Automatically Controlled, Impressed-Current Cathodic Protection For The Interior of Steel Water Tanks

American Water Works Association
ANSI/AWWA D104-97
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA D104-91)
AWWA STANDARD
FOR
AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLLED,
IMPRESSED-CURRENT CATHODIC
PROTECTION FOR THE INTERIOR OF
STEEL WATER TANKS
Effective date: Aug. 1, 1997.

First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors Jan. 27, 1991.
This edition approved Feb. 2, 1997.
Approved by American National Standards Institute May 9, 1997.
AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION

6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80235
Copyright (C) 1998 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved.
AWWA Standard
This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification.
AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and
administrative information normally contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually
contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is
specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard
does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or
approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. AWWA standards are
intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will
provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of
action will be placed on the first page of the classified advertising section of Journal AWWA. The
action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA
publication of the official notice.
American National Standard

An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope
and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the
consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any
respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufactur-
ing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the
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Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional
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National Standards.
CAUTION NOTICE: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front
cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National
Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken
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Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by
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Copyright © 1997 by American Water Works Association

Printed in USA
ii
Committee Personnel
The AWWA D104 Task Force, which developed this standard, had the following
personnel at the time:
David Dluzynski, Chair

Chuck Bull R.A. Gummow
Victor Chaker Paul Kaiser
Martin Fogata Richard Kochilla
Francis Grillot Jr. Bangalore Lakshman
The Standards Committee on Steel Elevated Tanks, Standpipes, and Reservoirs,

which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time
of approval:
Forrest M. Couch, Chair
Consumer Members
S.F. Crumb, Fort Worth Water Department, Fort Worth, Texas (AWWA)
Ed Darrimon, BACC Services, Modesto, Calif. (AWWA)
W.H. Harris, Houston Public Works & Engineering, Houston, Texas (AWWA)
J.W. Houlihan, East Bay Municipal Utility District, Oakland, Calif. (AWWA)
E.J. King,* Connecticut Water Company, Clinton, Conn. (NEWWA)
K.A. Nadeau, Connecticut Water Company, Clinton, Conn. (NEWWA)
A.R. Terrell Jr., Little Rock Municipal Water Works, Little Rock, Ark. (AWWA)
G.A. Weeks, St. Louis County Water Company, St. Louis, Mo. (AWWA)
General Interest Members
J.R. Buzek, AEC Engineers & Designers, Minneapolis, Minn. (AWWA)

B.R. Conklin, Camp Dresser & McKee Inc., Cambridge, Mass. (NEWWA)
F.M. Couch, Black & Veatch, Kansas City, Mo. (AWWA)
R.D. Davis, MBA Inc., Cinnaminson, N.J. (AWWA)
W.J. Dixon, Dixon Engineering Inc., Lake Odessa, Mich. (AWWA)
M.E. Gilliland, Huntsville, Ala. (AWWA)
J.D. Griffith,† Council Liaison, Carollo Engineers, Phoenix, Ariz. (AWWA)
E.C. Knoy, Tank Industry Consultants Inc., Indianapolis, Ind. (AWWA)
H.J. Miedema, Robert Bein, William Frost & Associates, Irvine, Calif. (AWWA)
L.F. Peters, Weston & Sampson Engineers, Peabody, Mass. (NEWWA)
Chris Sundberg, CH2M Hill Inc., Bellevue, Wash. (AWWA)
J.H. Wilber,† Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
J.A. Williams, Jordan, Jones & Goulding Inc., Atlanta, Ga. (AWWA)
R.S. Wozniak, Bow Tech Ltd., Batavia, Ill. (AWWA)
* Alternate
† Liaison, nonvoting
iii
Producer Members
D.G. Cull, C.T. Services, Jeffersonville, Ind. (AWWA)

A.M. DeVaul, Pitt-Des Moines Inc., Des Moines, Iowa (AWS)
Francis Grillot Jr., A.O. Smith Harvestore Products, DeKalb, Ill. (AWWA)
B.E. Kromer, Tank Builders Inc., Euless, Texas (SPFA)
S.M. Meier, Chicago Bridge & Iron Company, Plainfield, Ill. (AWWA)
L.D. Scott, Trusco Tank Inc., San Luis Obispo, Calif. (AWWA)
Dale Turner, Peabody TecTank, Parsons, Kan. (AWWA)
iv
Contents
All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be
found in a particular standard.
SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE
Foreword 5 Verification
I Introduction........................................ vii 5.1 Inspection and Handling...................... 6
I.A Background......................................... vii 5.2 Testing................................................... 7
I.B History ................................................ vii 6 Delivery
I.C Acceptance .......................................... vii
6.1 Marking................................................. 7
II Special Issues .................................... viii
6.2 Packaging and Shipping ...................... 7
II.A Protective Coatings ........................... viii
6.3 Affidavit of Compliance........................ 7
II.B Cathodic Protection........................... viii
III Use of This Standard........................... ix
Appendixes
III.A Purchaser Options and Alternatives ... x
III.B Modification to Standard...................... x A General Information
IV Major Revisions..................................... x A.1 Scope...................................................... 9
V Comments.............................................. x A.2 Corrosion ............................................... 9
A.3 Cathodic Protection .............................. 9
Standard A.4 Design.................................................. 10
1 General A.5 Installation.......................................... 10
1.1 Scope ...................................................... 1 A.6 Energizing System ............................. 10
1.2 Purpose .................................................. 1 B Operation Guidelines for Cathodic
1.3 Application............................................. 1 Protection Systems
2 References ........................................... 2 B.1 General ................................................ 11
B.1.1 Records ................................................ 11
3 Definitions........................................... 2
C Service
4 Requirements
4.1 Design .................................................... 3 C.1 Scope.................................................... 13
4.2 System Components ............................. 4 C.2 Annual Inspection and Potential
4.3 Installation ............................................ 6 Testing ............................................. 13
C.3 Seasonal Anode Service ..................... 13
C.4 Repairs and Replacements ................ 14
v
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Foreword
This foreword is for information only and is not a part of AWWA D104.
I. Introduction.
I.A. Background. This standard covers automatically controlled, impressed-current
cathodic protection systems for the interior submerged surfaces of water storage tanks.
This standard does not cover sacrificial (galvanic) anode-type cathodic protection sys-
tems or manually controlled rectifiers.
I.B. History. Cathodic protection equipment, which was previously included in
Sec. 4 of AWWA D102-64, Painting and Repainting Steel Tanks, Standpipes, Reservoirs,
and Elevated Tanks for Water Storage, was not included in AWWA D102-78, Painting
Steel Water Storage Tanks. Therefore, AWWA D104 was developed by the Standards
Committee on Steel Elevated Tanks, Standpipes, and Reservoirs to include this informa-
tion. The first edition of ANSI/AWWA D104 was approved by the AWWA Board of Direc-
tors on Jan. 27, 1991. This edition was approved on Feb. 2, 1997.
I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF Interna-
tional (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification
program for all direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the orig-
inal consortium included the American Water Works Association Research Foundation
(AWWARF) and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers
(COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of
State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later.
In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with,
drinking water rests with individual states.* Local agencies may choose to impose
requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health
effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local
agencies may use various references, including
1. An advisory program formerly administered by USEPA, Office of Drinking
Water, discontinued on Apr. 7, 1990.
2. Specific policies of the state or local agency.
3. Two standards developed under the direction of NSF, ANSI†/NSF‡ 60, Drink-
ing Water Treatment Chemicals—Health Effects, and ANSI/NSF 61, Drinking Water
System Components—Health Effects.
4. Other references, including AWWA standards, Food Chemicals Codex, Water
Chemicals Codex,§ and other standards considered appropriate by the state or local
agency.
Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in accor-
dance with ANSI/NSF 61. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or
* Persons in Canada, Mexico, and non-North American countries should contact the appropri-
ate authority having jurisdiction.
† American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036.
‡ NSF International, 3475 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48106.
§ Both publications available from National Academy of Sciences, 2102 Constitution Ave. N.W.,
Washington, DC 20418.
vii
accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation of certifica-
tion organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
Appendix A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to ANSI/NSF 61 does
not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not reg-
ulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an unspeci-
fied list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncar-
cinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Appendix A
procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier.
AWWA D104-96 does not address additives requirements. Thus, users of this stan-
dard should consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to
1. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards.
2. Determine the status of certifications by all parties offering to certify products
for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water.
3. Determine current information on product certification.
II. Special Issues.
II.A. Protective Coatings. Protective coatings are commonly used in water stor-
age tanks. They are an effective method of corrosion control except where flaws exist in
the coating due to application, coating deterioration, or ice damage. When properly
designed and maintained, cathodic protection systems will arrest corrosion at flaws in
the submerged coated surface. Properly applied coatings reduce the bare surface area
requiring protection and reduce the amount of current required to protect the surface.
Use of protective coatings extends the life of the cathodic protection system and reduces
operating costs. For submerged areas of a tank, cathodic protection can also reduce the
frequency of coating maintenance. Cathodic protection or coatings alone can reduce cor-
rosion on the interior submerged surfaces; however, the combination of coatings and
cathodic protection may be more economical and effective than using coatings or cathodic
protection alone.
II.B. Cathodic Protection. The two major components of an automatically con-
trolled, impressed-current cathodic protection system are the DC power supply control-
ler (rectifier) and the anode system. The range of output current capacity required for an
automatically controlled rectifier in a specific application is determined by assuming the
area of submerged, bare steel to be protected when the interior tank coating is new and
when the interior coating has deteriorated to the point where recoating is necessary. In
potable water, current density requirements can range from 0.05 to 5.0 mA/ft2 (0.54 to
53.8 mA/m2). Some applications involving turbulence or high temperature, or both, may
require higher current densities. For newly coated tanks, the total current requirement
may be as little as 1 percent of the current required to protect an uncoated surface. As a
rule, rectifiers for newly coated tanks should have sufficient current capacity to protect
at least 20 percent of the submerged surface area if it were bare. The required operating
voltage of a rectifier for a specific tank depends on the current required to provide ade-
quate protection and the total circuit resistance of the system.
There are two types of automatically controlled rectifier systems: the Type A, IR
drop-free system, and the Type B, current-applied system. The principal difference
between the two systems is the method of measuring the tank-to-water potentials. IR
drop must be eliminated or minimized to accurately determine the voltage between the
tank and the reference electrode that is submerged in the tank. The Type A rectifier
accomplishes this by creating an instant-off measurement (interrupts the current
instantaneously), which provides an IR drop-free measurement. The Type B rectifier
does not interrupt the flow of current to eliminate IR drop, but requires that the reference
viii
electrode be located within 1 cm of the tank surface to approximate an error-free
measurement.
Automatically controlled, impressed-current cathodic protection systems use one or
more long-life reference electrodes, which constantly monitor the protection levels main-
tained on the submerged surfaces. The reference electrode is used to continuously deter-
mine the tank-to-water potential. The controller compares the actual tank-to-water
potential to a preset value and automatically adjusts the current output of the rectifier.
Automatic units include a tank-to-water potential monitoring meter, which can be easily
checked by the purchaser.
NOTE: Manually controlled rectifiers are not recommended for use in water storage
tanks and are not covered by this standard because they require frequent monitoring,
testing, and manual adjustment of the rectifier current output whenever the current
requirements change due to changes in water level, coating condition, temperature,
water chemistry, water turbulence, or accumulation of polarization films. Failure to
adjust rectifier current output can result in corrosion due to underprotection or coating
damage due to overprotection.
The second major component of an automatically controlled system is the anode sys-
tem. The anode system includes the anode material and the method of suspending the
anode within the tank. The type of anode material and suspension system specified is
typically based on the tank’s susceptibility to icing conditions.
For tanks subject to icing conditions, a seasonal or a long-life anode system may be
used. A seasonal (or temporary) anode arrangement consists of aluminum rods installed
and serviced through hand holes in the tank roof. This type of suspension system is sus-
ceptible to ice damage. Ice will adhere to some portion of the anode string and tear the
anodes loose, causing the system to fail. Since it is anticipated that the anodes will be
damaged annually, low-cost aluminum rods are used. While the anode system is intact,
the system will operate properly during the more corrosive summer season. In locations
subject to freezing temperatures, there is usually a two- to five-month period during the
winter when the system may not operate properly due to ice damage. This type of anode
system will usually require annual replacement of the anodes and vertical anode sus-
pension system. Anode remnants should be removed from the tank whenever the interior
is accessible.
A long-life anode system includes suspension systems that are designed to be more
resistant to ice damage and permit the use of long-life anode materials that have a design
life of at least 10 years. The potential for ice damage is reduced by attaching the anode
material to a buoyant or horizontally submerged spider-type rope system, which is
attached to the walls of the tank and prevents the anode system from coming in contact
with ice formations. Another type of system compensates for ice damage by attaching the
anode material to an extendable element suspended from the tank roof and accessible
through hand holes. The extendable element stretches with the movement of ice and
allows the anode to eventually return to its original position. Long-life anode systems are
typically used for tanks subject to freezing.
For tanks not subject to icing conditions, anodes may be suspended from the tank roof
without an extendable element or may be horizontally supported from a buoyant, sub-
merged, spider-type rope system.
III. Use of This Standard. AWWA has no responsibility for the suitability or
compatibility of the provisions of this standard to any intended application by any user.
Accordingly, each user of this standard is responsible for determining that the standard’s
provisions are suitable for and compatible with that user’s intended application.
ix
III.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. The following items should be cov-
ered in the purchaser’s specifications:
1. Standard used—that is, ANSI/AWWA D104, Standard for Automatically Con-
trolled, Impressed-Current Cathodic Protection for the Interior of Steel Water Tanks, of
latest revision.
2. Tank dimensions, including height from bottom capacity level to top capacity
level.
3. Chemical analysis of water.
4. Type and age of protective coating(s).
5. Percentage of the submerged coated surface area that is expected to become
bare before the coating is repaired or replaced.
6. Type of rectifier, provided there is a preference for Type A or Type B
(Sec. 4.1.1.1).
7. Additional control to limit rectifier output if required (Sec. 4.2.1).
8. Type of anode and anode suspension system (Sec. 4.2.3 and 4.2.4).
9. Required design life of anode system. Whether seasonal or long-life and, if
long-life, the required design life in years (Sec. 4.2.3).
10. Location of rectifier (Sec. 4.3.1).
11. AC power availability and configuration.
12. Whether the constructor is to provide disinfection work (Sec. 4.3.2).
13. Whether a service agreement is to be provided. Refer to appendix C.
III.B. Modification to Standard. Any modification to the provisions, definitions,
or terminology in this standard must be provided in the purchaser’s specifications.
IV. Major Revisions. Major revisions to this standard in this edition include the
following:
1. The format has been changed to AWWA standard style.
2. The acceptance clause (Sec. I.C) has been revised to approved wording.
V. Comments. If you have any comments or questions about this standard,
please call the AWWA Standards and Materials Development Department, (303)
794-7711 ext. 6283, FAX (303) 795-1440, or write to the department at 6666 W. Quincy
Ave., Denver, CO 80235.
x
American Water Works Association
ANSI/AWWA D104-97
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA D104-91)
AWWA STANDARD FOR
AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLLED,
IMPRESSED-CURRENT CATHODIC
PROTECTION FOR THE INTERIOR
OF STEEL WATER TANKS
SECTION 1: GENERAL
Sec. 1.1 Scope
This standard covers cathodic protection systems intended to minimize
corrosion of submerged interior steel surfaces of water storage tanks and 30-in.
(750-mm) diameter and larger wet risers of elevated tanks.
This standard does not cover sacrificial (galvanic) anode-type cathodic protec-
tion systems or manually controlled, impressed-current systems.
Sec. 1.2 Purpose
The main purpose of this standard is to provide purchasers, manufacturers, and
suppliers with the minimum requirements for automatically controlled, impressed-
current cathodic protection for the interior of steel water tanks, including design,
system components, and workmanship and installation.
Sec. 1.3 Application
This standard can be referenced in specifications for designing and installing
automatically controlled, impressed-current cathodic protection for the interior of
steel water tanks. The stipulations of this standard apply when this document has
been referenced and then only to automatically controlled, impressed-current
cathodic protection for the interior of steel water tanks.
1
2 AWWA D104-97
SECTION 2: REFERENCES
This standard references the following documents. In their latest editions, they
form a part of this standard to the extent specified within this standard. In any case
of conflict, the requirements of this standard shall prevail.
ANSI/AWWA C652—Standard for Disinfection of Water-Storage Facilities.
ANSI/AWWA D100—Standard for Welded Steel Tanks for Water Storage.
ANSI/AWWA D103—Standard for Factory-Coated Bolted Steel Tanks for Water
Storage.
NFPA* 70—National Electrical Code.
SECTION 3: DEFINITIONS
The following definitions shall apply in this standard:
1. Anode: The positive electrode at which current is discharged into the
electrolyte. Oxidation (corrosion) occurs at this electrode.
2. Anode life: In this standard, the two types of anodes considered are (1)
seasonal or temporary, and (2) long life. The seasonal or temporary type is considered
to be a nominal one-year life anode, and the long-life type is considered to be a
nominal 10-year minimum life anode.
3. Cathode: The negative electrode at which current enters from the
electrolyte and does not corrode. Oxidation is reduced at this electrode.
4. Cathodic protection: A method of corrosion control that reduces the
corrosion of a submerged metal surface by making that surface the cathode of an
electrochemical cell.
5. Coating: All components of the protective coating system, the sum of
which electrically isolates the underlying metal from the electrolyte (water).
6. Conductivity: A measure of the ability of a material to carry an electric
current, expressed in micromhos-cm. In water, this depends on the total concentra-
tion of ionized substances and the temperature. Conductivity is the reciprocal of
resistivity.
7. Constructor: The party that furnishes the work and materials for place-
ment or installation.
8. Corrosion: The deterioration of a material, usually a metal, caused by a
reaction with its environment.
9. Corrosion specialist: A person who is accredited by the National Associa-
tion of Corrosion Engineers International as a senior corrosion technologist, corrosion
specialist, or cathodic protection specialist.
10. Current density: The current flowing to or from a unit area of an
electrode surface.
11. Electrode: A conductive material through which an electric current enters
or leaves an electrolyte.
12. Electrode potential: The potential of an electrode, measured in volts, with
respect to a reference electrode.
*National Fire Protection Association, One Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269.
INTERIOR PROTECTION—STEEL TANKS 3
13. Electrolyte: A chemical substance or mixture containing ions that migrate

in an electric field. For the purpose of this standard, electrolyte refers to the water,
including the chemicals contained therein, in contact with a submerged metal
surface.
14. Elevated tank: A container or storage tank supported on a tower.
15. Half-cell: An electrode contacting an electrolyte; in common usage, any
reference electrode.
16. Half-cell potential: The potential in a given electrolyte of one electrode of a
pair. Potentials can only be measured and expressed as the difference between
half-cell potentials of two electrodes.
17. Holiday: A flaw in a protective coating that exposes the metal surface to
the electrolyte (water).
18. Impressed current: Direct current (DC) electrical current supplied by a
power source external to the anode system.
19. Impressed-current anode: The positive electrode, from which current is
discharged and at which oxidation (corrosion) occurs.
20. Instant-off measurement: Potential measurement taken with the current
interrupted to determine the polarized potential that is free of IR drop.
21. IR drop: The voltage across a resistance in accordance with Ohm’s law.
22. Ohm’s law: E = IR, where E = voltage in volts, I = current in amperes, and
R = resistance in ohms.
23. Polarization: The change in open circuit potential of an electrode resulting
from the passage of current.
24. Purchaser: The person, company, or organization that purchases any
materials or work to be performed.
25. Rectifier: A device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current
(DC) required by a cathodic protection system.
26. Reservoir: A flat-bottom cylindrical tank having a shell height equal to or
smaller than its diameter.
27. Resistivity: A measure of the resistance of a material to the passage of
electric current, expressed in ohm-cm. Resistivity is the reciprocal of conductivity.
28. Standpipe: A flat-bottom cylindrical tank having a shell height greater
than its diameter.
29. Tank-to-water potential: The voltage difference between a submerged
metallic structure and the electrolyte (water), which is measured with a reference
electrode in contact with the electrolyte.
30. Voltage: An electromotive force or a difference in electrode potentials.
31. Water tank: An elevated water storage tank, a standpipe, or a reservoir of
welded, bolted, or riveted construction.
SECTION 4: REQUIREMENTS
Sec. 4.1 Design
4.1.1 Criteria for protection. The cathodic protection system shall maintain
the tank-to-water potential within a range of –0.850 V to –1.050 V relative to a
permanent copper–copper sulfate reference electrode. Tank-to-water potentials more
electronegative than this range may produce hydrogen gas at the interface between
the steel and coating and may cause blistering of the submerged coatings.
4 AWWA D104-97
4.1.1.1 Potential measurement. There are two types of automatically con-

trolled, impressed-current cathodic protection systems: the Type A, IR drop-free
system, and Type B, current-applied system. The method of potential measurement
for each of these systems shall be as follows:
1. Type A, IR drop-free system: The potential shall be measured free of the
effect of voltage gradients (IR drops). The long-life reference electrode may be
positioned anywhere in the tank water.
2. Type B, current-applied system: The potential shall be measured with the
protective system current activated and include the voltage gradients (IR drops). To
minimize the IR drop effect, the long-life reference electrode must be positioned
within 1 cm of the submerged bare steel surface of the tank.
4.1.2 General design. The cathodic protection system provided under this
standard shall achieve and maintain the criteria for protection of the specific tank
(Sec. 4.1.1). The design of an impressed-current system shall include the evaluation
of the tank information (Sec. III.A of the foreword) and criteria for protection
(Sec. 4.1.1).
4.1.2.1 Output current capacity. Nominal current capacity of the rectifier
shall be determined based on the estimated current density required for cathodic
protection. The required current density is expressed in amps per unit area of total
submerged bare surface. The current density shall be determined for each specific
tank and depends on the conductivity of the water and the condition of the coatings.
4.1.2.2 Output voltage capacity. The output voltage capacity is a function of
the protective current requirement and the total circuit resistance in accordance with
Ohm’s law. The circuit resistance is composed of the anode-to-water resistance, the
electrolyte resistance, the wiring resistance, and the coating resistance.
4.1.2.3 Anode configuration. The anode array shall provide and maintain a
uniform distribution of protective current without exceeding the potential limits
established in Sec. 4.1.1, Criteria for protection. The anode array shall provide and
maintain low-circuit resistance consistent with the design life of the anode system
and be designed to prevent electrical shorting to the tank.
4.1.2.4 Riser circuit. For an elevated tank riser 30 in. (750 mm) in diameter
or larger, additional system capacity shall be provided. A separately controlled circuit
shall be provided for energizing the riser anode assembly.
Sec. 4.2 System Components
4.2.1 Automatic rectifier. Rectifier units shall be of the full-wave bridge type
using either silicon or selenium rectifying elements. The rectifier shall be capable of
varying the current output from 1 to 100 percent of its rated capacity.
The rectifier shall be capable of automatically adjusting the current output so as
to maintain the tank-to-water potential within ±25 mv of the selected criteria for
protection (Sec. 4.1.1).
Proper protection and monitoring devices shall be provided, including discon-
nect switches; circuit breakers; output voltmeter; ammeters; potential meter; and
surge, lightning, and overload protection.
The tank-to-water potential used to control the current output shall be derived
from a long-life electrode positioned in the tank electrolyte.
NOTE: An additional control may be used to limit the maximum current output
of the rectifier to restrict the tank-to-water potential values for a specified protective
coating.
4.2.2 Reference electrode(s). The permanent reference electrode used to mea-

sure the tank-to-water potential for controlling the current output of the rectifier
shall be designed to maintain a stable potential in continuous immersion in the water
for a minimum of 10 years with only minimal maintenance as recommended by the
manufacturer. The reference electrode(s) shall have a potential drift of less than 10
mv. The reference electrode lead wire shall be insulated.
4.2.3 Anode materials.
4.2.3.1 Seasonal or temporary anodes. Seasonal or temporary anodes shall
be aluminum alloy and shall be of an alloy that corrodes uniformly.
4.2.3.2 Long-life anode systems. Long-life anode systems shall have an anode
design life of at least 10 years. Long-life anodes shall be high silicon cast iron,
platinized niobium, platinized titanium, or mixed metal oxides on titanium substrate
unless otherwise specified by the purchaser. The number and size of the anode(s)
shall be selected based on the consumption rate of the anode material and the current
output of the system.
4.2.3.3. Cable insulation. The anode lead wire shall be insulated.
4.2.4 Anode suspension systems. All suspension materials and wiring shall be
designed for a minimum 10-year life for the conditions inside the tank.
4.2.4.1 Anode suspension systems for tanks subject to icing. Anode suspension
systems for tanks subject to icing shall be designed to be resistant to ice damage.
There are two types of suspension systems: the Type A, horizontal system, and Type
B, extendable vertical system. The method of suspension for each of these systems
shall be as follows:
1. Type A, horizontal system: The horizontal system shall be positioned to
prevent contact with ice formations at the high water level maintained during winter
operations. The submerged spider-type rope system shall be attached to anchors
welded or bolted to the side wall of the tank. The rope system may also include
flotation buoys to help position the system within the tank.
2. Type B, extendable vertical system: The extendable assembly shall be
designed to stretch with the movement of ice formations and return to the vertical
position when there are no ice formations. The extendable assembly shall be attached
to clevises that are welded or bolted to the roof of the tank.
4.2.4.2 Anode suspension systems for tanks not subject to icing. Anode sus-
pension systems for tanks not subject to icing include the following types of systems:
Type A, horizontal system, and Type C, vertical system. The method of suspension for
each of these systems shall be as follows:
1. Type A, horizontal system: The submerged spider-type rope system shall
be attached to anchors welded or bolted to the side wall of the tank. The rope system
may also include flotation buoys to help position the horizontal system within the
tank.
2. Type C, vertical system: The anode lead wire for vertical suspension shall
be attached to clevises welded or bolted to the roof of the tank.
NOTE: For all vertically suspended anode systems, hand holes with removable,
gasketed covers shall be provided so that the anodes may be replaced or inspected
without entering the tank.
4.2.5 Wiring. All wiring on the outside of the tank shall be installed in rigid
steel conduit and shall be in accordance with the National Electrical Code, NFPA 70,
and all applicable local codes.
6 AWWA D104-97
Sec. 4.3 Installation

4.3.1 General. All electrical work shall be in accordance with the National
Electrical Code, NFPA 70, and all applicable local codes.
All welding, cutting, and coating work required in conjunction with the
installation of the cathodic protection system shall conform to applicable require-
ments of AWWA standards ANSI/AWWA D100 and ANSI/AWWA D103. This work
usually includes the installation of fittings, hand-hole assemblies, anchors, brackets,
and the repair of any damaged coating. Coating material used for repair of existing
field applied coatings shall be of the same generic type and should have the same
regulatory approval. Surface preparation shall be as recommended by the coatings
manufacturer. Damaged areas shall be feathered, and coatings shall be applied in the
same order and number of coats as the original systems. Repair of factory-applied
coatings shall be as recommended by the tank manufacturer.
All work within the tank shall be evaluated by the purchaser to determine the
need for disinfection. All disinfection work shall be in accordance with ANSI/AWWA
C652 and shall be the responsibility of the purchaser unless otherwise specified by
the purchaser.
An external disconnect switch shall be provided in the AC primary wiring, and
the rectifier case shall be properly grounded.
The rectifier shall be installed at a convenient height above the ground so that
it may be readily serviced, or as required by the purchaser.
Anodes shall be installed at the specified locations, and the methods of
suspension shall conform to the purchaser’s specifications.
Care shall be taken to ensure that all lead wires and all connections are
waterproof and that there are no short circuits between the positive lead wire and
tank structure. The positive lead wire shall be connected to the anodes, and the
negative conductor shall be properly connected to the protected structure.
Underwater splices to the positive lead wire shall be avoided or kept to a
minimum. Connections between the positive lead wire and conductors from anodes
shall be mechanically secure, electrically conductive, and shall be sealed to prevent
moisture penetration.
There shall be only one electrical splice within the tank for each long-life
reference electrode.
NOTE: Electrical continuity between all sections of the tank is necessary. Welded
tanks ensure electrical continuity, but tanks that are bolted or riveted may require
electrical bonding of tank sections.
4.3.2 Cleanup. On completion of the installation, the constructor shall
remove or dispose of all rubbish and other unsightly material caused by the
operations and shall leave the premises in as good a condition as found at the start
of the project.
SECTION 5: VERIFICATION
Sec. 5.1 Inspection and Handling
The rectifier shall be factory tested for efficiency and defects in material or
workmanship. The rectifier shall be inspected at the site to ensure that internal
connections are mechanically secure and that no damage occurred during shipping.
Only new, undamaged rectifiers shall be installed. Care shall be exercised in

handling the rectifier during installation to ensure proper operation of the rectifier.
Anodes shall be inspected for damage and to ensure conformance to the
purchaser’s specifications for anode material, size, length and insulation of lead wire,
and method of wire connection. Care shall be exercised to avoid cracking, loosening
of lead wire connection, or otherwise damaging anodes during handling and
installation.
Sec. 5.2 Testing
After the installation is completed, the system shall be energized, tested, and
adjusted. The testing shall consist of conducting a representative potential profile to
verify that the tank-to-water potential is within the range set forth in Sec. 4.1.1 and
the system is operating in accordance with the purchaser’s specifications. At the
conclusion of the work, a complete report of the testing, operating and maintenance
instructions, and “as built” drawings shall be furnished to the purchaser by the
constructor.
5.2.1 Field test for Type A, IR drop-free system. This system shall be field
tested by conducting IR drop-free potential measurements. The “instant-off measure-
ment” is the most commonly used measurement for this test.
5.2.2 Field test for Type B, current-applied system. This system shall be field
tested by conducting potential measurements while the protective current is being
applied. The measurements shall be made within 1 cm of the submerged steel
surface. A magnet secured to a reference cell is usually used to maintain the 1 cm
distance.
SECTION 6: DELIVERY
Sec. 6.1 Marking
This standard has no applicable information for this section.
Sec. 6.2 Packaging and Shipping
This standard has no applicable information for this section.
Sec. 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance
When required by the purchaser, the constructor shall provide an affidavit of
compliance with all applicable provisions of this standard and with the purchaser’s
specifications. The affidavit shall be signed by a corrosion specialist and the
constructor.
APPENDIX A
General Information
This appendix is for information only and is not a part of AWWA D104.
SECTION A.1: SCOPE

The purpose of this appendix is to provide additional information regarding
corrosion protection for the interior submerged surface of water storage tanks.
SECTION A.2: CORROSION

Steel surfaces submerged in water are subject to galvanic corrosion. Galvanic
corrosion is a natural, continuous electrochemical process that generates direct
electrical current, resulting from differences in potentials, and that removes metal
from unprotected surfaces in contact with water.
SECTION A.3: CATHODIC PROTECTION

Cathodic protection uses direct current to reverse the corrosion process and
reduce corrosion of submerged surfaces. Cathodic protection systems can be installed
on new or existing tanks and on coated or uncoated tanks.
Cathodic protection current requirements for control of corrosion vary with
changes in water level, coating deterioration, temperature, water chemistry, water
turbulence, and accumulation of polarization films. The degree of effectiveness of a
cathodic protection system is determined by measuring the voltage between the
submerged surface of the tank and a copper–copper sulfate reference electrode
submerged in the tank contents. This measurement is commonly called the
tank-to-water potential. When the tank-to-water potentials measured at several
locations representing the entire submerged surface area of the tank meet the
criteria for protection, corrosion reduction is considered effective (Sec. 4.1.1 of ANSI/
AWWA D104).
Cathodic protection is usually used in conjunction with protective coatings. All
organic coatings are permeable to some degree. Coatings used with cathodic
protection should be resistant to an alkaline environment and water permeation and
should be well bonded to steel.
9
10 AWWA D104-97
SECTION A.4: DESIGN

A cathodic protection system is typically designed by a corrosion specialist. In
addition to the information furnished by the purchaser for existing tanks, the
corrosion specialist may elect to conduct an on-site survey to obtain additional data
on which to base the design of the system.
SECTION A.5: INSTALLATION

The cathodic protection system is typically installed by a design–install
constructor. The constructor should coordinate installation work with other construc-
tors to ensure compliance with related specifications.
It is recommended that installation manuals furnished by manufacturers of
cathodic protection system components be reviewed to ensure that proper procedures
are followed and that all work is in accordance with Sec. 4.3 of ANSI/AWWA D104.
Typically, the rectifier is located near the water tank access ladder to minimize
conduit installation costs. The rectifier should be provided with enclosures that can
be padlocked and located so that the possibility of damage or vandalism is minimized.
The owner should provide appropriate security measures for the equipment. The
rectifier should be installed at a convenient height above grade so that it may be
easily serviced.
In addition to the information to be furnished by the constructor in accordance
with Sec. 5.1 of ANSI/AWWA D104, the following information should be furnished
to the purchaser:
1. Name and address of constructor.
2. Date cathodic protection installation was completed.
3. As-built drawings showing anode composition, anode configuration, and
anode suspension system.
4. Electrical schematic drawings.
5. Owner maintenance manual, including rectifier capacity and operation
information.
SECTION A.6: ENERGIZING SYSTEM

The owner usually provides AC electrical power to the rectifier and the
constructor usually energizes, tests, and adjusts the system according to Sec. 5.1 of
ANSI/AWWA D104.
APPENDIX B
Operation Guidelines for Cathodic Protection Systems
SECTION B.1: GENERAL

The owner should refer to reports and manuals furnished by the constructor
(Sec. 5.1 of ANSI/AWWA D104 and Sec. A.5 of appendix A).
The AC power supply to the rectifier should be active to provide continuous
operation.
CAUTION: The cathodic protection system should be deactivated as a safety
precaution whenever personnel are working inside or on the tank. All safety
procedures for working with electrical equipment should be in accordance with the
National Electrical Code, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),
and other appropriate authorities.
To properly monitor the system performance and avoid damaging the protective
coating, rectifier meter readings should be recorded at intervals not to exceed
60 days. The voltage, current, and potential meters should be read and compared to
the parameters recommended for cathodic protection.
In the event that any system component is damaged or a malfunction is
discovered, the system should be tested and repaired.
Sec. B.1.1 Records
Records of the rectifier meter readings should be retained for the last three
years.
B.1.1.1 In addition to the reports and manuals furnished by the constructor
(Sec. 5.1 ANSI/AWWA D104 and Sec. A.5 of appendix A), the following information
should help the owner monitor, maintain, and operate the system:
a. Tank information, including name and address of the tank constructor, date
of erection, dimensions, including height from bottom capacity level to top capacity
level, and capacity of the tank.
b. Chemical analysis of water and history of ice conditions.
c. Type of coatings applied and when applied.
d. Service reports by constructor if applicable (appendix C).
e. In the event that the tank is emptied, record the condition of the coating,
evidence of corrosion, or a calcareous buildup on the surface of the tank.
NOTE: Severe ice formations in tanks should be avoided by operating procedures
such as water circulation or other acceptable methods. In the event that the interior
of the tank is entirely frozen or if the tank is drained when heavy accumulations of
ice exist, the anode system should be inspected and repaired as required.
11
APPENDIX C
Service
SECTION C.1: SCOPE

Cathodic protection systems should be tested and maintained to ensure that the
system continues to control corrosion on the interior submerged surface of the tank.
It is recommended that the owner consider contracting with a constructor or
corrosion specialist for periodic testing and maintenance of the cathodic protection
system.
SECTION C.2: ANNUAL INSPECTION AND POTENTIAL

TESTING
Inspection of the system should be done on an annual basis and should include
tank-to-water potential measurements to monitor the effectiveness of the system for
the submerged surfaces of the tank. When a tank-to-water potential survey is
conducted, the measurements should be taken at five separate locations. The method
of conducting the measurements should be in accordance with methods listed in Sec.
5.1 of ANSI/AWWA D104. The report submitted to the purchaser should include
measurements conducted, an evaluation of the measurements, and recommendations
for continued performance of the system.
Potential testing conducted by constructors or corrosion specialists differs from
the rectifier potential meter readings recorded by the owner (Sec. B.1 of appendix B).
The readings recorded by the owner use one long-life reference cell at one stationary
location, which may only represent a portion of the total surface area. An annual
survey provided by a constructor or corrosion specialist should include potential
measurements that use a calibrated portable reference cell, conducted at various
locations within the tank, which represents a greater portion of the total surface
area. Potential surveys should also be conducted on wet risers with cathodic
protection.
SECTION C.3: SEASONAL ANODE SERVICE

Seasonal anode systems usually require annual replacement. This work can be
part of an annual service agreement. For tanks subject to freezing, anode
replacement should be done in the spring. After the anodes are replaced, the system
should be energized, tested, and adjusted in accordance with methods used to verify
the criteria for cathodic protection (Sec. 5.1 of ANSI/AWWA D104).
13
14 AWWA D104-97
SECTION C.4: REPAIRS AND REPLACEMENTS

Constructors also provide maintenance, repair, and replacement services for
other system components such as the rectifier, long-life anodes, and long-life
reference electrodes, which do not require annual replacement, but which should be
inspected annually. Constructors provide parts and installation services for these
components of the cathodic protection system.
1P-7.5M-44104-8/97-MG Printed on recycled paper.

Automatically Controlled, Impressed-Current Cathodic Protection For The Interior of Steel Water Tanks

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Automatically Controlled, Impressed-Current Cathodic Protection For The Interior of Steel Water Tanks

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American Water Works Association

Effective date: Aug. 1, 1997.

AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION

American National Standard

Copyright © 1997 by American Water Works Association

David Dluzynski, Chair

The Standards Committee on Steel Elevated Tanks, Standpipes, and Reservoirs,

Forrest M. Couch, Chair

General Interest Members

J.R. Buzek, AEC Engineers & Designers, Minneapolis, Minn. (AWWA)

D.G. Cull, C.T. Services, Jeffersonville, Ind. (AWWA)

SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE

AWWA STANDARD FOR

*National Fire Protection Association, One Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269.

13. Electrolyte: A chemical substance or mixture containing ions that migrate

4.1.1.1 Potential measurement. There are two types of automatically con-

4.2.2 Reference electrode(s). The permanent reference electrode used to mea-

Sec. 4.3 Installation

Only new, undamaged rectifiers shall be installed. Care shall be exercised in

SECTION A.1: SCOPE

SECTION A.2: CORROSION

SECTION A.3: CATHODIC PROTECTION

SECTION A.4: DESIGN

SECTION A.5: INSTALLATION

SECTION A.6: ENERGIZING SYSTEM

SECTION B.1: GENERAL

SECTION C.1: SCOPE

SECTION C.2: ANNUAL INSPECTION AND POTENTIAL

SECTION C.3: SEASONAL ANODE SERVICE

SECTION C.4: REPAIRS AND REPLACEMENTS

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