SKMM3242 Instrumentation

Amplifier Lab Report

Name: LEE JIA LONG

Matrics Number: A16KM3008
Submission date: 31st October 2018
Lecturer: Dr Maziah Binti Mohamad
 Table of Content

Chapter Pages

1.0 Introduction to Amplifier 1

2.0 Theory 2

3.0 Methodology 5

4.0 Results 6

5.0 Discussion 10

6.0 Conclusion 12

References 13
1.0 Introduction to Amplifier

Amplifier is an electronic device that increase the power of a signal (voltage or

current that varies with time) through a process called amplification (Crecraft & Gorham,

2003). Amplification process is done when a larger current or voltage provided from power

supply to a load is control by a small current of voltage input (Glisson, 2011). Gain of an

amplifier refers to the amount of amplification provided by the amplifier (Wikipedia

contributors, 2018a).

Triode vacuum tube invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest is the first practical device

which could amplify and led to the born of the first amplifiers around 1912. Before 1960-

1970s, almost all amplifiers used vacuum tubes. It is then replaced by transistor which is

invented in 1947. Transistors are used in most of the amplifiers in nowadays, but vacuum

tube is also used in some cases (Wikipedia contributors, 2018a).

However, in this experiment, we are focusing on operational amplifiers which are

often known as op-amps. Very high open loop gain and differential inputs can be typically

achieved by an operational amplifier. In a circuit, they are widely used as standardized “gain

blocks” due to their characteristics controlled by feedback through external circuit such as

versatility, gain, bandwidth and so on (Wikipedia contributors, 2018a).

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2.0 Theory

In this experiment, two types of operational amplifiers circuits are designed and

studied which are non-inverting amplifier and inverting summing amplifier.

2.1 Non-inverting Amplifier

Figure 2.1 shows the circuit of a non-inverting amplifier. By summing the currents at

point S and the characteristic that potential difference across input terminal is zero, the gain

of this amplifier can be found (Johnson, 2013).

Figure 2.1: Non-inverting Amplifier (Johnson, 2013)

At point S,
According to Kirchhoff’s Current Law, 1 +2=0
0− −
+ =0
1 2

No potential difference across input terminal, Vs = Vin

0− −
+ =0
1 2

2
 1+ 2
( )=
1 2 2

= ( 1 + 2 )

2
= (1 + )
1
2
Thus, gain of a non-inverting amplifier, G = 1 +

The above equation can be simplified as

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2.2 Inverting Summing Amplifier

Summing amplifier could be made by doing some modification of inverting amplifier.

It is used to sum or add two or more input voltage (Johnson, 2013). A circuit diagram of an

inverting summing amplifier is shown in Figure 2.2.

Figure 2.2: Inverting Summing Amplifier (Wikipedia contributors, 2018b)

The relationship between output voltage and input voltages can be given as

=− ( 1 +1 +⋯+ )

1 1

3
In this experiment, two input voltages are used, R1 = R2 , and V2 = 5V and the equation can

be further simplified to
− = ( 1 +5 )

Where G =
1

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3.0 Methodology

3.1 Designing of a non-inverting amplifier

i. A non-inverting amplifier with gain value G = 2 is designed and constructed.

ii. The circuit is tested with Vin = 1V to 6V with the increment by 1V.

iii. The output voltage is measured with voltmeter and recorded.

iv. Step (i) to (iii) is repeated with gain value G = 3.

3.2 Designing of an inverting summing amplifier

i. An inverting amplifier with gain value G = 0.5 is designed and constructed.

ii. The circuited is tested with V 1 = 1V to 6V (increment of 1V) and V2 is ser at 5V.

iii. The output voltage is measured with voltmeter and recorded.

iv. Step (i) to (iii) is repeated with gain value G = 2.

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4.0 Results

4.1 Non-inverting Amplifier

Refer to figure 2.1

Gain, G R1 (kΩ) R2 (kΩ)

2 1 1

3 1 2

Table 4.1.1: Configuration of Non-inverting Amplifier Circuit

Non-inverting Amplifier

Vin (V) G=2 G=3

Experiment value, Theoretical value, Experiment Theoretical

Vout(exp) Vout(th) (V) value, Vout(exp) value, Vout(th) (V)

(V) (V)

1 1.94 2 2.90 3

2 3.93 4 5.82 6

3 5.85 6 8.78 9

4 7.86 8 11.74 12

5 9.72 10 14.00 15

6 11.78 12 14.00 18

Table 4.1.2: Results of Non-inverting Amplifier

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 Graph of Vout againt Vin for Non-inverting Amplifier with G = 2
13.00
12.00 y = 2x
11.00
10.00
9.00
y = 1.9594x - 0.0113
8.00
Vout(exp) (V)
7.00
Vout
(V) 6.00 Vout(th) (V)
5.00
Linear (Vout(exp) (V))
4.00
3.00 Linear (Vout(th) (V))
2.00
1.00
0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Vin (V)

Figure 4.1.1: Graph of Vout against Vin for Non-inverting Amplifier with G = 2

Graph of Vout againt Vin for Non-inverting Amplifier with G = 3

19.00
18.00
17.00
16.00
15.00
14.00
13.00
12.00
11.00 Vout(exp) (V)
10.00
Vout
9.00
(V) Vout(th) (V)
8.00
7.00 Linear (Vout(exp) (V))
6.00
5.00 Linear (Vout(th) (V))
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Vin (V)

Figure 4.1.2: Graph of Vout against Vin for Non-inverting Amplifier with G = 3

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4.2 Inverting Summing Amplifier

Refer to figure 2.2

Gain, G R1 (kΩ) R2 (kΩ) Rf (kΩ)

0.5 2 2 1

2 1 1 2

Table 4.2.1: Configuration of Inverting Summing Amplifier

Non-inverting Amplifier

Vin (V) G = 0.5 G=2

Experiment value, Theoretical value, Experiment Theoretical

Vout(exp) Vout(th) (V) value, Vout(exp) value, Vout(th) (V)

(V) (V)

1 2.98 3.0 11.68 12

2 3.49 3.5 12.45 14

3 3.96 4.0 12.43 16

4 4.42 4.5 12.41 18

5 4.93 5.0 12.38 20

6 5.42 5.5 12.35 22

Table 4.2.2: Results of Inverting Summing Amplifier

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 Graph of Vout againt Vin for Inverting Summing Amplifier with G = 0.5
6.00

5.00

4.00

Vout(exp) (V)
3.00
Vout Vout(th) (V)
(V)
2.00 Linear (Vout(exp) (V))

Linear (Vout(th) (V))

1.00

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Vin (V)

Figure 4.2.1: Graph of Vout against Vin for Inverting Summing Amplifier with G = 0.5

Graph of Vout againt Vin for Inverting

Summing Amplifier with G = 2
24.00
23.00
22.00
21.00
20.00
19.00
18.00
17.00
16.00
15.00
14.00 Vout(exp) (V)
13.00
Vout 12.00
(V) 11.00 Vout(th) (V)
10.00
9.00 Linear (Vout(exp) (V))
8.00
7.00
6.00
Linear (Vout(th) (V))
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Vin (V)

Figure 4.2.2: Graph of Vout against Vin for Inverting Summing Amplifier with G = 2

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5.0 Discussion

Based on the result from the non-inverting amplifier, the theoretical V out and

experimental result is plotted with different gain, G configuration. Based on the graph of V out

against Vin with gain = 2, theoretical Vout is 2 times of the Vin and intercept at origin.

However, the experimental result show Vout is 1.9594 times of the Vin and intercept at Vout = -

0.0113 V. This deviation of the experimental result is mostly due to loading effect of the

circuit. Loading effect creates uncertainty in the amplitude of a voltage as it is passed through

the measurement process (Johnson, 2013). During the theoretical calculation, the resistance

of the connecting wires is ignored but practically, there is resistance caused by the connecting

wires. This caused the Vin to the amplifier slightly less than the V in initially provided by the

voltage source.

When the non-inverting amplifier gain, G = 3, the experimental values of V out are

closed to the theoretical value until Vout = 14V and kept constant even with increment of Vin.

This is due to the Vout has reached the saturation voltage where the non-inverting amplifier

cannot provide higher Vout value limited by the voltage supplied to the amplifier. Johnson

(2013) states that the Vout must be within the saturation voltage, +V s and -Vs, which are

determined by the value of bipolar voltage supply, to show linear relationship. The external

supply voltage to the amplifier is 15V and the Vout cannot exceed 15V unless higher external

voltage value is supplied to the amplifier. However, the Vout from the experiment does not

exceed 14V which is due to loading effect as discussed earlier. This external voltage supply to

the amplifier is 15V but due to loading effect, the final voltage supplied to the amplifier is

always less than 15V.

Whereas for inverting summing amplifier, when gain, G = 0.5, the experimental result

Vout is almost same with the theoretical value. However, the experimental values are

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generally lower than the theoretical value due to loading effect. Whereas when gain, G = 2,

the Vout from the experiment is first increasing with Vin then kept constant at around 12.5V.

Thus, we know that the practical saturation voltage, Vs for the inverting summing amplifier is

at around 12.5V even though the theoretical value is 15V.

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6.0 Conclusion

This experiment is aimed to design and test non-inverting amplifier and inverting

summing amplifier. The amplifiers are first designed and contrasted with different gain, G

value, tested by different values of input voltages, V in and the output voltages, Vout are

measured and compared with theoretical values. The results typically show V out increase

linearly with Vin with gradient almost equal to the gain value, G designed except for the

inverting summing amplifier with gain, G = 2. Loading effect caused the experimental value

to be slightly lower than theoretical value, whereas the saturation voltage value caused the

Vout to be kept constant after the certain values. In conclusion, loading effect and saturation

voltage will affect the results and needed to be considered when using amplifier in

instrumentation purpose as it will has a significant impact on the reading accuracy. The

objective of this experiment has been successfully achieved.

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 References

Crecraft, D., & Gorham, D. (2003). Electronics, 2nd Ed. Florida: CRC Press.

Glisson, T. H. (2011). Introduction to Circuit Analysis and Design. Berlin: Springer Science & Business
Media.

Johnson, C. D. (2013). Process Control Instrumentation. London: Pearson.

Wikipedia contributors. (2018a, October 24). Amplifier. Retrieved from Wikipedia, The Free
Encyclopedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amplifier&oldid=865577319

Wikipedia contributors. (2018b, August 8). Operational amplifier applications. Retrieved from
Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operational_amplifier_applications&oldid=8540
22013

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