Worksheets in General Mathematics PDF

Worksheet in General Mathematics
Arguments, Validity and

Fallacy
I. Objectives
1. Determines the validity of categorical syllogisms.
2. Establishes the validity and falsity of real-life arguments using logical propositions,
syllogisms, and fallacies.
II. Instructions to Teachers

1. This worksheet was based on the action research entitled “Worksheets in Grade 11
Mathematics Inspired by Interleaved Practice”.
2. The problems herein included provide students chances to choose multiple strategies in
problem solving that is proven effective in improving long term retention.
3. Teachers are also encouraged to provide time for students to see the correct solutions for
each problem.
4. The suggested solutions are herein attached for teachers’ reference. Teachers are
encouraged to provide corrections if any to these attached solutions.
5. After checking students’ answers, teachers are also encouraged to return the respected
papers to their students for them to have chances to correct their errors basing on the
correct solutions. This practice of giving students chances to correct errors is also proven
beneficial as part of the action research stated above.
6. Finally, teachers are encouraged to let students ask questions regarding the problems
and their solutions.
Arguments, Validity and
Fallacy
Name: _______________________________ Grade & Section: __________________

Instructions: The following problems were taken from the Senior High School “General
Mathematics Learner’s Material” (GMLM). Feel free to provide your complete solutions for
each problem on the spaces provided.
Topic: Arguments, Valid, Fallacy (GMLM, Lesson 40, page 281-282, #1)
1. Determine whether the following arguments are valid. If it is valid, then identify the rule of
inference which justifies its validity. Otherwise, state a counterexample or identify the type of
fallacy exhibited by the argument.
a. If x is an odd integer, then 2x + 1 is also an odd integer. If 2x + 1 is an odd integer, then
3(2x + 1) is an odd integer. Therefore, if x is an odd integer, then 3(2x + 1) is an odd integer.
b. If u is even and v is odd, then uv is even. It is found that uv is even. Therefore, u is even
and v is odd.
c. If quadrilateral ABCD is a square, then it is also a rectangle. Quadrilateral ABCD is not a

rectangle. Therefore, it is not a square.
d. If Delight publishes a dissertation with original results, then she will earn a Ph.D. She did
not publish a dissertation with original results. Therefore, she did not earn a Ph.D.
Topic: Arguments, Valid, Sound (GMLM, Lesson 40, page 282, #2 a, b, c)

2. Determine whether each of the following arguments is (a) valid and (b) sound.
a. If n is a real number with n > 2, then 𝑛2 > 4. Suppose 𝑛 ≤ 2. Then 𝑛2 ≤ 4.
b. If y is a positive number, then 𝑦 2 > 0. Suppose 𝑦 2 > 0. Then y is a positive number.
c. If √2 is a rational number, then √2 = 𝑎𝑏 for some integers a and b. It is not true that √2 = 𝑎𝑏
for some integers a and b. Therefore, √2 is not a rational number.
Topic: Propositions, Compound Propositions, Components, Connectors (GMLM, Lesson 36, page
245, #8-10)
3. Determine whether the following statements are propositions. If the proposition is a

compound proposition, identify the simple components and the logical connectors used.
a) Timothy’s average is at least 92 and he is getting an A for the course.
b) -5 is not a negative number.
c) A password must be at least 6 characters long or it must be at least 8 characters long.

Answer Key for Teacher’s Reference
Topic: Arguments, Valid, Fallacy (GMLM, Lesson 40, page 281-282, #1)
a. If x is an odd integer, then 2x + 1 is also an odd integer. If 2x + 1 is an odd integer, then
3(2x + 1) is an odd integer. Therefore, if x is an odd integer, then 3(2x + 1) is an odd integer.
Answer: Let p: “x is an odd integer”, q: “2x + 1 is an odd integer” and r: “3(2x + 1) is an odd
integer”. In proposition form [(𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑟)] → (𝑝 → 𝑟). Hence, the argument is valid by
virtue of the “Law of Syllogism”.
b. If u is even and v is odd, then uv is even. It is found that uv is even. Therefore, u is even
and v is odd.
Answer: Let p: “u is even and v is odd” and p: “uv is even. In proposition form
[(𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ 𝑞] → 𝑝. Hence, the argument is invalid by the “Fallacy of the Converse”.
c. If quadrilateral ABCD is a square, then it is also a rectangle. Quadrilateral ABCD is not a

rectangle. Therefore, it is not a square.
Answer: Let p: “quadrilateral ABCD is a square”, q: “quadrilateral ABCD is a rectangle”. In
proposition form[(𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (~𝑞)] → (~𝑝). Hence, the argument is valid by virtue of the
“Modus Tollens”.
d. If Delight publishes a dissertation with original results, then she will earn a Ph.D. She did
not publish a dissertation with original results. Therefore, she did not earn a Ph.D.
Answer: Let p: “Delight publishes a dissertation with original results”, q: “Delight earn a
Ph.D.”. In proposition form[(𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (~𝑞)] → (~𝑝). Hence, the argument is valid by virtue of
the “Modus Tollens”.
Topic: Arguments, Valid, Sound (GMLM, Lesson 40, page 282, #2 a, b, c)
a. If n is a real number with n > 2, then 𝑛2 > 4. Suppose 𝑛 ≤ 2. Then 𝑛2 ≤ 4.
Answer: The argument is invalid as it exhibits the “Fallacy of the Inverse”, and hence it is
unsound.
b. If y is a positive number, then 𝑦 2 > 0. Suppose 𝑦 2 > 0. Then y is a positive number.
Answer: The argument is invalid as it exhibits the “Fallacy of the Converse”, and hence it is
unsound.
c. If √2 is a rational number, then √2 = 𝑎𝑏 for some integers a and b. It is not true that √2 = 𝑎𝑏
for some integers a and b. Therefore, √2 is not a rational number.
Answer: The argument is valid by “Modus Tollens”. The first premise follows from the
definition of rational numbers. It can also be shown that there are no integers a and b that
satisfy √2 = 𝑎𝑏. Hence, the argument satisfies the truth condition and is therefore sound.
245, #8-10)

d) Timothy’s average is at least 92 and he is getting an A for the course.
Answer: Compound proposition

Simple Components: a1 : “Timothy’s average is at least 92” and a2 : “he is getting an A for
the course”
Logical Connector: a1 and a2
e) -5 is not a negative number.

Simple Component: b1 : “-5 is a negative number”
Logical Connector: not b1
f) A password must be at least 6 characters long or it must be at least 8 characters long.
Answer: Compound Proposition

Simple Components: c1 : “A password must be at least 6 characters long” and c2 : “it must
be at least 8 characters long”
Logical Connector: c1 or c2
Prepared by:
FLORANTE P. TABUDLONG
Teacher III
Noted by:
DENNIS R. ROA, DPA
Principal II
Business Loan, Coupon and
Outstanding Balance
I. Objectives
1. Illustrates business and consumer loans.
2. Distinguishes between business and consumer loans.

each problem.
Business Loan, Coupon and
Outstanding Balance

Topic: Business Loan (Lesson 35, page 235, #1)
1. A business loan of P1,000,000 is to be repaid in full after 3 years. If the interest rate is 7%
per annum. How much should be paid after 3 years?
Topic: Bond, Semi-Annual Coupon (Lesson 35, page 237, #8)

2. What is the amount of the semi-annual coupon for a bond with a face value of P100,000
that pays 8% convertible semi-annually for its coupons?
Topic: Loan, Amortization, Outstanding Balance (Lesson 35, page 239, #8)
3. A loan is to be amortized by paying P5,000 annually for 7 years. If interest rate is 6%
annually,
a. How much is the outstanding balance after 5 payments?
b. How much of the 6th payment goes to pay the interest?
c. How much of the 6th payment goes to pay the principal?

Topic: Business Loan (GMLM, Lesson 35, page 235, #1)
1. A business loan of P1,000,000 is to be repaid in full after 3 years. If the interest rate is 7%
per annum. How much should be paid after 3 years?
Solution: P = 1,000,000 j = 0.07 n=3 Find: F
F = P(1 + j)n = 1,000,000(1 + 0.07)3 = 1,000,000(1.225043) = 1,225,043.00.
Thus, the amount to be paid is P1,225,043.00.
Topic: Bond, Semi-Annual Coupon (GMLM, Lesson 35, page 237, #8)
2. What is the amount of the semi-annual coupon for a bond with a face value of P100,000
that pays 8% convertible semi-annually for its coupons?
Solution: Face Value = F = P100,000 Nominal Yield = i = 8%
Find: Amount of the semi-annual coupon
0.08
𝐹𝑟 = 100,000 ( 2
) = 100,000(0.04) = 4,000.00
Hence, the amount of the semi-annual coupon is P4,000.00.
Topic: Loan, Amortization, Outstanding Balance (GMLM, Lesson 35, page 239, #8)
3. A loan is to be amortized by paying P5,000 annually for 7 years. If interest rate is 6%
annually,
d. How much is the outstanding balance after 5 payments?
(1)
Solution: Given: R = 5,000 i(1) = 0.06 𝑗 = 𝑖 1 = 0.06
1
= 0.06
Find: Outstanding balance after 5 payments (or present value of the remaining 2
payments)
1−(1+𝑗)−2 1−(1+0.06)−2
𝐵3 = 𝑅 ∙ [ 𝑗
] = 5,000 ∙ [ 0.06
]
1−0.889996
= 5,000 ∙ [ 0.06 ] = 5,000 ∙ [1.8334] = 9,167.00
That is, the outstanding balance after the 5th payment is P9,167.00.
e. How much of the 6th payment goes to pay the interest?

Solution: The 6thpayment of P5,000 is partly used to pay for the principal, and partly to
pay for the interest.
Step 1: Get the outstanding balance after the 5th payment (the balance after the 5th
payment is what the 6th payment will be for).
Since the outstanding balance after the 5th payment is P9,167.00, we will skip to step 2.
Step 2: After the 5th payment, the outstanding balance is P9,167.00.

Since the interest rate per period is j = 0.06, then the remaining balance of P9,167.00 will
be charged an interest of (0.06)(9,167.00) = 550.02.
Thus, P550.02 of the 6th payment goes to pay the interest.
f. How much of the 6th payment goes to pay the principal?

Solution: The part that goes to pay the principal is 5,000.00 – 550.02 =P4,449.98.
Prepared by:
Teacher III
Noted by:
DENNIS R. ROA, DPA
Principal II
Conditional Proposition and
Proofs
I. Objectives
1. Review on conditional proposition.
2. Justifies mathematical and real-life statements using the different methods of proof and
disproof.

each problem.
Conditional Proposition and
Proofs

Topic: Converse, Contrapositive, and Inverse of Conditional Propositions (GMLM, Lesson 39, page 269, #1, d, e)
1. Determine the converse, contrapositive, and inverse of the following conditional

propositions.
a. “Her parents gave her monetary allowance if Bianca accompanied her parents to the PTA
meeting.”
b. “If Mariah hit the high whistle note, then the audience gave her a standing ovation.”
Topic: Arguments, Valid, Sound (GMLM, Lesson 40, page 282, #2 d, e )

a. If the polygon is a quadrilateral, then the sum of its interior angles is 360𝑜 . The sum of the
interior angles of the polygon is not 360𝑜 . Therefore, the polygon is not a quadrilateral.
b. If at least one of two numbers is divisible by 5, then the product of the two numbers is
divisible by 5. Neither of the two number is divisible by 5. Therefore, the product of these two
numbers is not divisible by 5.
Topic: Rules of Inference, Arguments, Valid, Invalid, Counterexample (GMLM, Lesson 41, page 293-294, #A9)
3. Determine whether the following arguments are valid using rules of inference. If the
argument is invalid, provide a counterexample.
𝑓⟶𝑜
(~𝑔) ⟶ (~𝑜)
𝑔⟶𝑣
~𝑣
∴ ~𝑓
Topic: Converse, Contrapositive, and Inverse of Conditional Propositions (GMLM, Lesson 39, page 269, #1, d, e)

propositions.
a. “Her parents gave her monetary allowance if Bianca accompanied her parents to the PTA
meeting.”
Answer:
Converse: “If Bianca’s parents gave her monetary allowance, then she accompanied them to
the PTA meeting.”
Contrapositive: “If Bianca’s parents did not give her monetary allowance, then she did not
accompany them to the PTA meeting.”
Inverse: “If Bianca did not accompany her parents to the PTA meeting, then they did not give
her monetary allowance.”
b. “If Mariah hit the high whistle note, then the audience gave her a standing ovation.”
Answer:
Converse: “If the audience gave Mariah a standing ovation, then she hit the high whistle
note.”
Contrapositive: “If the audience did not give Mariah a standing ovation, then she did not hit
the high whistle note.”
Inverse: “If Mariah did not hit the high whistle note, then the audience do not give her a
standing ovation.”
Topic: Arguments, Valid, Sound (GMLM, Lesson 40, page 282, #2 d, e )

a. If the polygon is a quadrilateral, then the sum of its interior angles is 360𝑜 . The sum of the
interior angles of the polygon is not 360𝑜 . Therefore, the polygon is not a quadrilateral.
Answer: The argument is valid by “Modus Tollens”. The first premise is true by the property
of a quadrilateral. If the second premise is taken to be true, then the argument is sound.
b. If at least one of two numbers is divisible by 5, then the product of the two numbers is
divisible by 5. Neither of the two number is divisible by 5. Therefore, the product of these two
numbers is not divisible by 5.
Answer: The argument is invalid as it exhibits the “Fallacy of the Inverse”, and hence it is
unsound.
𝑓⟶𝑜
(~𝑔) ⟶ (~𝑜)
𝑔⟶𝑣
~𝑣
∴ ~𝑓
Proof:
Proposition Reason
1 𝑓⟶𝑜 Premise
2 (~𝑔) ⟶ (~𝑜) Premise
3 𝑔⟶𝑣 Premise
4 ~𝑣 Premise
5 ~𝑔 (3), (4), Modus Tollens
6 ~𝑜 (5), (2), Modus Ponens
7 ~𝑓 (1), (6), Modus Tollens
Prepared by:
Teacher III
Noted by:
DENNIS R. ROA, DPA
Principal II
Deferred Annuity, Period of Deferral
And Conversion Period
I. Objectives
1. Calculates the present value and period of deferral of a deferred annuity.

each problem.
Deferred Annuity, Period of Deferral
And Conversion Period

Topic: Deferred Annuity, Period of Deferral (GMLM, Lesson 30, page 204, #A.1)
1. Find the period of deferral of monthly payments of P1,000 for 9 years that will start 9
months from now.
Topic: Deferred Annuity, Amount of Loan (GMLM, Lesson 30, page 205, #B.1)
2. A loan is to be repaid quarterly for 5 years that will start at the end of 2 years. If interest
rate is 6% converted quarterly, how much is the loan if the quarterly payment is P10,000?
Topic: Conversion Period (GMLM, Lesson 27, page 168, #24)

3. At what interest rate compounded quarterly should an amount be invested if the interest
earned is 20% of the invested amount for 5 years?
Topic: Deferred Annuity, Period of Deferral (GMLM, Lesson 30, page 204, #A.1)
1. Find the period of deferral of monthly payments of P1,000 for 9 years that will start 9
months from now.
Solution: The first payment is at time 9. The period of deferral is from time 0 to 8, which is
equivalent to 8 periods or 8 months.
Topic: Deferred Annuity, Amount of Loan (GMLM, Lesson 30, page 205, #B.1)
2. A loan is to be repaid quarterly for 5 years that will start at the end of 2 years. If interest
rate is 6% converted quarterly, how much is the loan if the quarterly payment is P10,000?
(m)
i 0.06
Solution: R = 10,000 m = 4 i(4) = 0.06 k = 7 n = mt = (4)(5) = 20 j = m = 4 = 0.015
The present value of the loan is equivalent to present value of the deferred annuity
- (k + n) -k
1 - (1 + j) 1 - (1 + j)
P=R∙ -R∙
j j
- (7 + 20) -7
1 - (1 + 0.015) 1 - (1 + 0.015)
= 10,000 ∙ - 10,000 ∙
0.015 0.015
- (27) -7
1 - (1.015) 1 - (1.015)
= 10,000 ∙ - 10,000 ∙
0.015 0.015
1 - 0.668986 1 - 0.901027
= 10,000 ∙ - 10,000 ∙
0.015 0.015
= 10,000 ∙ 22.067600 - 10,000 ∙ 6.598200
= 220,676.00 - 65,982.00
= 154,694.00
Therefore, the amount of the loan is P154,694.00
Topic: Conversion Period (GMLM, Lesson 27, page 168, #24)

3. At what interest rate compounded quarterly should an amount be invested if the interest
earned is 20% of the invested amount for 5 years?
Solution: P = principal F = 1.2P t = 5 years m = 4 n = mt = (4)(5) = 20
n
F = P(1 + j)
20
⟶1.2P = P(1 + j)
20
⟶1.2 = (1 + j)
1 20
⟶(1.2) =1+j
⟶1.009158 = 1 + j
→j = 0.009158 or 0.9158%
The interest rate in each conversion period is 0.9158%.
The nominal rate (interest rate compounded quarterly) can be computed by
(4)
i
j=
4
(4)
i
→0.009158 =
4
(4)
→i = 4(0.009158)
(4)
→i = 0.036632
Hence, the interest rate compounded quarterly for an amount invested to earn 20% of
the invested amount for 5 years is 3.66%
Prepared by:
Teacher III
Noted by:
DENNIS R. ROA, DPA
Principal II
General Annuity, Future and Present Value,
And Investment
I. Objectives
1. Illustrates simple and general annuities.
2. Finds the future value and present value of both simple annuities and general annuities.

each problem.
General Annuity, Future and Present Value,
And Investment

Topic: General Annuity, Future Value (GMLM, Lesson 29, page 197, #1)
1. Find the future value of the general annuity: monthly payments of P3,000 for 4 years with
interest rate of 3% compounded quarterly.
Topic: General Annuity, Present Value (GMLM, Lesson 29, page 197, #6)
2. Find the present value P of the general annuity: quarterly payment of P15,000 for 10
years with interest rate of 8% compounded annually.
Topic: Compound Interest, Investments (GMLM, Lesson 26, page 157, #20)
3. Yani has a choice to make short term investments for her excess cash P60,000. She can
invest at (a) 6% compounded quarterly for 6 months or (b) 5% compounded semi-annually
for 1 year. Which is larger?
1. Find the future value of the general annuity: monthly payments of P3,000 for 4 years with
interest rate of 3% compounded quarterly.
Solution: R = 3,000 i(4) = 0.03 m = 12 (monthly payments) t = 4 years
n = mt = (12)(4) = 48 monthly payments. Convert 3% compounded quarterly to its equivalent
interest rate for monthly payment interval.
(12) (4)
(
1+ ) ( ) i
12
(12)
= 1+
i
4
4
(12)
⟶1 +( ) ( ) i
12
(12)
= 1+
0.03
4
4
(12)
⟶1 +( ) i
12
(12)
= (1 + 0.0075)
4
(12)
⟶1 +( ) i
12
(12)
= 1.030339
(12)
i 1 12
⟶1 + = (1.030339)
12
(12)
i
⟶1 + = 1.002494
12
(12)
i
⟶ = 1.002494 - 1
12
(12)
i
⟶12 = j = 0.002494
Solving for the future value
F
(1 + j)n - 1 (1 + 0.002494)48 - 1 (1.002494)48 - 1
= 3,000 ∙ =R∙ = 3,000 ∙ =
j 0.002494 0.002494
3,000 ∙ 50.923817 = 152,771.45
So that the future value is P152,771.45
Topic: General Annuity, Present Value (GMLM, Lesson 29, page 197, #6)
2. Find the present value P of the general annuity: quarterly payment of P15,000 for 10
years with interest rate of 8% compounded annually.
Solution: R = 15,000 i(1) = 0.08 m = 4 (quarterly payments) t = 10 years
n = mt = (4)(10) = 40 quarterly payments. Convert 8% compounded annually to its
equivalent interest rate for quarterly payment interval.
(4) (1)
(
1+ ) ( ) i
4
(4)
= 1+
i
1
1
(4)
⟶1 +( ) ( ) i
4
(4)
= 1+
0.08
1
1
(4)
⟶1 +( ) i
4
(4)
= (1.08)
1
(4)
⟶1 +( ) i
4
(4)
= 1.08
(4)
i 14
⟶1 + = (1.08)
4
(4)
i
⟶1 + = 1.019427
4
(4)
i
⟶ = 1.019427 - 1
4
(4)
i
⟶ = j = 0.019427
4
Solving for the present value
P
-n - 40
1 - (1 + j) 1 - (1 + 0.019427) 1 - 0.463185
=R∙ = 15,000 ∙ = 15,000 ∙
j 0.019427 0.019427
15,000 ∙ 27.632419 = 414,486.29
So that the present value is P414,486.29
Topic: Compound Interest, Investments (GMLM, Lesson 26, page 157, #20)
3. Yani has a choice to make short term investments for her excess cash P60,000. She can
invest at (a) 6% compounded quarterly for 6 months or (b) 5% compounded semi-annually
for 1 year. Which is larger?
a. Solution: P = 60,000 i(4) = 0.06 t = 0.5 m=4
(4)
i 0.06
j= 4 = 4 = 0.015 n = mt = (4)(0.5) = 2
F = P(1 + j)n = 60,000(1 + 0.015)2 = 61,813.50
b. Solution: P = 60,000 i(2) = 0.05 t=1 m=2

(2)
i 0.05
j= 2 = 2 = 0.025 n = mt = (2)(1) = 2
F = P(1 + j)n = 60,000(1 + 0.025)2 = 63,037.50

Option b is larger.
Prepared by:
Teacher III
Noted by:
DENNIS R. ROA, DPA
Principal II
Negations, Propositions and
Connectors
I. Objectives
1. Review on compound propositions.

each problem.
Negations, Propositions and
Connectors

Topic: Negation (GMLM, Lesson 37, page 255, #1, p, q)
1. State the negation of the following propositions.
2
p:x - 4 ≤ 3 + x
q: There are at least three people in the meeting room at the moment.
245, #5-7)

a. Either it is sunny in Metro Manila or its streets are flooded.
b. Dinner is served with coffee or tea.
2
c. If a, b, and c denote the lengths of the legs and the hypotenuse of a right triangle, then a
2 2
+b =c .
Topic: Propositions, Compound Propositions, Components, Connectors (GMLM, Lesson 36, page 245, #11-13)

a. If Jerry receives a scholarship, then he will go to college.
b. If you fix my computer, then I will pay you P2,000 and if I pay you P2,000, then you will
fix my computer.
c. If you do not run 1 kilometer a day or do not eat properly, then you will not be healthy.
Topic: Negation (GMLM, Lesson 37, page 255, #1, p, q)
2
p:x - 4 ≤ 3 + x
2
Negation is ~p:x - 4 > 3 + x
q: There are at least three people in the meeting room at the moment.
Negation is ~q: There are at most two people in the meeting room at the moment.
245, #5-7)

a. Either it is sunny in Metro Manila or its streets are flooded.
Answer: This is a compound proposition.
Simple Components: p1 : It is sunny in Metro Manila.
p2 : Its streets are flooded.
Logical Connector: p1 or p2
b. Dinner is served with coffee or tea.
Simple Components: d1 : Dinner is served with coffee.
d2 : Dinner is served with tea.
Logical Connector: d1 or d2
2
c. If a, b, and c denote the lengths of the legs and the hypotenuse of a right triangle, then a
2 2
+b =c .

Simple Components: r1 : a, b, and c denote the lengths of the legs and the
hypotenuse of a right triangle.
2 2 2
r2 : a + b = c .
Logical Connector: If r1 and then r2
Topic: Propositions, Compound Propositions, Components, Connectors (GMLM, Lesson 36, page 245, #11-13)

a. If Jerry receives a scholarship, then he will go to college.

Simple Components: d1 : “Jerry receives a scholarship” and d2 : “he will go to college”
Logical Connector: “If d1 and then d2”
b. If you fix my computer, then I will pay you P2,000 and if I pay you P2,000, then you will
fix my computer.

Simple Components: e1 : “you fix my computer” and e2 : “I will pay you P2,000”
Logical Connector: “If e1 and then e2”
c. If you do not run 1 kilometer a day or do not eat properly, then you will not be healthy.
Simple Components: f1 : “you do not run 1 kilometer a day”, f2 : “you do not eat properly”
and f3 : “you will not be healthy”
Logical Connector: “If f1 and f2, then f3”
Prepared by:
Teacher III
Noted by:
DENNIS R. ROA, DPA
Principal II
Nominal Rate, Simple Interest and
Future Value
I. Objectives
1. Computes nominal rate, simple interest and future value.

each problem.
papers to their students for them to have chances to correct their errors basing on the correct
solutions. This practice of giving students chances to correct errors is also proven beneficial as
part of the action research stated above.
6. Finally, teachers are encouraged to let students ask questions regarding the problems and
their solutions.
Nominal Rate, Simple Interest and
Future Value

Mathematics Learner’s Material” (GMLM). Feel free to provide your complete solutions for each
problem on the spaces provided.
Topic: Nominal Rate (GMLM, Lesson 27, page 168, #21)
1. Jun invested an amount of P100,000 where he obtained an interest of P16,000 at the end of
2 ½ years. At what nominal rate compounded semi-annually was it invested?
Topic: Simple Interest (GMLM, Lesson 24, page 143, #20)
2. How much should you invest at 6% annual interest rate to obtain a simple interest of P72,000
in 3 years?
Topic: Future Value (GMLM, Lesson 26, page 157, #13)

3. Cian lends P45,000 for 3 years at 5% compounded semi-annually. Find the future value and
interest of this amount.
Topic: Nominal Rate (GMLM, Lesson 27, page 168, #21)
1. Jun invested an amount of P100,000 where he obtained an interest of P16,000 at the end of
2 ½ years. At what nominal rate compounded semi-annually was it invested?
Solution: F = 116,000 P = 100,000 t = 2.5 years m = 2 n = mt = (2)(2.5) = 5

n 5 116,000 5
Solve: i(2) Now, F = P(1 + j) ⟶116,000 = 100,000(1 + j) ⟶100,000 = (1 + j)
(100)
116
(100)
15 116 15
⟶ = 1 + j⟶j = - 1⟶j = 1.0301 - 1 = 0.0301
So that the interest rate per conversion period is 3.01%.

(m) (2)
i i (2)
Sincej = m ⟶0.0301 = 2 ⟶i = (0.0301)(2) = 0.0602
It follows that the nominal rate compounded semi-annually is 6.02%.
2. How much should you invest at 6% annual interest rate to obtain a simple interest of P72,000
in 3 years?
Solution: r = 0.06 Is = 72,000 t = 3 years
Is 72,000
Solve: P Now, Is = Prt⟶P = rt⟶P = (0.06)(3) = 400,000
Topic: Future Value (GMLM, Lesson 26, page 157, #13)

3. Cian lends P45,000 for 3 years at 5% compounded semi-annually. Find the future value and
interest of this amount.
Solution: P = 45,000 i(2) = 0.05 t = 3 years m=2 Solve: F and Ic
(2)
i 0.05
Since j = m
= 2
= 0.025, the interest rate in a conversion period is 2.5%.
From n = mt = (2)(3) = 6, we have 6 conversion periods in 3 years.
So that F = P(1+ j)n = 45,000(1 + 0.025)6 = 45,000(1.025)6 = 52,186.20.
And Ic = F – P = 52,186.20 – 45,000 = 7,186.20.
Hence, the future value is P52,186.20 and interest is P7,186.20
Prepared by:
Teacher III
Noted by:
DENNIS R. ROA, DPA
Principal II
Ordinary Annuity, Future and Present Value, and
Equivalent Interest Rates
I. Objectives
1. Finds the future value and present value of both simple annuities and general annuities.

each problem.
Ordinary Annuity, Future and Present Value, and
Equivalent Interest Rates

Topic: Ordinary Annuity, Future Value (GMLM, Lesson 28, page 182, #11)
1. Find the periodic payments of the ordinary annuity: monthly payment of the future value of
P50,000 for 1 year with an interest rate of 10% compounded monthly.
Topic: Ordinary Annuity, Present Value (GMLM, Lesson 28, page 182, #6)
2. Find the present value P of the ordinary annuity: quarterly payment of P10,000 for 10
years with interest rate of 8% compounded quarterly.
Topic: Equivalent Interest Rates (GMLM, Lesson 27, page 168, #23)
3. Mr. Retanan was given a loan at 10% compounded monthly. When should he pay it so
that it will just earn only 10% of the amount borrowed?
Topic: Ordinary Annuity, Future Value (GMLM, Lesson 28, page 182, #11)
1. Find the periodic payments of the ordinary annuity: monthly payment of the future value of
P50,000 for 1 year with an interest rate of 10% compounded monthly.
(12)
i 0.10
Solution: F = 50,000 i(12) = 0.10 m = 12 j= 12 = 12 = 0.008333 t = 1 year n=
mt = (12)(1) = 12 periods Find: Periodic Payments R
R
n 12 12
F (1 + j) - 1 50,000 (1 + 0.008333) - 1 50,000 (1.008333) - 1
= = = =
j 0.008333 0.008333
50,000 0.104709
= 50,000 12.565583 = 3979.12
0.008333
That is, the periodic payments is P3,979.12
Topic: Ordinary Annuity, Present Value (GMLM, Lesson 28, page 182, #6)
2. Find the present value P of the ordinary annuity: quarterly payment of P10,000 for 10
years with interest rate of 8% compounded quarterly.
Solution: R = 10,000 i(4) = 0.08 m=4 j = 0.02 t = 10 years
n = mt = (4)(10) = 40 periods Find: Present Value P
P
-n - 40 - 40
1 - (1 + j) 1 - (1 + 0.02) 1 - (1.02)
=R∙ = 10,000 ∙ = 10,000 ∙ = 10,
j 0.02 0.02
0.54711
∙ = 10,000 ∙ 27.3555 = 273,555.00
0.02
So that the present value is P273,555.00
Topic: Equivalent Interest Rates (GMLM, Lesson 27, page 168, #23)
3. Mr. Retanan was given a loan at 10% compounded monthly. When should he pay it so
that it will just earn only 10% of the amount borrowed?
Solution: Let P be the principal, then F = 1.1P (since it earns 10% of the amount borrowed)
(12)
i .10
i(12) = 10% = 0.10 m = 12 j= 12
= 12
= 0.008333 Find: t
n n
1.1P n n
F = P(1 + j) →1.1P = P(1 + j) → = (1 + j) →1.1 = (1 + 0.008333)
P
n
→log (1.1) = log (1.008333) →log (1.1) = nlog (1.008333)
log⁡(1.1) 0.041393
→n = log⁡(1.008333)→n = 0.003604 = 11.485 periods
n 11.485
t=m= 12
= 0.957083 year or 11 ½ months
Prepared by:
Teacher III
Noted by:
DENNIS R. ROA, DPA
Principal II
Propositions
I. Objectives
1. Illustrates a proposition.
2. Symbolizes a proposition.

each problem.
Propositions

245, #1-4)

a) Define a polynomial function.
b) Justin Bieber has over one million followers on Twitter and Instagram.
c) If Ted’s score is less than 50, then Ted will fail the course.
d) What time is it?
Topic: Negation (GMLM, Lesson 37, page 255, #1, m, n, o)

m: Mathematics is easy to study.
n: Nellie’s favorite song is “Hero” by Mariah Carey.
o: Logic is not taken up in junior high school.
Topic: Propositions in Sentences or in Symbols (GMLM, Lesson 37, page 255-256, #2)
3. Let p, q, and r be the propositions p: “Rena eats at the Spanish restaurant.”, q: “Rena
orders the restaurant’s special paella.”, r: “Rena has dessert.” Express the following
statements in English sentences or in symbols, as the case may be.
a. “Rena orders the restaurant’s special paella, but she does not have dessert.”
b. “Whenever Rena eats at the Spanish restaurant, either she orders the restaurant’s special
paella or she has dessert.”
c. “If Rena eats at the Spanish restaurant, she orders the restaurant’s special paella if and
only if she does not order dessert.”
d. p→((q ∧ ( ∼ r)) ∨ r)
e. p→((~q)→r)
f. ((~q) ∧ (~r))→(~p)

245, #1-4)

e) Define a polynomial function.
Answer: This is not a proposition since it is an imperative statement.
f) Justin Bieber has over one million followers on Twitter and Instagram.
Simple Components, a1 : Justin Bieber has over one million followers on Twitter.
a2 : Justin Bieber has over one million followers on Instagram.
Logical Connector: a1 and a2
g) If Ted’s score is less than 50, then Ted will fail the course.
Simple Components: n1 : Ted’s score is less than 50.
n2 : Ted fail the course.
Logical Connector: If n1 and then n2
h) What time is it?

Answer: This is not a proposition since it is a question.
Topic: Negation (GMLM, Lesson 37, page 255, #1, m, n, o)

m: Mathematics is easy to study.
Negation is ~m: Mathematics is not easy to study.
n: Nellie’s favorite song is “Hero” by Mariah Carey.
Negation is ~n: Nellie’s favorite song is not “Hero” by Mariah Carey.
o: Logic is not taken up in junior high school.
Negation is ~o: Logic is taken up in junior high school.
Topic: Propositions in Sentences or in Symbols (GMLM, Lesson 37, page 255-256, #2)
3. Let p, q, and r be the propositions p: “Rena eats at the Spanish restaurant.”, q: “Rena
orders the restaurant’s special paella.”, r: “Rena has dessert.” Express the following
statements in English sentences or in symbols, as the case may be.
a. “Rena orders the restaurant’s special paella, but she does not have dessert.”
Answer: q ∧ (~r)
b. “Whenever Rena eats at the Spanish restaurant, either she orders the restaurant’s special
paella or she has dessert.” Answer: p→(q ∨ r)
c. “If Rena eats at the Spanish restaurant, she orders the restaurant’s special paella if and
only if she does not order dessert.” Answer: p→(q↔(~r))
d. p→((q ∧ ( ∼ r)) ∨ r)
Answer: “If Rena eats at the Spanish restaurant, then either she orders the restaurant’s
special paella and no dessert, or she order dessert.
e. p→((~q)→r)
Answer: “If Rena eats at the Spanish restaurant, then she orders dessert whenever she
does not order the restaurant’s special paella.”
f. ((~q) ∧ (~r))→(~p)
Answer: “If Rena does not order the restaurant’s special paella and does not order dessert,
then she does not eat at the Spanish restaurant.”
Prepared by:
Teacher III
Noted by:
DENNIS R. ROA, DPA
Principal II
Rules of Inference, Arguments and
Counterexamples
I. Objectives
1. Illustrates the different methods of proof (direct and indirect) and disproof (indirect and by
counterexample).
2. Establishes the validity and falsity of real-life arguments using logical propositions,
syllogisms, and fallacies.

each problem.
Rules of Inference, Arguments and
Counterexamples

Topic: Rules of Inference, Arguments, Valid, Invalid, Counterexample (GMLM, Lesson 41, page 293,
#A1-3)
a. An odd integer m is a number that can be written in the form m = 2k + 1, where k is an
integer. It is known that x and y are odd integers. Therefore, x + 2y is odd.
b. Noel is not cooking or Noel is watching a television show. If Noel is not watching a
television show, then Noel is cooking. Therefore, Noel is not cooking.
c. An even number m is a number than can be written as m = 2k, where k is an integer. It is

2
given that y is an even number. Therefore, y is also even.
p∧q
a) (p ∨ q)⟶r
∴ r
#A,4)
If Michelle wakes up early or does not sleep, then she will get to class on time. If she
commutes to school, then she will not get to class on time. Michelle did not sleep. Therefore,
she did not commute to school.
#A1-3)
a. An odd integer m is a number that can be written in the form m = 2k + 1, where k is an
integer. It is known that x and y are odd integers. Therefore, x + 2y is odd.
Proof: The first premise is a definition, and can thus be interpreted as an if-and-only-if
statement. Suppose x and y are odd integers. Then we can write x = 2k1 + 1 and y = 2k2 + 1
for some integers k1and k2.
Thus, x + 2y = (2k1 + 1) + 2(2k2 + 1) = 2k1 + 1 + 2(2k2 + 1) = 2(k1 + 2k2 + 1) + 1.
Since k1 + 2k2 + 1 is an integer (using the closure property of addition), then by Modus
Ponens on the definition of odd numbers (the first premise), we conclude that x + 2y is odd.
Therefore, the argument is valid.
b. Noel is not cooking or Noel is watching a television show. If Noel is not watching a
television show, then Noel is cooking. Therefore, Noel is not cooking.
Answer: Let c: “Noel is cooking.” and m: “Noel is watching a television show.”
In proposition form, the argument is a:{[(~c) ∨ m] ∧ [(~m)→c]}→(~c). Validity can be checked
with a truth table.
c m ~c ~m (~c) ∨ m (~m)→c [(~c) ∨ m] ∧ [(~m)→c] a

T T F F T T T F
T F F T F T F T
F T T F T T T T
F F T T T F F T
The argument is not valid since a is not a tautology. A counterexample is when c and m are
both true.
c. An even number m is a number than can be written as m = 2k, where k is an integer. It is
2
given that y is an even number. Therefore, y is also even.
Answer: Suppose y is even. Then from the first premise, we can write y = 2k for some
integer k. Furthermore, y2 = (2k)2 = 4k2 = 2(2k2).
Since k is an integer, then 2k2 is also an integer. Then by Modus Ponens with the first
premise, we conclude that y2 is also even.
p∧q
b) (p ∨ q)⟶r
∴ r
Proof:
Proposition Reason
1 p∧q Premise
2 p (1), Rule of Simplification
3 p∨q (2), Rule of Addition
4 (p ∨ q)⟶r Premise
5 r (3), (4), Modus Ponens
#A,4)
If Michelle wakes up early or does not sleep, then she will get to class on time. If she
commutes to school, then she will not get to class on time. Michelle did not sleep. Therefore,
she did not commute to school.
Answer: Let a: “Michelle waked up early.”, b: “Michelle did sleep.”, c: “Michelle get to class
on time.” and d: “Michelle commuted to school.” In standard form, the argument is
[a ∨ (~b)]→c
d→(~c )
~b
∴ ~d
Proof:
Proposition Reason
1 d→(~c ) Premise
2 c→(~d) (1), Equivalence to contrapositive
3 ~b Premise
4 a ∨ (~b) (3), Additive Law
5 [a ∨ (~b)]→c Premise
6 [ a ∨ (~b)]→(~d) (2), (5), Law of Syllogism
7 ~d (4), (6), Modus Ponens
Prepared by:
Teacher III
Noted by:
DENNIS R. ROA, DPA
Principal II
Simple and Compound Interests
Environment
I. Objectives
1. Computes interest, maturity value, future value, and present value in simple interest and
compound interest environment.

each problem.
their solutions.
Simple and Compound Interests
Environment

problem on the spaces provided.
Topic: Maturity Value (GMLM, Lesson 26, page 157, #14)
1. Tenten deposited P10,000 in bank which gives 1% compounded quarterly and let it stay there
for 5 years. Find the maturity value and interest.
Topic: Future Value, Simple Interest & Compound Interest (GMLM, Lesson 25, page 149, #16)
2. Nora is thinking of investing an amount of P30,000 for 2 ½ years. Find the future value based
on the following investments:
a. Simple interest at 8.5%
b. 8.5% compounded annually
c. Which investment is better? Justify your answer.

3. Amparo invested a certain amount at 10% simple interest per year. After 2 years, the interest
she received amounted to P3,000. How much did she invest?
Topic: Maturity Value (GMLM, Lesson 26, page 157, #14)
1. Tenten deposited P10,000 in bank which gives 1% compounded quarterly and let it stay there
for 5 years. Find the maturity value and interest.
Solution: P = 10,000 i(4) = 0.01 t = 5 years m=4 Find: F and Ic

(4)
i 0.01
Interest rate in a conversion period is, j = m = 4 = 0.0025
Total number of conversion periods is, n = mt = (4)(5) = 20
n 20 20
F = P(1 + j) = (10,000)(1 + 0.0025) = (10,000)(1.0025) = 10,512.06
Ic = F - P = 10,512.06 - 10,000 = 512.06
Hence, the maturity value is P10,512.06 and interest is P512.06
Topic: Future Value, Simple Interest & Compound Interest (GMLM, Lesson 25, page 149, #16)
2. Nora is thinking of investing an amount of P30,000 for 2 ½ years. Find the future value based
on the following investments:
d. Simple interest at 8.5%
Solution: P = 30,000 r = 0.085 t = 2.5
F = P(1 + rt) = (30,000)(1 + (0.085)(2.5)) = 36,375.00
e. 8.5% compounded annually

F = P(1 + r)t = (30,000)(1 + 0.085)(2.5) = 36,787.10
f. Which investment is better? Justify your answer.

Investment is b better, because it yields greater interest.

3. Amparo invested a certain amount at 10% simple interest per year. After 2 years, the interest
she received amounted to P3,000. How much did she invest?
Solution: r = 0.10 t = 2 years IS = 3,000
IS 3,000
P = rt = (0.10)(2) = 15,000
That is, Amparo invested P15,000
Prepared by:
Teacher III
Noted by:
DENNIS R. ROA, DPA
Principal II
Solving Problems Involving Simple and
Compound Interests
I. Objectives
1. Illustrates simple and compound interests.
2. Distinguishes between simple and compound interests.
3. Solves problems involving simple interest and compound interests.

each problem.
their solutions.
Solving Problems Involving Simple and
Compound Interests

problems on the spaces provided.
Topic: Compound Interest (GMLM, Lesson 25, page 149, #11)
1. Peter borrowed P100,000 at 8% compounded annually? How much will he be paying after 2
years?

2. A time deposit account in a bank yields 5.5% compounded interest annually. Jennifer
invested P450,000 for 4 years in this savings account. How much interest will she gain?

3. At what simple interest rate will an amount of money gain 50% of the principal in 4 years?
1. Peter borrowed P100,000 at 8% compounded annually? How much will he be paying after 2
years?
Solution: Given, P = 100,000 r = 8% = 0.08 t = 2 years

t 2 2
Find: F F = P(1 + r) = 100,000(1 + 0.08) = 100,000(1.08)
= 100,000(1.1664) = 116,640.00.
Peter will be paying P 116,640.00 after 2 years.

2. A time deposit account in a bank yields 5.5% compounded interest annually. Jennifer
invested P450,000 for 4 years in this savings account. How much interest will she gain?
Solution: Given, P = 450,000 r = 5.5% = 0.055 t = 4 years

t 2 2
Find: Ic F = P(1 + r) = 450,000(1 + 0.055) = 100,000(1.055)
= 100,000(1.113025) = 500,861.25.
Ic = F - P = 500,861.25 - 450,000.00 = 50,861.25
Hence, the interest gained is P50,861.25

3. At what simple interest rate will an amount of money gain 50% of the principal in 4 years?
Solution: Let P = x pesos F = 1.5x pesos t = 4 years

Is 0.5x
Find: r Is = F - P = 1.5x - x = 0.5x r = Pt = 1.5x(4) = 0.0833
r = 8.33%
That is, the simple interest rate is 8.33%
Prepared by:
Teacher III
Noted by:
DENNIS R. ROA, DPA
Principal II
Stocks Par Value and Dividend
Amortizations
I. Objectives
1. Illustrates stocks and bonds.
2. Distinguishes between stocks and bonds.

each problem.
Stocks Par Value and Dividend
Amortizations

Topic: Stocks, Par Value (GMLM, Lesson 31, page 217, #1)
1. Stockholder A got 4,500 shares of stocks from XYZ Corporation. The par value is P 150.
How much is the dividend if the percentage is 3%?
Topic: Stocks, Dividend Per Share (GMLM, Lesson 31, page 217, #4)
2. A financial institution will give out a dividend of P57,000,000 for its common stock.
Suppose there are 700,000 shares of common stock, how much is the dividend per share?
Topic: Compound Interest, Monthly Amortization (GMLM, Lesson 28, page 182, #16)
3. How much is the monthly amortization on an automobile loan of P900,000 to be amortized
over a 5-year period at a rate 9.5% compounded monthly?
Topic: Stocks, Par Value (GMLM, Lesson 31, page 217, #1)
1. Stockholder A got 4,500 shares of stocks from XYZ Corporation. The par value is P 150.
How much is the dividend if the percentage is 3%?
Solution: Given: Dividend Percentage = 3% Par Value = P150 Number of Shares = 4,500
Find: Dividend The dividend per share is: P150 x 0.03 = P4.50
Since there are 4,500 shares, the total dividend is = P4.50/share x 4,500 shares =
P20,250.00
In summary, Dividend = (Dividend Percentage) x (Par Value) x (No. of Shares)
= (0.03)(150)(4,500) = P20,250.00
Thus, the dividend is P20,250.00.
Topic: Stocks, Dividend Per Share (GMLM, Lesson 31, page 217, #4)
2. A financial institution will give out a dividend of P57,000,000 for its common stock.
Suppose there are 700,000 shares of common stock, how much is the dividend per share?
Solution: Given: Total Dividend = P57,000,000 Total Shares = 700,000
Find: Dividend Per Share
Total Dividend 57,000,000
Dividend Per Share = Total Shares = 700,000 = 81.43
Therefore, the dividend per share is P81.43
Topic: Compound Interest, Monthly Amortization (GMLM, Lesson 28, page 182, #16)
3. How much is the monthly amortization on an automobile loan of P900,000 to be amortized
over a 5-year period at a rate 9.5% compounded monthly?
Solution: P = 900,000 i(12) = 0.095 m = 12 j = 0.095/12 = 0.007917
t = 5 years n = mt = (12)(5) = 60 periods Find: Periodic Payments R
P -n 900,000 - 60 900,000
[ ] [ ]
1 - (1 + j) 1 - (1 + 0.007917)
[ 0.007917 ]
1 - 0.623037
R= = =
j 0.007917
= 900,000 47.614374 = 18,901.86.
Therefore, the monthly amortization of the loan is P18,901.86
Prepared by:
Teacher III
Noted by:
DENNIS R. ROA, DPA
Principal II
Stocks, General Annuity and
Deferred Annuity
I. Objectives
1. Illustrates stocks and bonds.
2. Distinguishes between general and deferred annuity.

each problem.
Stocks, General Annuity and
Deferred Annuity

Topic: Stocks, Listing (GMLM, Lesson 32, page 221, #1)
1. 52 Weeks
HI LO STOCK DIV YLD% VOL(100s) CLOSE NETCHG
75 65 JJJ 2.5 2.8 1500 70 2
34 23 KKK 1.7 1.75 1200 28 -3
For Stock JJJ:
a. What was the highest price of the stock for the last 52 weeks?
b. What was the dividend per share last year?
c. What was the annual percentage yield last year?
d. What was the closing price in the last trading day?
e. What was the closing price the day before the last trading day?
2. Find the future value of the general annuity: daily payments of P20 for 30 days with
interest rate of 20% compounded annually.
Topic: Deferred Annuity, Cash Value (GMLM, Lesson 30, page 205, #B.6)
3. A condominium unit is available at P29,000 monthly payable in 20 years. The first
payment is due in 2 years exactly the time when the condominium will be turned in to the
buyers. How much is the cash value if the interest rate is 10% convertible monthly?
Topic: Stocks, Listing (GMLM, Lesson 32, page 221, #1)
1. 52 Weeks
HI LO STOCK DIV YLD% VOL(100s) CLOSE NETCHG
75 65 JJJ 2.5 2.8 1500 70 2
34 23 KKK 1.7 1.75 1200 28 -3
For Stock JJJ:
f. What was the highest price of the stock for the last 52 weeks?
Solution: Highest Price = P 75.00
g. What was the dividend per share last year?
Solution: Dividend Per Share = P 2.50
h. What was the annual percentage yield last year?
Solution: YLD% = 2.8%
i. What was the closing price in the last trading day?
Solution: Closing Price = P 70.00
j. What was the closing price the day before the last trading day?
Solution: Closing Price (the day before the last trading day) = P70.00 - P2.00 = P 68.00
2. Find the future value of the general annuity: daily payments of P20 for 30 days with
interest rate of 20% compounded annually.
Solution: R = 20 n = 1(30) = 30 payments i(1) = 0.20
Find: F
Convert 20% compounded annually to its equivalent interest rate for daily payment interval.
365.25 1
F1 = F2→P 1 + ( i
365.25 ) 365.25
( )
=P1+
i
1
1
365.25
→P 1 + ( i
365.25 ) 365.25
=P1+ ( 1 )
0.20 1
365.25
→P 1 + ( i
365.25 ) 365.25
= P(1.20)
365.25
→1+ ( i
365.25 ) 365.25
= 1.20
365.25
i 1 365.25
→1 + = (1.20)
365.25
365.25
i
→ = 1.000499 - 1
365.25
365.25
i
→ = 0.000499
365.25
Thus, j = 0.000499. Therefore, the interest rate per daily payment interval is 0.0499%.
Applying the formula in finding the future value of a general ordinary annuity using the
computed equivalent rate
(1 + j)n - 1 (1 + 0.000499)30 - 1 0.015079

F=R∙ →F = 20 ∙ →F = 20 ∙ →F = 604.37
j 0.000499 0.000499
That is, the future value of the general annuity is P604.37
Topic: Deferred Annuity, Cash Value (GMLM, Lesson 30, page 205, #B.6)
3. A condominium unit is available at P29,000 monthly payable in 20 years. The first
payment is due in 2 years exactly the time when the condominium will be turned in to the
buyers. How much is the cash value if the interest rate is 10% convertible monthly?
Solution: R = 29,000 t = 20 years m = 12 i(12) = 0.10 k = 23
(m) (12)
i i
n = mt = 240 payments j= m
= 12
= 0.008333
Find: P
- (k + n) -k
1 - (1 + j) 1 - (1 + j)
P=R∙ -R∙
j j
- (23 + 240) - 23
1 - (1 + 0.008333) 1 - (1 + 0.008333)
= 29,000 ∙ - 29,000 ∙
0.008333 0.008333
1 - 0.112759 1 - 0.826244
= 29,000 ∙ - 29,000 ∙
0.008333 0.008333
= 29,000 ∙ 106.473179 - 29,000 ∙ 20.851554
= 2,483,027.13
Hence, the cash value of the condominium is P2,483,027.13
Prepared by:
Teacher III
Noted by:
DENNIS R. ROA, DPA
Principal II
Truth Table, Tautology and
Logical Equivalence
I. Objectives
1. Determines the truth values of propositions.
2. Illustrates the different forms of conditional propositions.

each problem.
Truth Table, Tautology and
Logical Equivalence

Topic: Proposition Truth Table, Tautology (GMLM, Lesson 38, page 262, #2, a, b, c)
1. Show that the following statements are tautologies by constructing the truth table for each.
a. ((~p) ∨ q)→(p→q)
b. ((~q)→(~p))→(p→q)
c. [~(p↔q)]↔[(p ∨ q) ∧ (~(p ∧ q))]
Topic: Converse, Contrapositive, and Inverse of Conditional Propositions (GMLM, Lesson 39, page 269, #1,a,b,c)

propositions.
a. “If the clothes are neatly stacked and pressed, then the house help arrived today.”
b. “If it did not flood yesterday, then the streets are dry today.”
c. “Whenever Nico studied alone, he got the highest score in the class.”
Topic: Logical Equivalences (GMLM, Lesson 39, page 269, #2)

3. Verify the following logical equivalences using (a) the known logical equivalences and (b)
truth tables.
a. p ∨ q⇔~((~p) ∧ (~q))
b. p↔q⇔[(p ∧ q) ∨ ((~p) ∧ (~q))]
c. p→q⇔~[p ∧ (~q)]
Topic: Proposition Truth Table, Tautology (GMLM, Lesson 38, page 262, #2, a, b, c)
d. ((~p) ∨ q)→(p→q)
Solution:
p q ~p (~p) ∨ q p→q ((~p) ∨ q)→(p→q)
T T F T T T
T F F F F T
F T T T T T
F F T T T T
(( ) ) ( )
Hence, ~p ∨ q → p→q is a tautology.
e. ((~q)→(~p))→(p→q)
Solution:
p q ~q ~p ((~q)→(~p) p→q ((~q)→(~p))→(p→q)
T T F F T T T
T F T F F F T
F T F T T T T
F F T T T T T
Hence, ((~q)→(~p))→(p→q) is a tautology.
f. [~(p↔q)]↔[(p ∨ q) ∧ (~(p ∧ q))]

Solution:
p q p↔q ~(p↔q) p∨q p∧q ~(p ∧ q) (p ∨ q) ∧ (~(p ∧ q)) [~(p↔q)]↔[(p ∨ q) ∧ (~(p ∧ q))]
T T T F T T F F T
T F F T T F T T T
F T F T T F T T T
F F T F F F T F T
Hence, [~(p↔q)]↔[(p ∨ q) ∧ (~(p ∧ q))] is a tautology.
Topic: Converse, Contrapositive, and Inverse of Conditional Propositions (GMLM, Lesson 39, page 269, #1,a,b,c)

propositions.
a. “If the clothes are neatly stacked and pressed, then the house help arrived today.”
Answer:
Converse: “If the house help arrived today, then the clothes are neatly stacked and pressed.”
Contrapositive: “If the house help did not arrive today, then the clothes are not neatly
stacked and pressed.”
Inverse: “If the clothes are not neatly stacked and pressed, then the house help did not
arrive today.”
b. “If it did not flood yesterday, then the streets are dry today.”
Answer:
Converse: “If the streets are dry today, then it did not flood yesterday.”
Contrapositive: “If the streets are not dry today, then it did flood yesterday.”
Inverse: “If it did flood yesterday, then the streets are not dry today.”
c. “Whenever Nico studied alone, he got the highest score in the class.”
Answer:
Converse: “If Nico got the highest score in the class, then he studied alone.”
Contrapositive: “If Nico do not get the highest score in the class, then he did not study
alone.”
Inverse: “If Nico did not study alone, then he did not get the highest score in the class.”
Topic: Logical Equivalences (GMLM, Lesson 39, page 269, #2)

3. Verify the following logical equivalences using (a) the known logical equivalences and (b)
truth tables.
d. p ∨ q⇔~((~p) ∧ (~q))
Proof:
Reason
~((~p) ∧ (~q)) Given
(~(~p)) ∨ (~(~q)) De Morgan’s Law
p∨q Double Negation
e. p↔q⇔[(p ∧ q) ∨ ((~p) ∧ (~q))]
Proof:
Reason
[(p ∧ q) ∨ ((~p) ∧ (~q))] Given
[(p ∧ q) ∨ (~p)] ∧ [(p ∧ q) ∨ (~q)] De Morgan’s Law
[(p ∨ (~p)) ∧ (q ∨ (~p))] ∧ [(p ∨ (~q)) ∧ (q ∨ (~q))] Distributive Law
[τ ∧ (q ∨ (~p))] ∧ [(p ∨ (~q)) ∧ τ] Inverse Law
(q ∨ (~p)) ∧ (p ∨ (~q)) Identity Law
((~p) ∨ q) ∧ ((~q) ∨ p) Commutative Law
(p→q) ∧ (q→p) Switcheroo Law
p↔q Logical equivalence for biconditionals
f. p→q⇔~[p ∧ (~q)]
Proof:
Reason
~[p ∧ (~q)] Given
(~p) ∨ (~(~q)) De Morgan’s Law
(~p) ∨ q Double Negation
p→q Switcheroo Law
Prepared by:
Teacher III
Noted by:
DENNIS R. ROA, DPA
Principal II
Truth Tables, Tautology and
Validity
I. Objectives
1. Review on truth tables, tautology and validity.

each problem.
Truth Tables, Tautology and
Validity

Topic: Proposition Truth Table, Tautology (GMLM, Lesson 38, page 262, #2, d, e)
a. [p ∧ (q ∨ r)]→[(p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r)]
b. [p ∨ (q ∧ r)]→[(p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r)]
Topic: Arguments, Valid, Fallacy (GMLM, Lesson 40, page 281-282, #1, e - h)
a. If Jason has a Ph.D. and has done a considerable amount of research, then he is qualified
for the research professor position. He was informed that he is qualified for the research
professor position. Therefore, Jason has a Ph.D. and has done a considerable amount of
research.
b. If the housing market crashes, then all of my investments will suffer. My investments have
not suffered. Therefore, the housing market has not crashed.
c. Either Derrick was not informed about the meeting or he made the decision not to attend.
Derrick was not informed about the meeting. Thus, he did not decide not to attend the
meeting.
d. It is known that f is a polynomial function and it is a one-to-one function. Therefore, f is a

one-to-one function.
#A,5)
If lightning strikes a tree on the farm, then all the animals will make sounds of horror. If the
thunder booms in the sky, then all the animals will run back to the stables. Lightning struck a
tree and all the animals ran back to the stables. Therefore, all animals made sounds of
horror and thunder boomed in the sky.
Topic: Proposition Truth Table, Tautology (GMLM, Lesson 38, page 262, #2, d, e)
c. [p ∧ (q ∨ r)]→[(p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r)]
Solution:
p q r q∨r p ∧ (q ∨ r) p∧q p∧r (p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r) [p ∧ (q ∨ r)]→[(p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r)]
T T T T T T T T T
T T F T T T F T T
T F T T T F T T T
T F F F F F F F T
F T T T F F F F T
F T F T F F F F T
F T T T F F F F T
F F F F F F F F T
Hence, [p ∧ (q ∨ r)]→[(p ∧ q) ∨ (p ∧ r)] is a tautology.
d. [p ∨ (q ∧ r)]→[(p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r)]
Solution:
p q r q∧r p ∨ (q ∧ r) p∨q p∨r (p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r)] [p ∨ (q ∧ r)]→[(p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r)]
T T T T T T T T T
T T F F T T T T T
T F T F T T T T T
T F F F T T T T T
F T T T T T T T T
F T F F F T F F T
F F T F F F T F T
F F F F F F F F T
Hence, [p ∨ (q ∧ r)]→[(p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r)] is a tautology.
Topic: Arguments, Valid, Fallacy (GMLM, Lesson 40, page 281-282, #1, e - h)
a. If Jason has a Ph.D. and has done a considerable amount of research, then he is qualified
for the research professor position. He was informed that he is qualified for the research
professor position. Therefore, Jason has a Ph.D. and has done a considerable amount of
research.
Answer: Let p: “Jason has a Ph.D. and has done a considerable amount of research” and p:
“Jason is qualified for the research professor position. In proposition form [(p→q) ∧ q]→p.
Hence, the argument is invalid as exhibits the “Fallacy of the Converse”.
b. If the housing market crashes, then all of my investments will suffer. My investments have
not suffered. Therefore, the housing market has not crashed.
Answer: Let p: “The housing market crashes”, q: “all of my investments suffer”. In proposition
form[(p→q) ∧ (~q)]→(~p). Hence, the argument is valid by virtue of “Modus Tollens”.
c. Either Derrick was not informed about the meeting or he made the decision not to attend.
Derrick was not informed about the meeting. Thus, he did not decide not to attend the
meeting.
Answer: Let p: “Derrick was not informed about the meeting”, q: “Derrick made the decision
not to attend”. In proposition form[(p ∨ q) ∧ (p)]→(~q). Hence, the argument is invalid as
exhibits the “Affirming the Disjunct”.
d. It is known that f is a polynomial function and it is a one-to-one function. Therefore, f is a
one-to-one function.
Answer: Let p: “It is known that f is a polynomial function”, q: “f is a one-to-one function”. In
proposition formp ∧ q→q. Hence, the argument is valid by virtue of the “Rule of
Simplification”.
#A,5)
If lightning strikes a tree on the farm, then all the animals will make sounds of horror. If the
thunder booms in the sky, then all the animals will run back to the stables. Lightning struck a
tree and all the animals ran back to the stables. Therefore, all animals made sounds of
horror and thunder boomed in the sky.
Answer: Let a: “Lightning struck a tree on the farm.”, b: “All the animals made sounds of
horror.”, c: “The thunder boomed in the sky.” and d: “All the animals ran back to the stables.”
Constructing a truth table below shows that the case a, b and d are true, and c is false is a
counterexample. The argument is therefore invalid.
a b c d a→b c→d a∧d b∧c (a ∧ d)→(b ∧ c)

T T T T T T T T T
T T T F T F F T T
T T F T T T T F F
T T F F T T F F T
T F T T F T T F F
T F T F F F F F T
T F F T F T T F F
T F F F F T F F T
F T T T T T F T T
F T T F T F F T T
F T F T T T F F T
F T F F T T F F T
F F T T T T F F T
F F T F T F F F T
F F F T T T F F T
F F F F T T F F T
Prepared by:
Teacher III
Noted by:
DENNIS R. ROA, DPA
Principal II

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Worksheet in General Mathematics

Arguments, Validity and

II. Instructions to Teachers

Name: _______________________________ Grade & Section: __________________

c. If quadrilateral ABCD is a square, then it is also a rectangle. Quadrilateral ABCD is not a

Topic: Arguments, Valid, Sound (GMLM, Lesson 40, page 282, #2 a, b, c)

3. Determine whether the following statements are propositions. If the proposition is a

b) -5 is not a negative number.

c) A password must be at least 6 characters long or it must be at least 8 characters long.

c. If quadrilateral ABCD is a square, then it is also a rectangle. Quadrilateral ABCD is not a

3. Determine whether the following statements are propositions. If the proposition is a

Answer: Compound proposition

e) -5 is not a negative number.

Answer: Compound proposition

f) A password must be at least 6 characters long or it must be at least 8 characters long.

Answer: Compound Proposition

II. Instructions to Teachers

Name: _______________________________ Grade & Section: __________________

Topic: Bond, Semi-Annual Coupon (Lesson 35, page 237, #8)

b. How much of the 6th payment goes to pay the interest?

c. How much of the 6th payment goes to pay the principal?

Hence, the amount of the semi-annual coupon is P4,000.00.

e. How much of the 6th payment goes to pay the interest?

Step 2: After the 5th payment, the outstanding balance is P9,167.00.

f. How much of the 6th payment goes to pay the principal?

II. Instructions to Teachers

Name: _______________________________ Grade & Section: __________________

1. Determine the converse, contrapositive, and inverse of the following conditional

Topic: Arguments, Valid, Sound (GMLM, Lesson 40, page 282, #2 d, e )

1. Determine the converse, contrapositive, and inverse of the following conditional

Topic: Arguments, Valid, Sound (GMLM, Lesson 40, page 282, #2 d, e )

II. Instructions to Teachers

Name: _______________________________ Grade & Section: __________________

Topic: Conversion Period (GMLM, Lesson 27, page 168, #24)

= 10,000 ∙ 22.067600 - 10,000 ∙ 6.598200

Therefore, the amount of the loan is P154,694.00

Topic: Conversion Period (GMLM, Lesson 27, page 168, #24)

The interest rate in each conversion period is 0.9158%.

The nominal rate (interest rate compounded quarterly) can be computed by

the invested amount for 5 years is 3.66%

II. Instructions to Teachers

Name: _______________________________ Grade & Section: __________________

F = P(1 + j)n = 60,000(1 + 0.015)2 = 61,813.50

b. Solution: P = 60,000 i(2) = 0.05 t=1 m=2

F = P(1 + j)n = 60,000(1 + 0.025)2 = 63,037.50

II. Instructions to Teachers

Name: _______________________________ Grade & Section: __________________

2. Determine whether the following statements are propositions. If the proposition is a

3. Determine whether the following statements are propositions. If the proposition is a

2. Determine whether the following statements are propositions. If the proposition is a

Answer: Compound proposition

3. Determine whether the following statements are propositions. If the proposition is a

Answer: Compound Proposition

Answer: Compound Proposition

II. Instructions to Teachers

Name: _______________________________ Grade & Section: __________________

Topic: Simple Interest (GMLM, Lesson 24, page 143, #20)

Topic: Future Value (GMLM, Lesson 26, page 157, #13)

Solution: F = 116,000 P = 100,000 t = 2.5 years m = 2 n = mt = (2)(2.5) = 5

So that the interest rate per conversion period is 3.01%.

Topic: Simple Interest (GMLM, Lesson 24, page 143, #20)

Topic: Future Value (GMLM, Lesson 26, page 157, #13)

II. Instructions to Teachers

Name: _____________ Grade & Section:

Name: _____________ Grade & Section:

Name: _____________ Grade & Section:

Name: _____________ Grade & Section:

Name: _____________ Grade & Section:

Name: _____________ Grade & Section:

Name: _____________ Grade & Section:

Name: _____________ Grade & Section:

Name: _____________ Grade & Section:

Name: _____________ Grade & Section:

Name: _____________ Grade & Section:

Name: _____________ Grade & Section:

Name: _____________ Grade & Section:

Name: _____________ Grade & Section:

Name: _____________ Grade & Section:

Name: _____________ Grade & Section: