CHAPTER V

DEFORMATIONS SYMMETRICAL ABOUT AXIS

44. Thick "Walled Cylinder.—If a circular cylinder of constant wall thickness is submitted to the action of
uniformly distributed internal and external pressures, the deformation produced is symmetrical about
the axis of the cylinder and does not change along its length. In the following we consider a ring cut from
the cylinder by two planes perpendicular to its axis a unit distance apart (Fig. 142). From the condition of
symmetry, there are no shearing stresses on the sides of an element of this ring, such as mnm1n1 (Fig.
142) which is bounded by two axial planes and two concentric cylindrical surfaces. Let 𝜎𝑡 at denote the
normal hoop stress acting on the sides m1n1 and nn1 of the element, and 𝜎𝑟 the normal radial stress on
the side mn. This stress varies with the radius r and changes by an amount (𝑑𝜎𝑟 /𝑑𝑟)𝑑𝑟 in the distance
dr. The normal radial stress on the side m1n1 is consequently

Summing up the forces on the element in the direction of the bisector of the angle d(p gives us the
following equation of equilibrium:1

or, neglecting small quantities of higher order,

This equation contains two unknowns, the stresses 𝜎𝑡 and 𝜎𝑟 . The second equation necessary for the
determination of these quantities is obtained from a consideration of the deformation of the cylinder.
The deformation is symmetrical with respect to the axis and consists of a radial displacement of all
points in the wall of the cylinder. This displacement is constant in the circumferential direction but
varies along the radius, i.e., it is a function of the radius. If u denotes the displacement of a cylindrical
𝑑𝑢
surface of radius r, then the displacement for a surface of radius r 𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟 is 𝑢 + 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
Hence an element such as mnm1n1 undergoes a total elongation in the radial direction of {duldr)dr, and
the unit elongation in the radial direction is therefore

The unit elongation of the same element in the tangential direction is equal to the unit elongation of the
corresponding radius, i.e.

𝑢
𝜖𝑡 = 𝑟
(d)

From eqs. C8), p. 52, Part I, the expressions for the stresses in terms of the strains are

The normal stresses Or and at are evidently not independent, as they can be expressed in terms of one
function u. By substituting expressions 199) into eq. (b), we obtain the following equation for
determining u:
The general solution of this equation is

which can be verified by substitution. The constants C1 and C2 are determined from the conditions at the
inner and outer surfaces of the cylinder where the pressures, i.e., the normal stresses 𝜎𝑟 , are known.
Substituting (f) into eqs. 199), we obtain

If pi and po denote the internal and external pressures respectively, the conditions at the outer and
inner surfaces of the cylinder are

The sign on the right side of each equation is negative because normal stress is taken as positive for
tension. Substitution of expression (h) for 𝜎𝑟 in eqs. (l) gives two equations for determining the constants
C1 and C2, from which

With these values for the constants in eqs. (h) and (k) the general expressions for the normal stresses 𝜎𝑟
and 𝜎𝑡 become 2
It is interesting to note that the sum of these two stresses remains constant, so that the deformation of
all elements in the direction of the axis of the cylinder is the same, and cross sections of the cylinder
remain plane after deformation.

Let us consider the particular case po = 0, i.e., the cylinder is submitted to internal pressure
only. Then eqs. 200) become

These equations show that 𝜎𝑟 is always a compressive stress and 𝜎𝑡 a tensile stress. The latter is
maximum at the inner surface of the cylinder, where

𝜎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 is always numerically greater than the internal pressure and approaches this quantity as b
increases. The minimum value of G( is at the outer surface of the cylinder. The ratio
increases with increase in the thickness of the wall of the cylinder. For a comparatively small thickness
there is not a great difference between the maximum and minimum values of 𝜎𝑡 . Taking, for instance, b
= 1.1a, 𝜎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 exceeds 𝜎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛 by only 10.5 per cent. We should then make no very great error if we
assume the tensile stresses o-j uniformly distributed over the thickness of the wall and use the equation:

cylinder, namely, which coincides with equation on page 162 given for thin cylinders. The shearing
stress is maximum at the inner surface of the cylinder where

When only an external pressure acts on the cylinder, pi = o, and eqs. 200) give

In this case 𝜎𝑡 and 𝜎𝑟 are both compressive stresses and 𝜎𝑡 is always numerically greater than 𝜎𝑟 . The
maximum compressive stress is at the inner surface of the cylinder, where

It is interesting to note that as the ratio b/a of the radii of the cylinder is increased, this maximum
compressive stress approaches twice the value of the external pressure acting on the cylinder, namely, -
2po
 Let us consider now the deformation of the cylinder. Substituting expressions (w) for the
arbitrary constants in eq.(f), we find

This gives the radial displacement of any point in the wall of the cylinder. In the particular case of a
cylinder submitted to internal pressure only, po = 0, and the radial displacement at the inner surface,
from eq. 207), is

When the cylinder is submitted to external pressure only, pi = o, and the radial displacement at the
outer surface is

The minus sign indicates that the displacement is towards the axis of the cylinder.

I. Determine the tangential stresses at the inner and outer surfaces and at the middle thickness of the
wall of a cylinder with inner radius 4 in. and outer radius 8 in. submitted to an internal pressure pi =
30,000 lbs. per sq. in.

Answer. From eq. 202): (𝜎𝑡 )𝑟=4"= 50,000 lbs. per sq. in.; (𝜎𝑡 )𝑟=6"= 27,500 lbs. per sq. in.; (𝜎𝑡 )𝑟=8"=
20,000 lbs. per sq. in.

45. Stresses Produced by Shrink Fits.—If it is necessary to produce contact pressure between a hub and
a shaft or between two rings mounted one inside the other, it is usual practice to make the inner radius
of the outer part smaller than the outer radius of the inner part and to assemble the structure after a
preliminary heating of the outer part. After cooling, a contact pressure between the two parts is
produced, which is called the shrink-fit pressure. The magnitude of this pressure and the stresses
produced by it can easily be calculated with the equations of the previous article. Assume, for instance,
that the external radius of the inner cylinder in an unstressed condition is larger than the internal radius
of the outer cylinder (Fig. 143) by the amount 5. Then, after assembly, a pressure p is produced between
the cylinders; its magnitude is found from the condition that the increase in the inner radius of the outer
cylinder plus the decrease in the outer radius of the inner cylinder, produced by p, must be equal to 6 .
Hence, from eqs. 408) and 409),

from which

Equations 201) and 202) then give the stresses in the outer cylinder and eqs. 204) and 205) the stresses
in the inner cylinder. Usually the stresses to be considered in design are those at the inner surface of the
outer cylinder. These stresses are

The maximum shearing stress at this surface is (see eq. n, p. 240)

or, substituting expression 10) for

In the particular case of a solid shaft and a hub we have a = o, from which

i.e., the maximum shearing stress is the same as in a simple tie rod which undergoes a unit elongation
equal to 𝛿/𝑏.

The above discussion assumed that both length. In dealing with hub and cylinders have the same length.
In dealing with a hub and a shaft (Fig. 144) the projecting portions of the shaft resist compression which
results in an increased pressure near the faces of the hub as indicated by the shaded areas.3

If a built-up cylinder, such as represented in Fig. 143, is subjected to internal pressure, the
stresses produced by this pressure are the same as in a cylinder with a solid wall of the thickness c — a.
These stresses are superposed on the shrink fit stresses. The shrink fit produces a tangential
compressive stress at the inner surface of the cylinder which reduces the maximum tangential tensile
stress at this point produced by the internal pressure so that a more favorable stress distribution may
be obtained than in the case of a solid tube (see problem 2, p. 244). This is one reason why cylinders
built up of several tubes are used in cases of very high internal pressures, such as are found in guns.

A distribution of initial stresses analogous to those described above in the case of built-up
cylinders can also be obtained in a solid tube by applying a high internal pressure sufficient to produce
permanent set in the inner part of the tube. After removing this internal pressure some stresses remain
in the tube due to the permanent set, so that the inner part is then in a state of compression, and the
outer in a state of tension.

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