Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SECTION 8 PROPELLERS
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1.3 Documentation to be submitted b) Common bronze, special types of bronze and cast steel
used for the construction of propeller hubs and blades
1.3.1 Solid propellers are to have a minimum tensile strength of 400 N/mm2.
The documents listed in Tab 1 are to be submitted for solid c) Other materials are subject of special consideration by
propellers intended for propulsion. the Society following submission of full material specifi-
All listed plans are to be constructional plans complete with cation.
all dimensions and are to contain full indication of types of
materials employed. Table 3: Normally used materials
for propeller blades and hub
Table 1: Documents to be submitted Material Rm δ f
for solid propellers
Common bronze 400 8,3 7,6
Nr A/I (1) ITEM Manganese bronze 440 8,3 7,6
1 A Sectional assembly Nickel-manganese bronze 440 8,3 7,9
2 A Blade and hub details Aluminium bronze 590 7,6 8,3
3 I Rating (power, rpm, etc.) Steel 440 7,9 9,0
4 A Data and procedures for fitting propeller to
the shaft 2.1.2 Materials for studs
In general, steel (preferably nickel-steel) is to be used for
(1) A = to be submitted for approval in four copies
manufacturing the studs connecting steel blades to the hub
I = to be submitted for information in duplicate
of built-up or controllable pitch propellers, and high tensile
brass or stainless steel is to be used for studs connecting
1.3.2 Built-up and controllable pitch propellers
bronze blades.
The documents listed in Tab 2, as applicable, are to be sub-
mitted for built-up and controllable pitch propellers 2.2 Solid propellers - Blade thickness
intended for propulsion.
2.2.1
Table 2: Documents to be submitted a) The maximum thickness t0.25, in mm, of the solid propel-
for built-up and controllable pitch propellers ler blade at the section at 0,25 radius from the propeller
axis is not to be less than that obtained from the follow-
Nr A/I (1) ITEM
ing formula:
1 A/I Same documents requested for solid pro- 0 ,5
D 3
1 ,5 .10 6 .ρ.M T + 51.δ. ---------- .B .l.N .h
2
pellers
100
2 A Blade bolts and pre-tensioning procedures t 0 ,25 = 3 ,2 f ⋅ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
l ⋅ z ⋅ Rm
3 I Pitch corresponding to maximum propeller
thrust and to normal service condition where:
4 A Pitch control mechanism f : Material factor as indicated in Tab 3
5 A Pitch control hydraulic system ρ : ρ = D/H
(1) A = to be submitted for approval in four copies H : Mean pitch of propeller, in m. When H is
I = to be submitted for information in duplicate not known, the pitch at 0,7 radius from the
propeller axis H 0,7 may be used instead of H
1.3.3 Very highly skewed propellers and propellers D : Propeller diameter, in m
of unusual design MT : Continuous transmitted torque, in kN.m;
For very highly skewed propellers and propellers of unusual where not indicated, the value given by the
design, in addition to the documents listed in Tab 1 and Tab following formula may be assumed for MT:
2, as applicable, a detailed hydrodynamic load and stress
P
analysis is to be submitted (see [2.4.3]). M T = 9 ,55 ⋅ ----
N
z : Number of blades b) The maximum thickness t0.6, in mm, of the solid propel-
ler blade at the section at 0,6 radius from the propeller
Rm : Minimum tensile strength of blade material,
axis is not to be less than that obtained from the formula
in N/mm2.
in [2.2.1] b), using the value of l0,35 in lieu of l.
b) The maximum thickness t0.6, in mm, of the solid propel- c) The radius at the blade root is to be at least ¾ of the
ler blade at the section at 0,6 radius from the propeller minimum thickness required in that position. As an
axis is not to be less than that obtained from the follow- alternative, constant stress fillets may also be consid-
ing formula: ered. When measuring the thickness of the blade, the
0 ,5 increased thickness due to the radius of the fillet at the
D 3
1 ,5 .10 6 .ρ0 ,6 .MT + 18 ,4 .δ. ---------- .B.l.N .h
2
100
root of the blade is not to be taken into account.
t 0 ,6 = 1 ,9 f --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- d) As an alternative to the above formulae, a detailed
l 0 ,6 ⋅ z ⋅ R m
hydrodynamic load and stress analysis carried out by
the propeller designer may be considered by the Soci-
where: ety, on a case by case basis. The safety factor to be used
ρ0,6 : D/H0.6 in this analysis is not to be less than 8 with respect to the
ultimate tensile strength of the propeller blade material
H0.6 : Pitch at 0,6 radius from the propeller axis, in Rm .
m
2.3.2 Flanges for connection of blades to hubs
l0.6 : Expanded width of blade section at 0,6
radius from propeller axis, in mm. a) The diameter DF, in mm, of the flange for connection to
the propeller hub is not to be less than that obtained
c) The radius at the blade root is to be at least 3/4 of the from the following formula:
minimum thickness required in that position. As an
D F = D C + 1 ,8 d PR
alternative, constant stress fillets may also be consid-
ered. When measuring the thickness of the blade, the where:
increased thickness due to the radius of the fillet at the DC : Stud pitch circle diameter, in mm
root of the blade is not to be taken into account. If the dPR : Diameter of studs.
propeller hub extends over 0,25 radius, the thickness
calculated by the formula in a) is to be compared with b) The thickness of the flange is not to be less than 1/10 of
the thickness obtained by linear interpolation of the the diameter DF.
actual blade thickness up to 0,25 radius.
2.3.3 Connecting studs
d) As an alternative to the above formulae, a detailed a) The diameter dPR, in mm, at the bottom of the thread of
hydrodynamic load and stress analysis carried out by the studs is not to be less than obtained from the follow-
the propeller designer may be considered by the Soci- ing formula:
ety, on a case by case basis. The safety factor to be used 0 ,5
3
in this analysis is not to be less than 8 with respect to the 4 , 6 .10 7 .ρ .M + 0 ,88 .δ. ----- D
0 ,7 T - .B .l 0 ,35 .N 2 .h 1
10
ultimate tensile strength of the propeller material Rm. d PR = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n PR ⋅ z ⋅ D C ⋅ R m , PR
2.3 Built-up propellers and controllable
where:
pitch propellers
h1 : h1 = h + 1,125 DC
2.3.1 Blade thickness nPR : Total number of studs in each blade
a) The maximum thickness t0.35, in mm, of the blade at the Rm,PR : Minimum tensile strength of stud material,
section at 0,35 radius from the propeller axis is not to be in N/mm2.
less than that obtained from the following formula: b) The studs are to be tightened in a controlled manner
0 ,5
such that the tension on the studs is approximately 60-
D 3
1 ,5 .10 .ρ 0 ,35 .M T + 41.δ ---------- B.l 0 ,35 .N h 70 % of their yield strength.
6 2
100
t 0 ,35 = 2 ,7 f ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- c) The shank of studs may be designed with a minimum
l 0 ,35 ⋅ z ⋅ R m
diameter equal to 0,9 times the root diameter of the
thread.
where: d) The studs are to be properly secured against uninten-
ρ0,35 : ρ0,35 = D / H 0.35 tional loosening.
2.4.2 Highly skewed propellers The safety factor to be used in this direct analysis is not to
a) For solid and controllable pitch propellers having skew be less than 9 with respect to the ultimate tensile strength of
angles between 25o and 50o, the blade thickness, in the propeller blade material, Rm.
mm, is not to be less than that obtained from the follow-
ing formulae: 2.5 Ducted propellers
1) For solid propellers
2.5.1 The minimum blade thickness of propellers with
t S – 0 ,25 = t 0 ,25 ⋅ ( 0 ,92 + 0 ,0032 ϑ ) wide tip blades running in nozzles is not to be less than the
2) For built-up and controllable pitch propellers values obtained by the applicable formula in [2.2] or
[2.3.1], increased by 10%.
t S – 0 ,35 = t 0 ,35 ⋅ ( 0 ,9 + 0 , 004ϑ )
3) For all propellers 2.6 Features
t S – 0 ,6 = t 0 ,6 ⋅ ( 0 ,74 + 0 ,0129 ϑ – 0 , 0001ϑ )
2
t S – 0 ,9 = t 0 ,6 ⋅ ( 0 ,35 + 0 ,0015 ϑ )
2.6.1 Blades and hubs
a) All parts of propellers are to be free of defects and are to
where:
be built and installed with clearances and tolerances in
tS-0,25 : Maximum thickness, in mm, of skewed pro- accordance with sound marine practice.
peller blade at the section at 0,25 radius
b) Particular care is to be taken with the surface finish of
from the propeller axis
the blades.
t0,25 : Maximum thickness, in mm, of normal
shape propeller blade at the section at 0,25 2.6.2 Controllable pitch propellers pitch control
radius from the propeller axis, obtained by system
the formula in [2.2.1] a) Where the pitch control mechanism is operated hydrau-
tS-0,35 : Maximum thickness, in mm, of skewed pro- lically, two independent, power-driven pump sets are to
peller blade at the section at 0,35 radius be fitted. For propulsion plants up to 220 kW, one
from the propeller axis power-driven pump set is sufficient provided that, in
t0,35 : Maximum thickness, in mm, of normal addition, a hand-operated pump is fitted for controlling
shape propeller blade at the section at 0,35 the blade pitch.
radius from the propeller axis, obtained by b) Pitch control systems are to be provided with an engine
the formula in [2.3.1] room indicator showing the actual setting of the blades.
tS-0,6 : Maximum thickness, in mm, of skewed pro- Further blade position indicators are to be mounted on
peller blade at the section at 0,6 radius from the bridge and in the engine control room, if any.
the propeller axis c) Suitable devices are to be fitted to ensure that an altera-
t0,6 : Maximum thickness, in mm, of normal tion of the blade setting cannot overload the propulsion
shape propeller blade at the section at 0,6 plant or cause it to stall.
radius from the propeller axis, obtained by d) Steps are to be taken to ensure that, in the event of fail-
the formula in [2.2.1] ure of the control system, the setting of the blades
tS-0,9 : Maximum thickness, in mm, of skewed pro-
• does not change, or
peller blade at the section at 0,9 radius from
the propeller axis • assumes a final position slowly enough to allow the
emergency control system to be put into operation.
ϑ : Skew angle.
e) Controllable pitch propeller systems are to be equipped
b) As an alternative, highly skewed propellers may be
with means of emergency control enabling the control-
accepted on the basis of a stress analysis, as stated in
lable pitch propeller to operate should the remote con-
[2.4.3] for very highly skewed propellers.
trol system fail. This requirement may be complied with
2.4.3 Very highly skewed propellers by means of a device which locks the propeller blades
For very highly skewed propellers, the blade thickness is to in the "ahead" setting.
be obtained by the Manufacturer, using a stress analysis f) Tab 4 indicates the monitoring requirements to be dis-
according to a calculation criteria accepted by the Society. played at the control console.
(B)
GLAND
PROPELLER
BOSS
MASTIC OR GREASE
OR RUBBER LINER
RUBBER JOINT
SHAFT
pT : Surface pressure, in N/mm2, between mat- teristics and integrity of the propeller material are also to
ing surfaces at temperature T be specified.
p0 : Surface pressure between mating surfaces, c) Moreover, the manufacturer is to submit an instruction
in N/mm2, at 0°C handbook, in which all operations and any precautions
necessary for assembling and disassembling the propel-
pMAX : Maximum permissible surface pressure, in ler, as well as the values of all relevant parameters, are
N/mm2, at 0°C to be specified. A copy, endorsed by the Society, is to
d35 : Push-up length, in mm, at 35°C be kept on board each ship where the propeller is
installed.
dT : Push-up length, in mm, at temperature T
d) The formulae and other provisions below do not apply
dMAX : Maximum permissible pull-up length, in to propellers where a sleeve is introduced between shaft
mm, at 0°C and boss or in the case of hollow propeller shafts. In
WT : Push-up load, in N, at temperature T such cases, a direct shrinkage calculation is to be sub-
mitted to the Society.
σID : Equivalent uni-axial stress in the boss
according to the von Mises-Hencky crite- e) The taper of the propeller shaft cone is not to exceed
rion, in N/mm2 1/15.
f) Prior to final pull-up, the contact area between the mat-
αP : Coefficient of linear expansion of shaft
ing surfaces is to be checked and is not to be less than
material, in mm/(mm°C)
70% of the theoretical contact area (100%). Non-con-
αM : Coefficient of linear expansion of boss tact bands extending circumferentially around the boss
material, in mm/(mm°C) or over the full length of the boss are not acceptable.
EP : Value of the modulus of elasticity of shaft g) After final push-up, the propeller is to be secured by a
material, in N/ mm2 nut on the propeller shaft. The nut is to be secured to
the shaft.
EM : Value of the modulus of elasticity of boss
h) The safety factor sF against friction slip at 35°C is not to
material, in N/ mm2
be less than 2,8, under the combined action of torque
νP : Poisson’s ratio for shaft material and propeller thrust, based on the maximum continuous
νM : Poisson’s ratio for boss material power P for which classification is requested at the cor-
responding speed of rotation N of the propeller, plus
RS,MIN : Value of the minimum yield strength (ReH),
pulsating torque due to torsionals.
or 0,2% proof stress (Rp 0,2), of propeller boss
i) For the oil injection method, the coefficient of friction µ
material, in N/mm2.
is to be 0,13 in the case of bosses made of bronze, brass
For other symbols not defined above, see [2.2]. or steel. For other methods, the coefficient of friction
b) The manufacturer is to submit together with the will be considered in each case by the Society.
required constructional plans specifications containing j) The maximum equivalent uni-axial stress in the boss at
all elements necessary for verifying the shrinkage. Tests 0°C, based on the von Mises-Hencky criterion, is not to
and checks deemed necessary for verifying the charac- exceed 70% of the minimum yield strength (ReH), or
0,2% proof stress (Rp0,2), of the propeller material, based • Continuous thrust developed for free running ship; if
on the test piece value. For cast iron, the value of the the actual value is not given, the value, in N, calcu-
above stress is not to exceed 30% of the nominal tensile lated by one of the following formulae may be con-
strength. sidered:
k) For the formulae given below, the material properties P
S = 1760 ⋅ ----
indicated in the following items are to be assumed: V
• Modulus of elasticity, in N/mm2: P
S = 57 ,3 ⋅ 10 3 ⋅ -------------
H⋅N
Cast and forged steel: E = 206000
Cast iron: E = 98000 3.1.3 Circulating currents
Type Cu1 and Cu2 brass: E = 108000 Means are to be provided to prevent circulating electric
Type Cu3 and Cu4 brass: E = 118000 currents from developing between the propeller and the
• Poisson’s ratio: hull. A description of the type of protection provided and its
maintenance is to be kept on board.
Cast and forged steel: ν = 0,29
All copper based alloys: ν = 0,33
4 Testing and certification
• Coefficient of linear expansion in mm/(mmoC)
Cast and forged steel and cast iron: α = 12,0 10-6 4.1 Material tests
All copper based alloys: α = 17,5 10-6
l) For shrinkage calculation the formulae in the following 4.1.1 Solid propellers
items, which are valid for the ahead condition, are to be Material used for the construction of solid propellers is to be
applied. They will also provide a sufficient margin of tested in accordance with the requirements of NR216 Mate-
safety in the astern condition. rials and Welding in the presence of the Surveyor.
• Minimum required surface pressure at 35°C:
4.1.2 Built-up propellers and controllable pitch
sF S 2 0 ,5
- ⋅ – s F θ + µ 2 + B ⋅ F----2-
p 35 = ------- propellers
AB S
In addition to the requirement in [4.1.1], materials for studs
where: and for all other parts of the mechanism transmitting torque
B = µ2-sF2θ2 are to be tested in the presence of the Surveyor.
0 ,7R S ,M I N ⋅ ( K 2 – 1 )
p M A X = -----------------------------------------------
( 3 K4 + 1 ) 0 ,5 4.3 Certification
• Corresponding maximum permissible pull-up length
4.3.1 Certification of propellers
at 0°C:
pM A X Propellers having the characteristics indicated in [1.1.1] are
d M A X = d 35 ⋅ ----------- to be individually tested and certified by the Society.
p 35