Chapter One: Analysis and Transmission of Signals

Aga Bayou

Debre Berhan University

April 5, 2019

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Outlines

1 Introduction

2 Elements of Communication System

3 Analog and Digital Communication system

4 Spectral Analysis

5 Fourier Series

6 Fourier Transform

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Introduction

The goal of communication is to transfer information from one place

to another by sending the information as electromagnetic energy via;
Vacuum, air, wire, or strands of glass and plastic fiber
Modern communication systems use a wide range and variety of
electronic equipment to meet the needs of users:
hand held radios, satellite dish antennas, commercial radio and
television stations, radars etc.
All communication systems have at least two end points.
At one end there is source of signals, circuitry for converting the signal
source into a signal that is compatible with the rest of the system.
After the transmitted signal passes through this link, it is received by
the far end, converted into a signal format as needed, and finally
passed to the user.

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The importance of communication can be seen in different facets in our
daily lives.
The telephones in our hands
The radios and televisions in our living room
The computer terminals with access to the internet in our offices &
homes and etc
Provides senses for ships on the high seas, aircraft in flight, rockets
and satellites in space.
Weather forecaster informed of conditions measured by multitude of
sensors.

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Elements of Communication System

In the most fundamental sense, communication involves implicitly the

transmission of information from one point to another through a
succession of processes:
The generation of a message signal – voice, music, picture, or
computer data.
The description of that message signal with a certain measure of
precision, using a set of symbols – electrical, aural, or visual.
The encoding of those symbols in a suitable form for transmission
over a physical medium of interest.
The transmission of the encoded symbols to the desired destination.
The decoding and reproduction of the original symbols.
The re-creation of the original message signal with some definable
degradation in quality, the degradation being caused by unavoidable
imperfections in the system.

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 Communication System
Source of User of
Transimitter Reciever
information information

Channel

Figure: Elements of a communication system

There are three basic elements to every communication system;

Transmitter
Converts the message signal from the source of information into a form
suitable for transmission over the channel.
Channel
it distorts the signal due to some imperfections. Noise and interfering
signals also added to the transmitted signal.
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Receiver
it reconstructs the received corrupted signal due to channel
imperfections, noise and interference into a recognizable form of the
original message signal for the user
Sources of information
In telecommunications we have four important sources of information
(Speech, Music, Pictures, and Computer data).
Transducer: Convert the message generated by the source into a
time-varying electrical signal called the message signal (baseband
signal)
Modes of communication:
Broadcasting: Uses single powerful transmitter and numerous receivers
that are relatively inexpensive to build.
Information-bearing signals flow only in one direction.
Point-to-point communication: Communication process takes place
over a link between a single transmitter and a receiver.
A bidirectional flow of information-bearing signals
Combined use of a transmitter and receiver (i.e., a transceiver) at each
end of the link
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 Communication resources

Primary communication resources in communication systems are;

Transmitted power
Channel bandwidth

Modulation Process

Used to modifies the message signal into a form suitable for

transmission over the channel
Varying some parameters of a carrier wave (amplitude, frequency or
phase) in accordance with the message signal
The receiver re-creates the original message signal from a degraded version
of the transmitted signal after propagation through the channel is
accomplished by demodulation

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The modulation process can be classified as
Continuous-Wave (CW) Modulation:A sinusoidal wave is used as the
carrier.
Amplitude modulation (AM): When the amplitude of the carrier is
varied in accordance with the message signal
Angle Modulation(AM): when the angle of the carrier is varied
frequency modulation (FM): The instantaneous frequency is varied in
accordance with the message signal
Phase modulation (PM): The instantaneous phase of the carrier is
varied in accordance with the message signal
Pulse-Modulation: a periodic sequence of rectangular pulses used as
the carrier
Pulse-modulation can itself be of an analog or digital type
Analog: The amplitude, duration, or position of a pulse is varied in
accordance with sample values of the message signal
PAM, PDM, PPM
Digital:Has no CW counterpart
Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM)

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Analog and Digital Communication system
Analog communication system: The electrical message signal which is
continuously varying with time.
Example: Speech, video and variation in temperature with time
The design is simple in conceptual terms but difficult to build because
of stringent requirements on linearity and system adjustment.
Digital communication systems: endeavors to find a finite set of wave
forms that are closely matched to the characteristics of the channel
More tolerant of channel impairments
Reliable communication over the channel is established

Figure: Block diagram of digital communication system

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Spectral Analysis

Signals physically exist in the time domain

The description of waveform in the frequency domain and with the
correspondence between the frequency-domain description and
time-domain description
Classification of Signal
1 Real and complex signal
2 Analog and Digital Signals
3 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
4 Deterministic and Random Signals
5 Energy and Power Signals

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Fourier Series
Representing periodic function as an infinite sum of sinusoidal
waveforms
∞
X
v (t) = A0 + 2 [An cos(2πnf0 t) + Bn sin(2πnf0 t)] (1)
n=1

Each of the terms cos(2πnf0 t) and sin(2πnf0 t) is called a basis

function (form an orthogonal set over the interval T0 )
T0
T0
Z 
2 , m=n
2
cos(2πmf0 t)cos(2πnf0 t)dt =
T
− 20 0, m 6= n
Z T0
2
cos(2πmf0 t)sin(2πnf0 t)dt = 0, for all m and n
T0
− 2
T0
T0
Z 
2 , m=n
2
sin(2πmf0 t)sin(2πnf0 t)dt =
T
− 20 0, m 6= n

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A0 is the mean value of the periodic signal v(t) over one period
Z T0
1 2
A0 = v (t)dt (2)
T0 −
T0
2

Using basis function form of an orthogonal An and Bn becomes;

Z T0
2 2
An = v (t)cos(2πnf0 t)dt, n = 1, 2, . . . (3)
T0 −
T0
2

Z T0
2 2
Bn = v (t)sin(2πnf0 t)dt, n = 1, 2, . . . (4)
T0 −
T0
2

An alternative form for the Fourier series is;

∞
X
v (t) = C0 + 2 Cn cos (2πnf0 t − Φn ) (5)
n=1

Where C0 , Cn ,and Φn are related to A0 , An ,and Bn

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Thus
C0 = A0 (6)
q
Cn = A2n + Bn2 (7)
Bn
Φn = tan−1 (8)
An
The coefficients Cn are called spectral amplitudes (the amplitudes of
the spectral component Cn cos (2πnf0 t − Φn ) at frequency nf0
The exponential form of .
∞
X j2πnt
v (t) = Vn e T0
(9)
−∞

Where Vn is given by
Z T0
1 2 j2πnt
Vn = v (t)e T0
(10)
T0 −
T0
2
∗ complex conjugate of one another.
Vn = V−n
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Related to the Cn as;

V0 = C0 (11)
Cn −jΦn
Vn = e (12)
2

Example 1: Find the Fourier series for the periodic sequence of

impulses shown in Figure below

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Example 2: Find the Fourier series for the periodic train of pulses of
amplitude A and duration τ shown in Figure below.

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Fourier Transform

Representing aperiodic signals in the frequency domain

Unlike the discrete spectrum of the periodic case, we have a
continuous spectrum for the aperiodic case
As T0 → ∞
The spacing b/n spectral components becomes infinitesimal
The frequency of spectral components in the Fourier series was a
discontinuous variable
The normalized energy of the nonperiodic waveform remains finite
Normalized power becomes in- finitesimal (The spectral amplitudes
become infinitesimal)
The Fourier series for the period waveform becomes
Z ∞
v (t) = V (f )e j2πft df (13)
−∞

The quantity V (f ) is amplitude spectral density or more generally the

Fourier transform of v (t)

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 The finite spectral amplitudes Vn are analogous to the infinitesimal
amplitudes V (f )df
The Fourier transform (V (f )) is given by;
Z ∞
V (f ) = v (t)e −j2πft dt (14)
−∞

Example 3: If v (t) = cos(ωt), find V (f )

Example 4: A signal m(t) is multiplied by a sinusoidal waveform of
frequency fc . The product signal is v (t) = m(t)cos(2πfc t).
If the Fourier transform of m(t) is M(f ), that is,
Z ∞
M(f ) = m(t)e −j2πft dt
−∞

Find the Fourier transform of v (t).

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 Thank You!!!

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