UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

LAB REPORT #4
CE-214L MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1 LAB
SEMESTER 3RD SECTION C
GROUP 14
SUBMITTED BY
Fammaz Ali 95 16PWCIV4576
Muhammad Sufyan 96 16PWCIV4577
Shahzeb Khan 97 16PWCIV4578
Azmat Khan 98 16PWCIV4579
Musa Ajmal Khan 99 16PWCIV4580
Zeeshan Ahmad 100 16PWCIV4581
Ayesha Javed 101 16PWCIV4582
Rabia Bashir 102 16PWCIV4665

SUBMITTED TO
Engr. Muhammad Salman

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CE-214L Mechanics of solids-1 Lab LAB –Report#04

It is intended that this report provides with a clear and thorough presentation of
the two lectures we studied in the class. It covers all the relevant information
related to the lectures in detail with the help of illustrations. The relevance of
knowing the topics matter is reflected by the real-world applications and for this
purpose photos are also added. These photos generally are used to explain how
the relevant principles apply to real-world situations.

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Table of Contents
TO FIND YIELD, ULTIMATE STRESS, ELONGATION IN MILD STEEL ................................................................ 5
1.1 APPARATUS ......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 THEORY ............................................................................................................................................ 5
1.3.1 Proportional limit .................................................................................................................. 5
1.3.2 Elastic limit .................................................................................................................................. 5
1.3.3 Yield strength ............................................................................................................................... 5
1.3.4 Tensile strength or ultimate tensile strength (UTS): ................................................................... 6
1.3.5 Rapture load ................................................................................................................................ 6
1. 4 PROCEDURE........................................................................................................................................ 6
1.5 OBSERVATION: .................................................................................................................................... 6
BEND TEST ON STEEL .................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 TO CHECK DUCTILITY OF STEEL BAR.................................................................................................... 8
2.2 APPARATUS ......................................................................................................................................... 8
2.3 OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 SPECIMEN............................................................................................................................................ 8
2.5 PROCEDURE ........................................................................................................................................ 8
2.6 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 9
DEFLECTION OF BEAM ................................................................................................................................ 10
3.1 DEFINITION........................................................................................................................................ 10
3.2 IMPORTANCE .................................................................................................................................... 10
3.3 MATHEMATICAL FORM ..................................................................................................................... 10
3.4 EXPERIMENTAL ETERMINATION OF DEFLECTION IN STATICALLY DETERMINANT OVERHANGING
BEAM....................................................................................................................................................... 12
3.5 APPARATUS ....................................................................................................................................... 12
3.6 DIMENSIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 12

Figure 1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 2 ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 3 ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 4 ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 5 ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 6 ....................................................................................................................................................... 12

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Figure 7 ....................................................................................................................................................... 12

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TO FIND YIELD, ULTIMATE STRESS, ELONGATION IN MILD

STEEL

1.1 APPARATUS
1. Universal testing machine (UTM)
2. Specimen steel rod
3. Vernier caliper
4. Divider
5. Scale
1.2 OBJECTIVE
The primary objective of this experiment is to study the variation in a
steel rod when it is subjected to tensile load and to check the proportionality of
hooks law under the effect of such forces.
1.3 THEORY
In tension test of metals, the properties usually determined are yield
strength, ultimate tensile strength, percentage of elongation etc. For brittle
materials only by compressive strength is determined.
The tension test is normally carried out in a universal testing machine (UTM). The
specimen can be in the form of a rod or a plate. The dimensions of standard
specimen can be known from accepted specifications.
The following properties can be determined from the stress strain curve of the
material:
1.3.1 Proportional limit: Proportional limit is that point on the stress strain
curve at which the curve deviates from linearity i-e from the relation
Stress=young’s modulus × strain
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀
1.3.2 Elastic limit: is the point on the stress strain curve above which plastic
deformation (that is permanent deformation) starts.
1.3.3 Yield strength: is the stress required to produce a small amount of
permanent or plastic deformation.

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1.3.4 Tensile strength or ultimate tensile strength (UTS): is the maximum

load divided by the original cross section area of the specimen. U.T.S corresponds
to the peak or the highest stress value in the stress strain curve.
1.3.5 Rapture load :the maximum load which a material can bear also called the
breaking point.it should be noted that rapture load is always less than ultimate load
1. 4 PROCEDURE
 Mark the gauge length on the test specimen (in this experiment it is 8 inch)
 Measure the diameter of the test specimen at several sections by Vernier
caliper and note down the mean diameter
 Fix the specimen firmly to the jaws of the testing machine
 Start the machine and gradually increase the tensile load. Collect the
readings from the software assisted computer in control unit until the
fracture of specimen occurs. Note down the reading where the load reaches
to maximum
 Remove the fractured specimen from the machine and measure its diameter
and the final gauge length
 Draw graph for stress strain curve, and locate different points like yield
strength, rapture load etc. in it.
1.5 OBSERVATION:
S.NO LOAD(TONS) ∆𝑳(𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔) ∆d(inches)

1 0 0 0

2 1.38 0.0005 0.411

3 1.90 0.0008 0.409

4 2.88 0.001 0.405

5 3.62 0.007 0.401

6 4.06 0.25 0.397

7 4.5 0.375 0.391

8 4.92 0.5625 0.378

9 5.18 1.125 0.360

10 4.38 1.375 0.278

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180000
Stress-Strain Curve
160000

140000

120000
Stress (psi)

100000

80000

60000

Engg Stress
40000 True Stress-Strain

20000

0
-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

Strain

Figure 1

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BEND TEST ON STEEL

2.1 TO CHECK DUCTILITY OF STEEL BAR
2.2 APPARATUS
1 Ultimate Tensile Machine (UTM)
2 Bending Table
3 Steel Bar
4 Pin
5 Vernier Calliper.
2.3 OBJECTIVE
In civil engineering structures the design mainly depends upon the
loads to which it is subjected. Tensile loads are resisted by the rebars provided in
concrete. Greater the ductility greater will be its resistance. Thus ductility is an
important factor.
2.4 SPECIMEN
Steel Rod
𝐵𝑎𝑟#3 → 11 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 180°
𝐵𝑎𝑟#12 → 18 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 90°
This means that for the former the bars having have bend upto 180° will be ductile
and the bars having the less bending will be brittle.
And for the latter the bars having bend upto 90° will be ductile and the bars having
less bending will be brittle.
Pin diameter may vary with the size of the bar.
𝐵𝑎𝑟#3 → 11 𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎 = 3.5 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝐵𝑎𝑟#6 → 8 𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎 = 5 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝐵𝑎𝑟#9 → 18 𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎 = 7 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟
2.5 PROCEDURE
We have performed an experiment by using the bar having
diameter of 1inch also called bar#8.The material was bended upto 180° without
cracking.

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2.6 CONCLUSION
Thus we can conclude that the material we tested was ductile.

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DEFLECTION OF BEAM
3.1 DEFINITION
It is the degree upto which a beam is displaced under the effect of
loads. There are two types of deflections implied on a beam
1 Immediate/Short Tern deflections due to applied loads.
2 Long term deflections due to creep and shrinkage.
3.2 IMPORTANCE
It is important to maintain control of deflection. Excessive
deflection can lead to cracking of supporting walls and partitions , illfitting of doors
and windows, poor roof drainage, misalignment of sensitive machinery and visual
sage etc.
3.3 MATHEMATICAL FORM

∆= 𝑓(𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠, 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠, 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡, 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦)

Where ∆= 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Figure 2

Figure 3

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Where F is the applied load and L is the total span. Figure 2 shows the load being
applied on the cantilever beam and Figure 3 shows the deformation which is given
as
𝐹𝐿3
∆=
3𝐸𝐼

Figure 4

Where q is the uniformly distributed load and L is the total span of the cantilever
beam. The deformation is given as
𝑄𝐿4
∆=
8𝐸𝐼

Figure 5

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Figure 6

Where F is the applied load and L is the total span of the simply supported beam as
shown in Figure 5. Figure 6 shows the deflection which is given as
𝐹𝐿3
∆=
48𝐸𝐼

Figure 7

Where q is the uniformly distributed load and L is the span of the simply supported
beam. The deformation is given as
5𝑊𝐿4
∆=
384𝐸𝐼
3.4 EXPERIMENTAL ETERMINATION OF DEFLECTION IN STATICALLY
DETERMINANT OVERHANGING BEAM
3.5 APPARATUS
1 Hinge and Rolle support
2 Overhanging beam
3 Deflection Gauge
4 Load Hanger
5 Mild Steel
3.6 DIMENSIONS
Total length of beam=39inches

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Span of beam=30inches
Modulus of Elasticity, E=30,000ksi
Thickness of beam=0.194inches
Width of beam=0.501inhes
1 revolution of gauge=100 divisions =1 inch
1 division of gauge=0.001inch

S.N LOAD(GRAM POSITIO INITIAL FINAL DEFLECTION

O S) N OF READING READING S
LOAD
(DIVISIONS (DIVISONS (INCHES)
(INCHES)
) )
1 500 9 0 49 0.049
2 1000 9 0 106 0.106
3 500 15 30 102 0.072
4 1000 15 30 177 0.147
5 500 21 0 71 0.071
6 1000 21 0 142 0.142

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