CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Related Literature

It is known that recycling in general is affected by several intertwined factors

related to different dimension. These factors include the design of products, efficient and

effective sorting, collection and treatment of waste, public policy, and market demands (Graedel

2011, Reck and Graedel, 2012, UNEP 2013). It is less clear how such factors in detail affect

recycling of individual from specific products, and how to manage them so that recycling rates

increase.

According to the study of Mirion Micah Tinio, Analiza Rollon, and Tolentino Moya in

the solid waste management system that held in the city of Malolos, Philippines; Their operation

to this city, reduced total volume of disposed solid waste by about 25,000 tons but increased total

expenditures for solid waste management by about Php 37M.The incorporation of the effects of

public participation further reduced the volume of disposed paper wastes by about 103,900 tons;

reduced the volume of generated solid waste by around 101,000 tons; and allowed the informal

collection of 9,966 tons of recyclables. Estimates of CH4 (methane) and CO2 (carbon dioxide)

emissions also decreased. The results of their study revealed how composting and recycling and

public participation affects the USWM (Urban Solid Waste Management) through reduced waste

volumes and increased savings. City governments are only mandated to collect non-recyclable

materials and special wastes (Tinio,Rollon,Moya 2018); however, because of budget constraints

the City Government of Malolos a while back, provides financial assistance to barangays

struggling to perform mandated responsibilities.

 Empirical studies in the U.S.A., where such a system is implemented in over 4,000

communities, indicate that unit pricing programs have resulted in waste diversion and welfare

gains (Kinnaman & Fullerton 2000).The unit pricing of solid waste collection and disposal, more

popularly known as pay as-you-throw or pay-per-bag, it is a solid waste management approach

that aims to reduce the amount of wastes especially to papers that is discarded by people and

helps them to separate some paper wastes, that can be recycle and change it in making some

decorations like origami making. In principle, this approach provides incentives for waste

reduction and diversion since the less garbage people discard, the less they have to fill the

landfills.

Related Studies

The recovery of paper for recycling from municipal solid waste is useful, since it can be

used for production of different valuable products. The production of recycled paper uses less

energy (28-70% energy savings), reduces carbon dioxide emission, the volume and loading of

effluent, compared to paper produced from virgin fibers. Paper for recycling and paper industrial

residues containing high cellulose content have been also proved to be a promising source of

low-cost raw material for the production of different cellulose derivatives, as well as for other

high value-added bioconversion processes, such as ethanol and methane production.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is the most complex solid waste stream, consisting of food

residues, paper and board, plastics and other components. Paper and board, altogether with

kitchen waste, are one of the most common materials in municipal solid waste and the waste

material fraction with the highest recycling rates. In 2016, 72.5% of all the paper consumed in
Europe was recycled. 1 Recovered paper is today the most important raw material for the

production of paper, paperboard and corrugated board.

In Olongapo City Philippines, they provide information on the impact of a unit pricing

scheme for domestic solid waste collection and disposal. They investigates on how the amount of

waste households produce changes, if they are charged a collection rate dependent on the number

of bags of garbage they produce. It investigates how such a scheme would affect both the overall

volume of waste produced in the city and the overall cost of managing this waste. Shifting from

the current flat rate, would increase waste recycling and create welfare gains. The amount of

waste that would have to be disposed of by burning or landfill would go down, as would the size

of most household's waste bills. The report recommends that the city should be adopted in

similar metropolitan areas across the country (Bennagen 2004).

Circular Economy (CE) as a new model of economic development promotes the

maximum reusing/recycling of materials, goods and components in order to decrease waste

generation to the largest possible extent. It aims to improve the entire chain of production,

consumption, distribution and recovery of materials and energy according to a cradle to cradle

vision. The awareness of increasing constraints on the availability of resources as well as the

increasing demand for access to welfare and wellbeing by developing countries and social

groups make it evident the need for new economic models capable to improve the efficiency and

effectiveness of resource use.