday, June 23, 1985 an explosion at Tokyo Narita

The Bandaranaike Airport attack (Colombo, Sri Lanka) was an assault by

Pan Am Flight 103 (Lockerbie bombing) was a Pan Am transatlantic

Anti sabotage measures

24 July 2001 LTTE attack on Colombo Apt.

Measures against terrorist attacks

3rd May 1986: Air Lanka Bombing

22nd December 2001: Shoe Bomber

Aug 2006 : Terror Plot against US bound Flights from UK

THIS PLOT IF EXECUTED COULD HAVE TAKEN OVER 1500 LIVES.

December 25, 2009: Northwest Airlines Flight 253 (Schiphol Incident)

X-BIS (Theory, Specifications and its use)

An X-ray operator should be able to answer the following question:-

1. What is the purpose of this system?

X rays will pass uninterrupted through low-density substances, whereas higher-density

 They move in straight lines, and at the speed of light.

X – Ray BIS Requirement

X-ray Baggage Inspection System

Differences between Single & Multi Energy System

Single Energy X-ray System

Multi Energy X-ray System / Dual Energy

X-ray BIS Inbuilt Protection

The in built safety measures in X-ray BIS are: -

4. Interlocks – If an attempt is made to generate x-ray with a critical panel missing an

Pre Operative Check X Ray BIS

Before operating the X-ray equipment:

Switching on the X-ray machine: