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Earthquake Engineering Short Course

Kentucky Geotechnical Engineering Group
January 25 to 26, 2018

Course Overview

Epicenter

Soil

Earthquake Hypocenter Wave Train

1 Basic Math (wave forms and SDOF systems)

2 Earthquake Event Characterization (magnitude, attenuation, probability)

3 Local Site Effects (ground amplification)

4 Geotechnical Design Considerations

5 Structural Design Considerations

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Recent 30-day US Earthquake Activity

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Earthquake Wave Forms

Compression (P) Shear (S)
Waves Waves

Body Waves
• Compression waves (P)
• Shear waves (S)

Surface Waves
• Rayleigh waves
• Love Waves

Note difference between particle motion

and direction of wave progression.

Surface Waves

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Wave Train Speeds

% of Total Radial Relative

Wave Type
Energy Damping Speed
Compression 7 1 Fast

Shear 26 1 Medium

Rayleigh Wave 67 1 Slow

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Wave Train

T = 2/

- time

· sin Displacement
differentiation

· Velocity
· sin · Acceleration

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· sin
Period = 0.65sec
A= 0.8inches
 9.67 rads/sec
 0

Displacement
Time Displacement 1.00
0 0.00
0.80
0.01 0.08
0.02 0.15 0.60
0.03 0.23
Displacement (inches)

0.40
0.04 0.30
0.05 0.37 0.20
0.06 0.44 0.00
0.07 0.50
-0.20
0.08 0.56
0.09 0.61 -0.40
0.1 0.66 -0.60
0.11 0.70
-0.80
0.12 0.73
0.13 0.76 -1.00
0.14 0.78 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0.15 0.79 Time (sec)
0.16 0.80
0.17 0.80
0.18 0.79

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· sin
Period = 0.65sec
A= 0.8inches
 9.67 rads/sec
 0

Parameter Value
Frequency 1.54 cycles/sec

Displacement 0.8 inches

T = 2/ = 1/F
Velocity 7.7 in/sec

Acceleration 73.7 in/sec2

Period = 0.65 sec

Velocity = 7.7 in/sec

Displacement =0.8 inches

Acceleration = 74.8 in/sec2

74.8 · 0.2
32.2 · 12

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T = 2/

- time

Form 1 · sin
A
Form 2 a · cos · b · sin ·
a b

Form 3 ·

Earthquake Wave Forms

Wave A

Combined Wave Form FFT Spectrum

Wave B Wave D = A + B + C FFT (Wave D)

Time Period (or wave length)

Wave C

Epicenter

Soil

Earthquake Wave Train

Hypocenter

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Martin and Pond, 1996

M = 7.25 at r = 100 km

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Imperial Valley Earthquake, 1940

How things respond when pushed

Rigid Systems –
no internal strain

Compliant Systems
– when pushed, one
part of object may
respond differently
than another

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(t)
inertia damping spring external
force

(t)
acceleration velocity displacement external force

1. Undamped Free vibrations c=0 Q(t) = 0

2. Damped Free vibrations c>0 Q(t) = 0
3. Undamped Forced vibrations c=0 Q(t) ≠ 0
4. Damped Forced vibrations c>0 Q(t) ≠ 0

Undamped Free vibrations c = 0 Q(t) = 0

(t)

0 0
t

Solving this differential equation gives the solution

(which looks a lot like Form 2):

· sin · · ·

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Undamped
Free vibrations
· sin · · ·

Form 2 a · sin · b· ·

a = C1
b = C2
= ⁄

ω 1
f 2 ·
2

2 2

· cos · · sin ·

For initial conditions

Undamped
Free vibrations
a · sin · b· ·

B.12
· sin · · ·

2 2
“a” “b” ω 1
f 2 ·
2

T = 2/

· sin

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Damped Free vibrations c > 0 Q(t) = 0

t
0
t

∴ ·
Divide by “m”

⁄ · 0

Multiply velocity component by unity terms of and ⁄

2 · · · 0
2

Damped
2 · · · 0 Free vibrations
2

2
· · 0
2

2
B.16

·
D

2 0 ∴ ·

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Damped
2 0 Free vibrations
B.20

Form 3 ·

· sin · · ·

 = Log decrement
un un+1

T = 2/d
1

Exponential decay is ~
Decrement between two log cycles = δ =

Undamped Forced vibrations c = 0 Q(t) ≠ 0

t
0
·

Follow similar solution procedure:

· 1 · sin · ·
1

Static
displacement Magnification
Factor

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Undamped
Forced vibrations

· 1
B.35
· sin · ·
1

Magnification Factor

1.0

1.0 2·

2 ⁄

2 ⁄

Damped Forced vibrations c > 0 Q(t) ≠ 0

t
·

Follow similar solution procedure:

· sin Steady-state response

1
· 1 2 ·

2
Φ tan
1 2

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Damped
· sin B.43
Forced vibrations

2
· Φ tan
1

1
2 1 2 ·

1

2 · 1

Total displacement

P(t)

Ground Structure
displacement displacement

0 0 0

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Need relative displacement of structure subjected to harmonic

forcing function

sin 2 ·

· · · sin ·

1
2
tan
1 2 · 1

Wave A

Wave B

Structure
displacement

Wave C

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Response Spectrum

E
D
C
B

Amplitude

Period

Tosc = 80 sec
5
Ground displacement (cm)
0
-5 5
0
-5
Tosc = 40 sec
5
0
-5 100

Tosc = 10 sec 10
10
Relative Displacement (cm)

0
-10 1

Tosc = 1.0 sec 0.1

1
0
-1 0.01

1999 Hector Mine Earthquake (M 7.1)

Tosc = 0.050 sec 0.001
0.001 station 596 (r= 172 km), transverse component
0
-0.001 10 -4
0.1 1 10 100
Period (sec)
Tosc = 0.025 sec
2*10 -4 Ground acceleration (cm/sec 2)
0 20
-2*10 -4 10
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 -10
Time (sec) 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (sec)

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convert displacement spectrum into acceleration

spectrum (multiply by (2/T)2). For velocity
spectrum, multiply by 2π/T.
100

100

10
Relative Displacement (cm)

10

Acceleration (cm/s 2)
1

0.1
1

0.01

0.1
1999 Hector Mine Earthquake (M 7.1)
0.001
station 596 (r= 172 km), transverse component

10-4 0.01
0.1 1 10 100 0.1 1 10 100
Period (sec) Period (sec)

Acceleration or velocity spectra usually used in

engineering

Frequency Response
of Structures

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