Drug addiction:

Many people don't understand why or how other

people become addicted to drugs. They may
mistakenly think that those who use drugs lack
moral principles or willpower and that they could
stop their drug use simply by choosing to. In
reality, drug addiction is a complex disease, and
quitting usually takes more than good intentions or
a strong will. Drugs change the brain in ways that
make quitting hard, even for those who want to.
Fortunately, researchers know more than ever
about how drugs affect the brain and have found
treatments that can help people recover from drug
addiction and lead productive lives.
Addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use
that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful
consequences. The initial decision to take drugs is voluntary for
most people, but repeated drug use can lead to brain changes that
challenge an addicted person’s self-control and interfere with their
ability to resist intense urges to take drugs. These brain changes can
be persistent, which is why drug addiction is considered a
"relapsing" disease—people in recovery from drug use disorders are
at increased risk for returning to drug use even after years of not
taking the drug.

It's common for a person to relapse, but relapse doesn't mean that
treatment doesn’t work. As with other chronic health conditions,
treatment should be ongoing and should be adjusted based on how
the patient responds. Treatment plans need to be reviewed often
and modified to fit the patient’s changing needs.
What is alcohol addiction?
Alcohol addiction, also known as alcoholism, is a disease that affects people of
all walks of life. Experts have tried to pinpoint factors like genetics, sex, race, or
socioeconomics that may predispose someone to alcohol addiction. But it has
no single cause. Psychological, genetic, and behavioral factors can all
contribute to having the disease.

It’s important to note that alcoholism is a real disease. It can cause changes to
the brain and neurochemistry, so a person with an alcohol addiction may not
be able to control their actions.

Alcohol addiction can show itself in a variety of ways. The severity of the
disease, how often someone drinks, and the alcohol they consume varies from
person to person. Some people drink heavily all day, while others binge drink
and then stay sober for a while.

Regardless of how the addiction looks, someone typically has an alcohol

addiction if they heavily rely on drinking and can’t stay sober for an extended
period of time.
What are the symptoms of
alcoholism?
Alcohol addiction can be difficult to recognize. Unlike cocaine or heroin,
alcohol is widely available and accepted in many cultures. It’s often at the
center of social situations and closely linked to celebrations and enjoyment.

Drinking is a part of life for many people. When is it common in society, it can
be hard to tell the difference between someone who likes to have a few drinks
now and then and someone with a real problem.
Why quitting is so hard
Remember, smoking is not simply a bad habit—it’s an addiction. The drug
inside tobacco that people are addicted to is called nicotine. Just like with
other addictions, people who are addicted to cigarettes have a compulsive
need to smoke—their body craves regular doses of nicotine.
When someone smokes, it will often lead to changes in their brain and
nervous system. These are real physical differences, and the brain will now
be dependent on the nicotine, and has ‘rewired’ itself. When the individual
stops smoking for a period of time, it is common for individuals to
experience some withdrawal symptoms as the brain and body adjusting to
no longer having nicotine in the system.
Withdrawal from smoking and nicotine is often uncomfortable. It has many
physical symptoms and some people are not able to handle these feelings.
They may also find the cravings for nicotine too hard to resist. This is why
some people who try quitting relapse, or slip up.
Because the withdrawal symptoms are real, it’s important to be patient with
someone who is trying to quit. It takes time for the brain to adjust itself to
not receiving nicotine. It also takes time and will power to break habits and
routines built around smoking, and to replace them with new healthier
choices. Being supportive is the best thing you can do for a friend or family
member who is trying to quit.
Global warming is a long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system, an
aspect of climate changeshown by temperature measurements and by multiple effects of the
warming.[2][3] The term commonly refers to the mainly human-caused observed warming since pre-
industrial times and its projected continuation,[4] though there were also much earlier periods of
global warming.[5] In the modern context the terms global warming and climate change are commonly
used interchangeably,[6] but global warming more specifically relates to worldwide surface
temperature increases; while climate change is any regional or global statistically identifiable
persistent change in the state of climate which lasts for decades or longer, including warming or
cooling.[7][8] Many of the observed warming changes since the 1950s are unprecedented in
the instrumental temperature record, and in historical and paleoclimate proxy records of climate
change over thousands to millions of years.[2]
In 2013, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment
Report concluded, "It is extremely likelythat human influence has been the dominant cause of the
observed warming since the mid-20th century."[9] The largest human influence has been the
emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. In view of the
dominant role of human activity in causing it, the phenomenon is sometimes called
"anthropogenic global warming" or "anthropogenic climate change." Climate model projections
summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century, the global surface temperature is
likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) to 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) depending on
the rate of greenhouse gas emissions.[10] These findings have been recognized by the national
science academies of the major industrialized nations[11][a] and are not disputed by any scientific body
of national or international standing.[13][14]
Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region.[15][16] Ongoing and
anticipated effectsinclude rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in
the subtropics.[17] Future warming is expected to be greater over land than over the oceans
and greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice. Other likely
changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires,
heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall;[18] ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of
species due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food
security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to rising sea
levels.[19][20] Because the climate system has a large "inertia" and greenhouse gases will remain in the
atmosphere for a long time, many of these effects will persist for not only decades or centuries, but
tens of thousands of years.[21]
Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions
reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible
future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC),[22] whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic
climate change.[23] Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are
required[24] and that global warming should be limited to well below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) compared to pre-
industrial levels,[b] with efforts made to limit warming to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F).[26] Some scientists call into
question climate adaptation feasibility, with higher emissions scenarios,[27] or the two degree
temperature target.[28]
Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects are also increasing. A global
2015 Pew Research Centerreport showed that a median of 54% of all respondents asked consider it
"a very serious problem." Significant regional differences exist, with Americans and Chinese (whose
economies are responsible for the greatest annual CO2 emissions) among the least concerned.[29]
What is Internet addiction?

Internet addiction is described as an impulse control disorder, which does not involve
use of an intoxicating drug and is very similar to pathological gambling. Some Internet
users may develop an emotional attachment to on-line friends and activities they create
on their computer screens. Internet users may enjoy aspects of the Internet that allow
them to meet, socialize, and exchange ideas through the use of chat rooms, social
networking websites, or "virtual communities." Other Internet users spend endless
hours researching topics of interest Online or "blogging". Blogging is a contraction of
the term "Web log", in which an individual will post commentaries and keep regular
chronicle of events. It can be viewed as journaling and the entries are primarily textual.

Similar to other addictions, those suffering from Internet addiction use the virtual fantasy
world to connect with real people through the Internet, as a substitution for real-life
human connection, which they are unable to achieve normally.

What are the effects?

Internet addiction results in personal, family, academic, financial, and

occupational problems that are characteristic of other addictions. Impairments
of real life relationships are disrupted as a result of excessive use of the
Internet. Individuals suffering from Internet addiction spend more time in
solitary seclusion, spend less time with real people in their lives, and are often
viewed as socially awkward. Arguments may result due to the volume of time
spent on-line. Those suffering from Internet addiction may attempt to conceal
the amount of time spent on-line, which results in distrust and the disturbance
of quality in once stable relationships.

Some suffering from Internet addiction may create on-line personas or profiles
where they are able to alter their identities and pretend to be someone other
than himself or herself. Those at highest risk for creation of a secret life are
those who suffer from low-self esteem feelings of inadequacy, and fear of
disapproval. Such negative self-concepts lead to clinical problems of
depression and anxiety.

Many persons who attempt to quit their Internet use experience withdrawal
including: anger, depression, relief, mood swings, anxiety, fear, irritability,
sadness, loneliness, boredom, restlessness, procrastination, and upset
stomach. Being addicted to the Internet can also cause physical discomfort or
medical problems such as: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, dry eyes, backaches,
severe headaches, eating irregularities, (such as skipping meals), failure to
attend to personal hygiene, and sleep disturbance.
Teenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in a female
under the age of 20.[2] Pregnancy can occur with sexual intercourse after the start
of ovulation, which can be before the first menstrual period (menarche) but usually
occurs after the onset of periods.[4] In well-nourished females, the first period usually
takes place around the age of 12 or 13.[5]
Pregnant teenagers face many of the same pregnancy related issues as other women.
There are additional concerns for those under the age of 15 as they are less likely to be
physically developed to sustain a healthy pregnancy or to give birth. [6] For girls aged
15–19, risks are associated more with socioeconomic factors than with the biological
effects of age.[7] Risks of low birth weight, premature labor, anemia, and pre-
eclampsia are connected to biological age, being observed in teen births even after
controlling for other risk factors (such as accessing prenatal care etc.).[8][9]
Teenage pregnancies are associated with social issues, including
lower educational levels and poverty.[3] Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is
usually outside of marriage and carries a social stigma.[10] Teenage pregnancy in
developing countries often occurs within marriage and half are planned.[3] However, in
these societies, early pregnancy may combine with malnutritionand poor health care to
cause medical problems. When used in combination, educational interventions and
access to birth control can reduce unintended teenage pregnancies.[11][12]
In 2015 about 47 females per 1,000 had children well under the age of 20. [3] Rates are
higher in Africa and lower in Asia.[3] In the developing world about 2.5 million females
under the age of 16 and 16 million females 15 to 19 year old have children each
year.[3] Another 3.9 million have abortions.[3] It is more common in rural than urban
areas.[3] Worldwide, complications related to pregnancy are the most common cause of
death among females 15 to 19 year old.[3]
Political dynasties have long been a feature of the Philippine political
landscape. They are typically characterized as families that have
established their political or economic dominance in a province and have
coordinated efforts to move on to involvement in national government or
other positions of national political prominence. Political dynasties usually
have a strong, consolidated support base concentrated around the
province in which they are dominant. Members of such dynasties usually
do not limit their involvement to strictly political activities, and have been
found participating in business or culture-related activities."
Political dynasties started emerging after the Philippine Revolution when
the First Republic of the Philippines was established. With the decline of
Spain's economic power and international prestige in the 19th century, the
expansion of British and American influence around the world, and the
political current of emergent nationalism among the children of the
economically enfranchised bourgeois, the power of the peninsulares', or
Spanish-born aristocracy declined propitiously. Following the defeat of the
Spanish in the Spanish–American War, the surviving members of
the Spanish or Spanish-sanctioned landholding elite and the newly
ascendant merchant elite, who were mostly foreign expatriates or
of Chinese origin, formed a de facto aristocracy to replace the power
vacuum the Spanish had left.
Aristocracy survived and prospered under the American colonial regime,
and remained a permanent fixture in Philippine society even following the
independence of the Philippines was finally confirmed following the
devastation of the Philippines under the Japanese occupation of the
Philippines during World War II. Over the years, political dynasties
continued to adapt, as newer dynasties emerged to fill power vacuums left
behind by the extinction of older dynasties. The majority of the available
positions in Philippine government are currently held by members of these
political dynasties. Notable Philippine political dynasties include the Aquino,
Marcos, Arroyo, Binay, Duterte, and Roxas families." There has been a lot
of debate regarding the effects political dynasties have on the political and
economic status of Philippine society. Despite the negative reaction of the
populace towards political dynasties and the association between dynastic
activities and corruption,[1] it is only prohibited in the members of the youth-
oriented Sangguniang Kabataan.
Definition: Bill of lading (BOL) is one of the most important
documents in the shipping process. To ship any goods, a bill of
lading is required and acts as a receipt and a contract. A
completed BOL legally shows that the carrier has received the
freight as described and is obligated to deliver that freight in good
condition to the consignee.

Description: The information in the bill of lading is critical as it

directs the actions of personnel all along the route of the shipment
- where it's going, the piece count, how it's billed, and how it's to
be handled on the dock and trailers. It could be on a prepaid or
collect basis.

The consignee has to check whether the shipment is collect on

delivery which means that the driver will collect the cost of the
merchandise on delivery of the freight