Utilization of Electrical Energy (8332/EEL802)

Course Objectives

 To impart knowledge on Illumination including various types of sources,

Electrical energy based heating and welding, Electric traction and motors used
in traction
 To identify a heating/ welding scheme for a given application and to maintain/
Trouble shoot various lamps and fittings in use
 To figure-out the different schemes of traction schemes and its main
components and to design a suitable scheme of speed control for the traction
systems and electric drives used in an industries

After the completion of the course, the student will be able to :

CO 1. Describe the various schemes of AC, DC drives, traction schemes and different
braking systems.
CO 2. Explain the basics of lighting and illumination and its parameters and able to design
Illumination systems for various applications.
CO 3. Gain knowledge of the various types of arc furnaces, electrical welding, various types
of heating.
CO 4. Apply the electrical energy applications for traction and understand the power
electronics technology in efficient utilization of electrical power
CO 5. Design a suitable scheme of speed control for the traction system and electric drives
used in industries.
CO 6. Identify the knowledge for research opportunities in field of electric traction &
utilization of electric energy

Unit I Industrial electric motors, individual and group drive, Revised study of speed
torque characteristics of DC and AC motor, size and rating of motors, continuous
& intermittent rating, temperature rise calculation, speed time relations, load
equalization motor enclosures, plugging and Rheostat braking.

Unit II Electric Heating & Welding : electric heating, resistance heating, induction
hearting high frequency eddy current heating, the are furnace, Electric welding,
resistance welding, electric arc welding, electric welding, equipment, comparison
between resistance and arc welding, comparison between AC and DC welding.

Unit III Illumination : introduction , different terms used in illumination, laws of

illumination, polar curves, photometry, integrating sphere, schedules of light,
comparison between tungsten filament lamps and fluorescent tubes of lighting
schemes, factory lighting methods of lighting, method of lighting calculations,
street lighting, flood lighting.

Unit IV Traction Systems of Electric Traction, methods of supplying power to electric

trains, technical aspects of railway electrification, operating voltage, mechanics of
 train movement, speed time and distance time curves, tractive effort, train
resistance and adhesion weight , power and energy output from the driving axles,
specific energy consumption, transmission of power from motor to wheel gearing
over head equipment, negative booster.

Unit V DC & AC traction motors, choice of voltage frequency and phase characteristic
control of traction motors, field control, series parallel control, metadyne control,
multiple unit control of one phase and three phase motor, electric braking,
regenerative braking of DC and AC machines and problems.

Reference books
1. H. Pratab: An and Science of Utilization of Electrical Energy
2. N.N. Hanock, Electric Power Utilization Wheeler publishing
3. E. Openshaw Taylor, Utilization of Electric energy, Orient Longman
4. C.L. wadhwa, Generation Distribution and Utilization of Electrical Energy New Age
5. Balbir Singh, Electric Utilization.

Lesson plan

Lecture No. Topics to be Covered books

01 Basic four quadrant drives. Group drive and individual drive G K Dubey
02 speed torque characteristics of DC and AC motor. H C Rai
03 Size and rating of motors, H Pratap
04 continuous & intermittent rating, J B Gupta
05 Temperature rise calculation, speed time relations, C L Wadwa
06 load equalization motor, enclosures H C Rai
07 Plugging and Rheostat braking. H Pratap
08 Numerical J B Gupta
09 Introduction of Electric Heating & Welding C L Wadwa
10 Electric heating, resistance heating, H C Rai
11 Induction heating high frequency eddy current heating. H Pratap
12 Arc furnace, Electric welding, J B Gupta
13 Resistance welding, electric arc welding. C L Wadwa
14 Electric welding, equipment, H C Rai
15 Comparison between resistance and arc welding H Pratap
16 Comparison between AC and DC welding. Numericals J B Gupta
17 Introduction of Illuminations , different terms used in illumination C L Wadwa
18 laws of illumination H Pratap
19 Polar curves, J B Gupta
20 photometry, C L Wadwa
21 Integrating sphere, schedules of light H C Rai
22 Comparison between tungsten filament lamps and fluorescent tubes H Pratap
of lighting schemes,
23 Factory lighting methods of lighting, J B Gupta
24 Method of lighting calculations C L Wadwa
25 Street lighting, flood lighting H C Rai
26 Introduction of Traction Systems, H Pratap
27 methods of supplying power to electric trains, technical aspects of J B Gupta
railway electrification.
28 Operating voltage, mechanics of train movement, C L Wadwa
29 speed time and distance time curves, H C Rai
30 Tractive effort, train resistance and adhesion weight H Pratap
31 power and energy output from the driving axles J B Gupta
32 Specific energy consumption. C L Wadwa
33 Transmission of power from motor to wheel C L Wadwa
34 Gearing over head equipment, negative booster. H C Rai
35 Introduction of DC & AC traction motors, H Pratap
36 Choice of voltage frequency and phase characteristic J B Gupta
37 Control of traction motors, field control, series parallel control, C L Wadwa
38 Metaldyne control, J B Gupta
39 Multiple unit control of one phase and three phase motor C L Wadwa
40 Electric braking, regenerative braking of DC and AC machines and Old
problems. question
papers
41 choice of voltage frequency and phase characteristic control J B Gupta
of traction motor
42 field control, series parallel control C L Wadwa
43 comparison between AC and DC welding.with applications J B Gupta
44 GATE question papers C L Wadwa
45 IES question papers Brilliant
tutorials,
ACE
academy
 8332/802 Utilization of Electrical Energy
Question bank
Utilization of Electrical Energy (802)
Unit –I Industrial Electric Motors and Drives (2/3 Marks)

Q 1.(a) Write zonal applications of an electric drive system.

(b) Draw the typical torque-speed characteristics of mechanical loads .and specify the stable
and unstable zones of operations. What should be the characteristics of matching electrical
motors.

(c) What is a Group Electric Drive (Shaft Drive)?

(d) What is meant by “load equalization?

(e) Why stator voltage control is more suitable for speed control of induction motor in fan
type load than constant type load ?

(f) A train driven by separately excited dc motors has better co-efficient of adhesion than
driven by series motor. Justify the statement.

(g) Compare static Kramer and Scherbius drive system.

(h) Draw the simplified speed/time curve for the main line services and show all necessary
periods.

(i) What is self control of synchronous motor?

(j) A 440 V, 60 Hz induction motor is to be used on a 50 Hz supply. What voltage should be

used?

Q 2. a) Why flywheel is mounted on the shaft of the motor in non-reversible drive? Deduce
the expression for the Moment of Inertia of the flywheel.

b) A motor has a heating time constant of 45 minutes and cooling time constant of 75
minutes. The motor has final steady state temperature rise of 500C while delivering its
continuous rating of 25 kW

i) Determine the load the motor can deliver for 15 minutes so that the temperature rise does
not exceed 500C.

ii) The motor delivers 35 kW for a period of 15 minutes followed by a shutdown for 15
minutes. Determine the maximum temperature rise.

Q 3. a) Why braking is required ? Explain each of the electrical braking briefly.

b) A 220 V, 1500 rpm, 11.6 A separately excited motor is controlled by a l-phase fully-
controlled rectifier with an ac source voltage of 230 V, 50 Hz. Enough filter inductance is
added to ensure continuous conduction for any torque greater than 25 percent of rated torque,
Ra = 2 ohm

i) What should be the value of the firing angle to get the rated torque at 1000 rpm?

ii) Ca1culate the firing angle for the rated braking torque and - 1500 rpm.

iii) Ca1culate the motor speed at the rated torque and = 160o for the regenerative braking in
the second quadrant.

Q 4. a) Explain with sketch how the rheostatic braking is done in D.C. shunt and series
motors
b) The switching frequency of the chopper is 2 kHz. The source voltage is 80V and the duty
ratio is 30%. The load resistance is 4 ohm. Assume that the inductance and capacitance are
ideal and large enough to sustain the load current and load voltage with little ripple. Calculate

i) On time and switching period

ii) Average voltage across the load

iii) Average current of the load

Q 5. a) Formulate the expression for the tractive effort during acceleration period of a
locomotive train.

b) Explain the speed control of induction motor by stator voltage/hertz control method.

Q 6. a) The distance between two stations is 1.92kms.The scheduled speed and the duration
of stops respectively are 40kmph and 20sec. Assume the quadrilateral approximation of the
speed-time curve and the coasting and braking retardation as 0.16kmphps and 3.2kmphps
respectively. Determine the acceleration if the speed at the end of the accelerating period is
60.8kmph.Find also the duration of the coasting period.

b) Sketch and explain the static Kramer’s variable speed drive system

Q 7. a) How the operation of synchronous motor shifts from motoring to generative braking ?

b) Draw the speed-torque characteristics of a three phase induction motor in its 4-quadrant
region.

8. Write short notes on the following

a) Steady state stability of an electric drive

b) Static Ward-Leonard Drive System

c) Speed control by D.C. Chopper

Unit –I Industrial Electric Motors and Drives (7 Marks)

Q-1. A dc shunt motor rated at 250V,10KW,1500 rpm has a full load efficiency of 80%.Its
field Armature resistance are 110 ohm &0.25 ohm respectively. Determine the value of
resistance to be inserted in series with the armature when (a) the load torque is independent of
the speed (b) the load torque is directly proportional to speed (c) the load torque is
proportional to square of the speed.
Q-2.The rotor resistance & reactance at standstill condition of a three phase four pole 440V
induction motor are 0.5 ohm & 0.8 ohm respectively per phase Calculate the starting current
& when the speed is 1440 rpm the frequency of the supply is 50c/s.

Q-3. The full load slip of squirrel cage induction motor is 0.04 & the starting current is five
times the full load current. Neglecting the stator core & copper loss as well as rotational loss.
Find (a) starting torque to full load torque (b) Maximum torque to full load torque & slip.

Q-4. The outside of a 15 H.P totally enclosed motor is equivalent to a cylinder of 75 cm dia.
& 120cm in length. The motor weights 450kg &its material has specific heat of 700J/kg/c.
Estimate the final temp. of the machine & its time constant when operating full load with an
efficiency of 90%.Assume that the outer cylindrical surface dissipates heat at 12 watt/sq m./c.
If this m/c were semi enclosed with a resultant improvement in cooling to 20 watt/sq.m /c.
Determine the load which could be delivered for the square temp. rise. Assume the efficiency
to remain unchanged.

Q-5. A Three phase 100KW 6 pole 950 rpm induction motor has a constant load torque of
600N-m followed by long intervals when additional torque of 3000 N-m is applied for 15
second. Determine (a) moment of inertia of the flywheel if the motor torque were not exceed
twice the rated torque (b) time taken after removal of additional load before the motor
becomes 1500 N-m. Assume slip torque curve to be a straight line.

Unit II Heating and Welding (2/3 Marks)

1.State the advantages of electric heating over other forms of heating.

2.With neat sketch explain the coreless induction frame

3.Explain the principle of dielectric heating and derive an expression for the heat produced in
a dielectric heating.

4. Explain high frequency eddy current heating and applications of eddy current heating.

5. A piece of insulating material is to be heated by an electric di heating. Size of the piece is

12*12*3cm.A frequency of 20 Mhz is used and the power absorbed is450W.If the material
has Er =5 and the power factor of 0.05, calculate the voltage necessary for heating and
current that flows in the material .if the voltageis limited to 1700 V, what will be the
frequency to get the same loss?

6.With a neat diagram, explain the working of direct arc furnace. Mention its application
7. With a neat diagram, Explain butt welding and mention its uses.

8.A cubic water tank has surface area of 96 m2 and is filled to 90% capacity 2 times daily.
The water is heated from 20°C to 70°C. The losses per square metre of tank surface per 1°C
temperature difference are 16 W. Find the loading in kW and the efficiency of the tank.
Assume specific heat of water = 4,200 J/kg/°C .

9. What are the different modes of heat transfer? Discuss in brief.

10. List the requirements of good heating element.

11.A resistance oven employing nichrome wire is to be operated from 220 V single-phase
supply and is to be rated at 16 kW. If the temperature of the element is to be limited to
1,170°C and average temperature of the charge is 500°C, find the diameter and length of the
element wire. Radiating efficiency = 0.57, Emissivity=0.9, Specific resistance of nichrome =
(109 ×10–8) ohm-m.

12. Give a classification of different electric heating methods and explain them briefly.

13. Determine the efficiency of a high-frequency induction furnace which takes 10 minutes to
melt 2 kg of a aluminium initially at a temperature of 20°C. The power drawn by the furnace
is 5 kW, specific heat of aluminium = 0.212, melting point of aluminium = 660° C and latent
heat of fusion of aluminium. = 77 kcal/kg.

Unit II Heating and Welding ( 7 Marks)

Q-1. An induction furnace is required to melt 1000kg of tin in 1 hour. Calculate the efficiency
of furnace if it consumes 80kw of power. Given the specific heat of tin is 0.055

Q-2. A 50kw, three phase 440V resistance oven is to be providing nickel-chrome strip 0.3mm
thick, for the three star connected heating elements. If the temp. of wire is to be 1500 0c &
that of the change is to be 1000 0c. Calculate a suitable width of the strip.

Q-3. A low frequency induction furnace has a secondly voltage of 15V & takes 500 kw at 0.6
pf when the hearth is full. If the secondary voltage is maintained at 15V. Determine the power
absorbed & the pf when the hearth if half full. Assume the resistance of the secondary circuit
to be thereby doubled & the reactance to remain the same.

Q-4.The power required for dielectric heating of a slab of resin 150 cm2 in area & 2cm thick
is 200 watt, frequency of 30MHz. The material has a relative permeability of 5& p.f of 0.05.
Determine the voltage necessary & current flowing through the material. If the voltage is
limited to600V what will be the value of the frequency to obtain the same heating.

Q-5. A cubic water tank has surface area of 6 m2 & is filled to 90% capacity six times daily.
The water is heated from 20 0c to 65 0c.The losses per square meter of tank surface per 1 0c
temp. Difference is 6.3 watts. Find the loading in kw & the efficiency of the tank. Assume
specific heat of water 4200J/Kg/c & one kwh=3.6MJ

Unit –III Illumination (2/3 Marks)

1. State and explain two laws of illumination.

2. With a neat Sketch, explain the working principle and constructional details of a
fluorescent tube light.

3. An incandescent lamp has suspended from the ceiling of a room. The illumination below
the lamp vertically downwards is 80 lux. When the illumination is measured at a distance of
2m from the ceiling, its value is 40 lux. Find the candle power of the lamp and its vertical
distance from the floor.

4. Define the following terms: i) solid angle, ii) MHCP iii) MSCP

5. What are the factors, which have to be taken into consideration for design of the lighting
scheme? Explain two of them in detail.

6. Two lamps A and B of 200 candela and 400 candela respectively are situated 100 m apart.
The height of A above the ground level is 10 m and that of B is 20 m. If a photometer is
placed at the centre of the line joining the two lamp posts, calculate its reading.

7. Define: i) Luminous Efficiency, ii) Depreciation factor, iii) coefficient of utilisation iv)
Space –Ht ratio.

8. The illumination in a drawing office 30 m × 10 m is to have a value of 250 lux and is to be

provided by a number of 300-W filament lamps. If the coefficient of utilization is 0.4 and the
depreciation factor 0.9, determine the number of lamps required. The luminous efficiency of
each lamp is 14 lm/W.

9. What is polar curve? What information is obtained from polar curve? Describe types of
polar curves.

10. Compare different types of light sources.

Explain the procedure of illumination scheme design for.

i) Street lighting

ii) Flood lighting

Unit –III Illumination (7 Marks)

Q-1.Calculate the number of 1000 W flood light projectors needed to illuminate the upper 75
m of one face of 100 m tower of width 12 m if the approximate initial brightness is to be 20
m candle. The projectors are based at ground level 50 m from the base of the tower. The
utilization is 0.3, reflection factor of the wall is 0.2 and lamp efficiency is 20 lumen/watt.

Q-2. A lamp giving 400 candle powers in all directions below the horizontal is suspended 3 m
above the center of the square table of 1.5 m side .calculate the max and min illumination of
the table.

Q-3. A 100 cp lamp is hung 2 m above the centre of a circular area of 3 diameter . Determine
the illumination at

(1) The centre of area

(2) A point of the circumference of the area

(3) Average illumination

Find also the average illumination if a reflector of 50% efficiency is used.

Q-4. An incandescent lamp hung from the ceiling of a room the illumination below the lamp
vertically downward is 80 lux . When the illumination is measured at a distance of 2 m from
the vertical from the ceiling its value is 40 lux.

Q-5.A lamp of 300cp is placed 1.5 m below a reflecting plan mirror surface which reflects
70% of the light falling on it. Find the illumination at a point 4m away from the foot of the
lamp hung 6m above the ground.

Unit- IV Traction system (2/3 Marks)

1. What is electric traction system? What are the requirements of an ideal traction system?

2. Define Crest speed, average speed and schedule speed Derive the expression for speed and
total distance of run, for a simplified speed time curve of a main line service.

3. An electric train is to have acceleration and braking retardation of 1.2 km/ hour/sec and 4.8
km/hour/sec respectively. If the ratio of maximum to average speed is 1.6 and time for stops
35 seconds, find schedule speed for a run of 3 km. Assume simplified trapezoidal speed time
curve.

4. Define Specific energy output and specific energy consumption of the train, Derive the
expression of specific energy output using simplified speed time curve.

5. An electric locomotive weighing 100 tonne can just accelerate a train of 500 tonne (trailing
weight) with an acceleration of 1 km/h/s on an up-gradient of 0.1%. Train resistance is 45 N/t
and rotational inertia is 10%. If this locomotive is helped by another locomotive of weight
120 tonne, find : (i) the trailing weight that can now be hauled up the same gradient under the
same conditions. (ii) the maximum gradient, if the trailing hauled load remains unchanged.
Assume adhesive weight expressed as percentage of total dead weight as 0.8 for both
locomotives.

6. What is regenerative braking system? Derive the expression for energy returned during
regeneration.

7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of regenerative braking?

8. A 2340-tonne electric train including locomotives runs up an ascending gradient of 1 in 80

for 5 minutes, with the following speed/time curves: uniform acceleration of 1.6 km/h/s for
25 seconds 2. constant speed for 50 seconds 3. coasting for 30 seconds. braking at 2.56
km/h/s to rest.Compute the specific energy consumption if train resistance is 50 N/t, effect of
rotational inertia 70%, overall efficiency of transmission gear and motor, 75%.

9. Mention the advantages and limitations of electric drives.

10. A train runs between two stations 1.6 km apart at an average speed of 36 km/h. If the
maximum speed is to be limited to 72 km/h, acceleration to 2.7 km/h/s, coasting retardation
to 0.18 km/h/s and braking retardation to 3.2 km/h/s, compute the duration of acceleration,
coasting and braking periods. Assume a simplified speed/time curve.

11. Define Tractive effort.Derive an expression for tractive effort of train considering its
movement on an upward gradient and having track resistance.

12.Explain i) Shunt transition, ii) Bridge transition applied to series parallel starting of D.C.
motors with neat figures. (Dec/Jan 2014),

13. Explain the concept of energy saving by series parallel control.

14. Write briefly on train lighting system. (June /July 2014),

15. With a neat figure, explain the construction and working of a single phase AC series
motor.

16. A 250-tonne motor coach having 4 motors, each developing a torque of 8000 N-m during
Acceleration, starts from rest. If up-gradient is 30 in 1000, gear ratio 3.5, gear transmission
efficiency 90%, wheel diameter 90 cm, train resistance 50 N/t, rotational inertia effect 10%,
compute the time taken by the coach to attain a speed of 80 km/h. If supply voltage is 3000 V
and motor efficiency 85%, calculate the current taken during the acceleration period.

Unit- IV Traction system (7 Marks)

Q-1 A 230V 20hp shunt motor with full load speed of 1500rpm is to be braked by plugging.
If full load efficiency is 80%, armature & field resistance 0.3 ohm & 230 ohm res.Calculate
the following-

A) Series resistance to be connected to the armature to limit the initial braking current to
twice full load current (B) Initial braking torque (C) Torque when speed of the motor has
fallen to 800rpm

Q-2 The distance between two station is 5km & the average speed of the train is 50kmph.The
acceleration is 3kmph, retardation during coasting is 0.2kmph & the braking is 4kmp
respectively. Taking quadrilateral approximation of speed time curve. Determine the duration
of the accelerating, coasting &braking periods & distance covered during these period.

Q-3. A suburban electric train has a maximum speed of 65 kmph. It has a schedule speed of
43.5kmph with a stop of 30 sec. The acceleration of the train is 1.3kmph, Calculate the
retardation .The average distance between stops is 3km.

Q-4.The electric train weighting 400 tones runs along an upgrading of 1% with following
speed time curve.

(i) Uniform acceleration of 1.5kmphps for 30 sec. (ii) Free running for 36 sec.

( iii) Coasting for 25 sec. ( iv) Braking at 2.6 kmphps to rest.

If the resistance is 45 N/T rotational inertia effect 10% overall efficiency of transmission &
motor 75% .Determine the specific energy consumption.

Q-5. The distance between two station is 1.92 km,the schedule speed & the duration of the
stop respectively are 40 kmph & 20 sec.Assume the quadrilateral approximation of speed
time curve & coasting ,braking retardation as 0.16 kmphps & 3.2 kmphps .Determine the
acceleration if the speed at end of the acceleration period is 60.8 kmph.Also determine the
duration of the coasting period.

Unit –V DC and AC Traction (2/3 Marks)

1. What are disadvantages of 25 kv ac traction systems?

2. What is Metadyne control in traction system?

3. Describe the mechanism of train movement and energy consumption?

4. Compare the use of dc series motor and ac series motor in electric traction.

5. What are the advantages of series parallel control over rheostatic control?

6. Explain regenerative braking used for traction system giving its merits and demerits.

7. A train has schedule speed of 60 kmphps the stop which are 6 km apart. Determine the
crest speed over the run, assuming trapezoidal speed –time curve. The train accelerates at 2
kmphps. Duration of stop is 60 sec.

8.Show that the series parallel control results in a saving of energy equal to one half of the
energy output of the two motors during the starting period.

9.Write short note on

(a) Metaldyne control

(b) Negative booster

10.What is meant by load equalization? Explain how this is achieved in electrical industry.

11.The combined armature & series field resistance of a series motor is 0.15 ohm. The motor
is supplied with a 250 V supply & draws an armature current of 85A at a speed of 62.83
rad/sec. Find the torque when driving a constant power load with a characteristic

TLOAD=21.33*103/w

12.A train weighing 500 tonnes is going down a gradient of 20 in 1000.It is desired to
maintain train speed at 40 kmph by regenerative braking.Calculate the power fed into the
line.Tractive resistance is 40 N/tone and allow rotational inertia of 10% and efficiency of
conversion is 75%.
Unit –V DC and AC Traction (7 Marks)

Q-1.The combined armature & series field resistance of a series motor is 0.15 ohm. The
motor is supplied with a 250 V supply & draws an armature current of 85A at a speed of
62.83 rad/sec. Find the torque when driving a constant power load with a characteristic

TLOAD=21.33*103/w

Q-2. The combined armature & series field resistance of a 600V 150Hp DC series motor is
0.16. The motor speed is 600v/min for an armature current of 200A. the load to be driven by
the motor has the following torque speed characteristic

TLOAD=105 w

Where w is in rad/sec & torque in N-M

Calculate the speed of the motor when drawing this load & Calculate the torque, HP &
armature current at this load.

Q-3. Two motors each rated at 650 V drive a coach. One of the motor is geared to driving
wheel having diameter of 88 cms & the other motor to driving wheel having diameter of 86
cms.IF the speed of the first motor across I s1000 rpm when connected in parallel with other
motor across 650 V supply. Determine the speed of the motor when connected in series.
Assume armature drop to be 10% & current to remain constant during starting.

Q-4. A train weighting 200 tones uses regernative braking on a down gradient of 2% when
the speed is changed from 60kmph to 20kmph over a distance of 4km.Determine the
electrical energy & average power returned to the supply system. Assume tractive resistance
of 40 N/tones, rotational inertia of 10% & the efficiency of conversion of 75%. If the
regernative braking does not change the speed down the gradient, Determine the power fed
into the supply system.
 MODEL QUESTION-2

1. Answer all the following questions.

a) Differentiate between the active and passive load related to drive system.

b)Draw the torque-speed characteristics of a separately excited DC motor during dynamic braking.

c)Why regenerative braking is not possible in half controlled rectifier ?

d)What are methods to reduce the energy loss during starting of three phase induction motor ?

e)What is the limitation for static Kramer drive and how it will be improved ?

f)Differentiate between the CSI and VSI .

g)Why stator voltage control is more suitable for speed control of induction motor in fan type load
than constant type load ?What is meant by “load equalization?

h)What is function of pantograph in electric locomotive train A train driven by separately excited dc
motors has better co-efficient of adhesion than driven by series motor. Justify the statement.

i)A train driven by separately excited dc motors has better co-efficient of adhesion than driven by
series motor. Justify the statement. Draw the simplified speed/time curve for the main line services
and show all necessary periods.

j)What are merits and demerits of microprocessor based drive system ?

2. a) Derive the thermal modelling for heating and cooling curve ?

b) A motor has a heating time constant of 90 minutes. If the temperature rise of the motor is 1000 C
when it is continuously loaded with its rated load. Determine the temperature rise of the motor after 2
hour of its rated load. If the temperature after 2 hour reaches the maximum permissible temperature
(final steady state temperature with rated load applied continuously) after it is overloaded, determine
the permissible overloading ? Assume constant loss=0.5 of full load copper loss.

3. a) Draw the circuit diagram and briefly explain the dynamic braking of a three phase induction
motor.

b) Plot and briefly explain the torque-speed characteristics of dc shunt motor during regenerative
braking.

c) Explain the speed control of three phase induction motor by rotor injection method.

4. a)Why braking is required ? Explain each of the electrical braking briefly.

b)A 2200V,50 Hz, three phase,6 pole ,Y- connected squirrel cage Induction motor has following
parameters.

, 075.0 s R   12.0' r R    5.0' r s X X

The combined inertia of motor and load is 100 kg-mt2. Calculate

i)The time taken and energy dissipated in the motor during starting.

ii)The time taken and energy dissipated in the motor when it is stopped by plugging.

5.a) Formulate the expression for the tractive effort during acceleration period of a locomotive train.

b) Explain the speed control of induction motor by stator voltage/hertz control method.

6.a) The distance between two stations is 1.92kms.The scheduled speed and the duration of stops
respectively are 40kmph and 20sec. Assume the quadrilateral approximation of the speed-time curve
and the coasting and braking retardation as 0.16kmphps and 3.2kmphps respectively. Determine the
acceleration if the speed at the end of the accelerating period is 60.8kmph.Find also the duration of the
coasting period.

b) Sketch and explain the static Kramer’s variable speed drive system

7. a) How the operation of synchronous motor shifts from motoring to generative braking ?

b) Draw the speed-torque characteristics of a three phase induction motor in its 4-quadrant region.

8. Write short notes on the following (Any two)

a) Steady state stability of an electric drive

b) Static Ward-Leonard Drive System

c) Speed control by D.C. Chopper

 802 Utilization of Electrical Energy

2 & 3 marks questions

1. What are the main dimensions of a rotating machine?

2. Define specific magnetic loading.

3. Define specific electric loading.

4. What is output equation?

5. Write the expressions for output coefficients.

6. List the factors that influence the separation of D and L of a dc machine.

7. What is square pole criterion?

8. In a dc machine what are the limiting values of armature peripheral speed and voltage
between adjacent commutator segments

9. List the various L/_ used for separation of D and L in induction motor.

10. What are the factors that affect the size of rotating machines?

11. What are the factors that decide the choice of specific magnetic loading?

12. .What is the factors that decide the choice of specific electric loading.

13. What is magnetic circuit.

14. What are the constituents of magnetic circuit in rotating machines.

15. What is magnetization curve?

16. What is leakage flux?

17. What is leakage coefficient?

18. What is fringing flux.

19. What are the differences between leakage flux and fringing flux?

20. What are the factors that modify the reluctance of air gap

21. What is equalizer connection?

22.What are the factors to be considered for estimating the length of air gap in dc machines?

23.What are the effects of armature reaction?

24.Why large size machines have large rating time constant.

25.Why does induction motor designed with specific electric loadings have smaller over load
capacity.

Electric Drives

1. Define Drive and Electric Drive.

2. List out some examples of prime movers.

3. List out some advantages of electric drives.

4. Give some examples of Electric Drives.

5. What are the types of electric drives?

6. Classify electric drives based on the means of control.

7. What is a Group Electric Drive (Shaft Drive)?

8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Group drive (Shaft drive)?

9. What is an individual electric drive? Give some examples.

10. What is a multi motor electric drive? Give some examples.

11. Write about manual control, semiautomatic control & Automatic control?

12. What are the Typical elements of an Electric Drive?

13. What is a load diagram? What are its types? What are required to draw a load diagram?

14. What are the types Drive systems?

15. Give an expression for the losses occurring in a machine.

16. What are the assumptions made while performing heating & cooling calculation of an
electric motor?

17. What are the factors that influence the choice of electrical drives?

18. Indicate the importance of power rating & heating of electric drives.

19. How heating occurs in motor drives?

20. What are the classes of duties?

Starting methods

1. Mention the Starters used to start a DC motor.

2. Mention the Starters used to start an Induction motor.

3. What are the protective devices in a DC/AC motor Starter.

4. Is it possible to include/ Exclude external resistance in the rotor of aSquirrel cage induction
motor?. Justify

5. Give the prime purpose of a starter for motors.

6. Why motor take heavy current at starting?

7. What are the methods to reduce the magnitude of rotor current (rotor induced current) at
starting?.

8. What is the objective of rotor resistance starter (stator rotor starter)?

9. Why squirrel cage induction motors are not used for loads requiring high starting torque?

10. How reduced voltage starting of Induction motor is achived?.

11. Give some advantages and disadvantages of D.O.L starter.

 OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Overall efficiency of steam locomotive system is close to

(A) 5 to 10%
(B) 25 to 30%
(C) 55 to 60%
(D) 75 to 80%.
2. In a steam locomotive electric power is provided through
(A) battery system
(B) diesel engine generator
(C) overhead wire
(D) small turbo generator.
3. Maximum horse power of steam locomotive is
(A) 100
(B) 500
(C) 1500
(D)2500.
4. The pressure of steam in a locomotive is
(A) 10-15 kg/cm2
(B) 20 - 30 kg/cm2
(C) 40 - 50 kg/cm2
(D) 80 - 90 kg/cm2.
5. The efficiency of diesel locomotives is nearly
(A) 20 - 25 percent
(B) 35 - 40 percent
(C) 50 - 55 percent
(D) 70 - 75 percent.
6. The advantage of electric traction over other methods is
(A) no pollution problems
(B) faster acceleration
(C) better braking action
(D) all of the above.
7. Suburban railways use
(A) 1500 V DC
(B) 440 V three phase AC
(C) 660 V three phase AC
(D) 3.3 kV three phase AC.
8. Long distance railways use
(A) 200 V DC
(B) 25 kV Single phase AC
(C) 25 kV Two phase AC
(D) 25 kV Three phase AC.
9. The range of horsepower for diesel locomotives is
(A) 100 to 500
(B) 500 to 1000
(C) 1500 to 2500
(D) 4000 to 5500.
10. Steam Engine provided on steam locomotives is
(A) Single acting condensing type
(B) double acting condensing type
(C) double acting non - condensing type
(D) single acting non condensing type.
11. A submarine while moving under water, is provided driving power through
(A) diesel engines
(B) steam turbine
(C) gas turbine
(D) batteries.
12. Overload capacity of diesel engines is usually restricted to
(A) 1 %
(B) 10%
(C) 25%
(D) 50%.
13. Which locomotive has the highest operational availability
(A) Diesel
(B) Electric
(C) Steam
(D) All have same availability.
14. Which motor is used in tramways
(A) AC single phase capacitor start motor
(B) AC three phase motor
(C) DC series motor
(D) DC shunt motor.
15. A drive suitable for mines where explosive gas exist, is
(A) Diesel engine
(B) Steam engine
(C) Battery locomotive
(D) Any of the above.
16. The advantage of electric braking is
(A) is is instantaneous
(B) more heat is generated during braking
(C) it avoids wear of track
(D) motor continue to remain loaded during braking.
17. Which braking system on the locomotives is costly
(A) Vacuum braking on steam locomotives
(B) Vacuum braking on diesel locomotives
(C) Regenerative breaking on electric locomotives
(D) All breaking systems are equally costly.
18. The acceleration rate of trains on suburban services is
(A) 0.1 to 0.4 km phps
(B) 0.8 to 1 km phps
(C) 0.4 to 6.5 km phps
(D) 10 to 26 km phps.
19. The coasting retardation on trains is approximately
(A) 0.16 km phps
(B) 1.6 km phps
(C) 16 km phps
(D) 25 km phps.
20. The coefficient of adhesion is
(A) same on ac and dc traction systems
(B) high in case of dc traction and low in ac traction
(C) low in case of ac traction and high in dc traction.
21. Braking retardation on suburban trains is
(A) 0.3 to 0.5 km phps
(B) 0.5 to 1 km phps
(C) 3 to 5 km phps
(D) 30 to 40 km phps.
22. Power supply frequency for 25 kV single phase system is
(A) 161
(B) 25
(C) 50
(D) 60.
23. For supply on 25 kV, 50 Hz single phase, suitable motor for electric traction is
(A) ac single phase split phase motor
(B) ac single phase universal motor
(C) dc shunt motor
(D) dc series motor.
24. Method of speed control used on 25 kV, 50 Hz single phase traction is
(A) Tap changing control of transformer
(B) Reduced current method
(C) Series parallel operation of motors
(D) Any of the above.
25. The coefficient of adhesion is highest when
(A) the rails are dry
(B) the rails are oiled
(C) the rails ark wet with dew
(D) the rails are dusty.
26. When the speed of the train is estimated taking into account the time of stop at a station in
addition to the actual running time between stops, is known as
(A) Average speed
(B) Schedule speed
(C) Notching speed
(D) Free running speed.
27. A schedule speed of 45 km, per hour is required between two stops 1.5 km apart. The
duration of stop is 20 seconds. The acceleration is 2.4 km phps and retardation is 3.2 km
phps. For a simplified trapezoidal curve the maximum speed over the mil will be
(A) 40 km per hour
(B) 48 km per hour
(C) 74 km per hour
(D) 90 km per hour.
28. Speed of locomotive is controlled by
(A) gear box
(B) flywheel
(C) regulating steam to engine
(D)applying brakes.
29. The specific energy consumption for suburban services is usually
(A) 18 to 25 watt-hours per tonne km
(B) 50 to 75 watt-hours per tonne km
(C) 125 to 150 watt-hours per tonne km
(D) 155 to 200 watt-hours per tonne km.
30. If the specific energy consumption for suburban services is 50 to 75 watts hours per tonne
km, which of the following could be a representative figure for energy consumption on main
line service
(A) 150 to 200 watt-hours per tonne km
(B) 100 to 125 watt-hours per tonne km
(C) 50 to 75 watt-hours per tonne km
(D) 20 to 30 watt-hours per tonne km.
31. Specific energy consumption is least in
(A) urban service
(B) sub-urban service
(C) main-line service
(D) equal for all types of services.
32. Bearings used to support axles of rolling stock are
(A) Bush bearings
(B) Journal bearings
(C) Ball bearings
(D) Roller bearings.
33. If the coefficient of adhesion on dry rails 0.25. which of the following could be the value
for wet rails ?
(A) 0.32
(B) 0.25
(C)0.245
(D) 0.15.
34. A train has a schedule speed of 36 km per hour on a level track. If the distance between
the stations is 2 km and the stoppage is 30 seconds the actual time of run will be
(A) 260 seconds
(B) 230 seconds
(C) 200 seconds
(D) 170 seconds
35. B0 B0 locomotives have two bogies with
(A) four driving axles each with individual driving motors
(B) three driving axles with group drives
(C) two driving axles with group drives
(D) two driving axles with individuals drive motor.
36. A locomotive exerts a tractive effort of 30,000 Newtons in pulling a train at 50 km per
hour on the level hack. It is to haul the same train at the same speed on a gradient and the
tractive effort required is 45000 Nw. The horse power delivered by the motor will be more if
it is driven by
(A) dc series motors
(B) induction motor
(C) same in both cases.
37. A composite system consists of
(A) a combination of diesel engine and dc series motor
(B) a combination of diesel engine and ac single phase motor
(C) single phase power received is converted into dc or three phase power ac system
(D) use of combination of dc and ac motors on the same locomotive.
38. Horse power of steam locomotives is
(A) Up to 1500
(B) 1500 to 2500
(C) 2500 to 4000
(D) more than 4000.
39. Horse power of diesel locomotives is
(A) 1000 to 1500
(B) 1500 to 2500
(C) 2500 to 5000
(D) 5000 to 10,000.
40. Locomotives with manometer bogie have
(A) lot of skidding
(B) low coefficient of adhesion
(C) uneven distribution of tractive effect
(D) suitability for passenger as well as freight service.
41. The speed time curve for a local train is shown in Figure. In this AB represents

(A) Coasting
(B) Acceleration
(C) Braking
(D) Regeneration.
42. The duration for braking is represented by the time
(A) 0-t1
(B) 0-t2
(C)t1 - t2
(D)t2- t1
43. Area under the curve represents
(A) average speed
(B) average acceleration
(C) net acceleration
(D) distance traveled.
44. From the figure it can be concluded that
(A) rate of acceleration is the same as the rate of acceleration during braking
(B) average acceleration is zero
(C) time taken during coasting is equal to the time during acceleration and braking
(D) during coating the acceleration is negative.
45. For tramways the return circuit is
(A) through cables
(B) through rails
(C) through neutral wire
(D) through common earthling.
46. For 600 V dc line for tram cars
(A) track is connected to negative of the supply
(B) track is connected to positive of the supply
(C) track is connected to mid voltage of 300 V
(D) none of the above.
47. Over head lines for power supply to tramcars are at a minimum height of
(A) 2 m
(B) 5 m
(C) 10 m
(D) 15 m.
48. Which of the following traction system is latest used in the world ?
(A) 3 phase 3.7 kV
(B) 20 kV, 50 Hz. single phase
(C) 600 V, DC
(D) 3 kV, DC.
49. Which of the following frequencies not common in low frequency traction system ?
(A) 161 Hz
(B) 25 Hz
(C) 40 Hz.
50. In a long distance electric train, power for lighting in passenger coach is provided
(A) through locomotive
(B) directly through overhead electric line
(C) through individual generator of bogie and batteries
(D) through rails.
51. In Kando system
(A) single phase supply is converted into three phase system
(B) single phase ac is converted into dc
(C) three phase ac is converted into dc
(D) dc supply is due to run dc motors.
52. Free running and coasting periods arc generally long in ease if
(A) urban service
(B) sub-urban service
(C) main-line service
(D) all of the above.
53. Which of the following factor affects specific energy consumption ?
(A) Distance between stops
(B) Gradient
(C) retardation and acceleration values
(D) All of the above.
Questions 54 and 55 refer to data given below:
A train runs at an average speed of 50 kmph between stations situated 2.5 km apart. The train
accelerates at 2 kmph and retards at 3 kmph. Speed-time curve may be assumed to be
trapezoidal.
54. The maximum speed is
(A) 27.75 kmph
(B) 38.50 kmph
(C) 44.25 kmph
(D) 57.75 kmp
55. The distance traveled before the brakes are applied is
(A) 0.75 km
(B) 1.35 km
(C) 2.0 km
(D) 2.35 km.
56. At an average the coal consumption per km in case of steam engine is nearly
(A) 28 to 30 kg
(B) 80 to 100 kg
(C) 150 to 160 kg
(D) 200 to 250 kg.
57. Unbalanced forces are maximum in case of
(A) electric locomotive
(B) diesel locomotives
(C) Petrol locomotives
(D) steam locomotives.
58. Maintenance requirements are least in case of
(A) electric locomotives
(B) diesel locomotives
(C) steam locomotives.
59. If the resistance to electric train is given by
Fr = a + bv + cv2
In this equation constant c is likely to cover
(A) air resistance
(B) frictional resistance
(C)flange resistance
(D) track resistance.
A train is required to run between two stations 16 km apart at an average speed of 43 kmph.
The run is to be made to a simplified quadrilateral speed-time curve. The maximum speed is
to be limited to 64 kmph, acceleration to 2 kmph and coasting and braking retardations to .16
and 3.2 kmph respectively.
60. The duration of acceleration is
(A) 32 sec
(B) 24 sec
(C) 16 sec
(D) 12 sec.
Questions 61 and 62 refer to data given below:
A train is required to run between two stations 16 km apart at an average speed of 43 kmph.
The run is to be made to a simplified quadrilateral speed-time curve. The maximum speed is
to be limited to 64 kmph, acceleration to 2 kmph and coasting and braking retardations to .16
and 3.2 kmph respectively.
61. The duration of costing is
(A) 48.4 sec
(B) 96.8 sec
(C) 12.35 sec
(D) 15.15 sec.
62. The braking period is
(A) 1.5 sec
(B) 5.15 sec
(C) 12.35 sec
(D) 15.15 sec.
63. When a locomotive for Railways is designated as WAM1, in this the letter W indicates
that
(A) the locomotive is to run on broad guage track
(B) the locomotive is to run on meter guage track
(C) the locomotive is for shunting duty
(D) the locomotive is for good train only
64. An ideal traction system should have
(A) high starting tractive effort
(B) equipment capable of withstanding large temporary overloads
(C) easy speed control
(D) all of the above.
Questions 65-66 refer tot he data given below:
A train runs at an average speed of 45 kmph between stations 2.5 km apart. The train
accelerates at 2 kmph and retards at 3 kmph speed-time curve may be assumed to be
trapezoidal.
65. The maximum speed attained will be nearly
(A) 80 kmph
(B) 60 kmph
(C)50 kmph
(D) 1.535 kmph.
66. The distance traveled before the brakes are applied is
(A) 2.383 km
(B) 2.103 km
(C) 1.887 km
(D) 35 kmph.
67. The main difference between speed-time curves of mainline service as compared to
suburban services lies in
(A) longer free running periods
(B) longer coasting periods
(C) shorter acceleration gand braking periods
(D) all of the above.
Questions 68 to 70 refer to data given below:
An electric train is to have a braking retardation of 3.2 kmph. The ratio of maximum speed to
average speed is 1.3, the time for stop is 26 seconds and acceleration is 0.8 kmph. The run is
1.5 km.
68. Actual time of run is
(A) 77 seconds
(B) 101 seconds
(C) 154 seconds
(D) 231 seconds.
69. The schedule time is
(A) 154 kmph
(B) 180 kmph
(C) 210 seconds
(D) 240 seconds.
70. The schedule speed is
(A) 25 kmph
(B) 30 kmph
(C) 45 kmph
(D) 60 kmph.
71. Energy consumption in propelling the train is required for
(A) acceleration
(B) work against gravity while moving up the gradient
(C) work against the resistance to motion
(D) all of the above.
72. Quadrilateral speed-time curve is the closer approximation for
(A) main line service
(B) suburban service
(C) urban service
(D) urban and suburban service.
73. Distance between the rails for meter gauge track is
(A) 2' - 6 3/8"
(B)3'-4 3/4"
(C) 4' - 6 1/2"
(D) One meter.
Questions 74 to 76 refer to data given below:
An electric train has quadrilateral speed time curve as follows:
(i) Uniform acceleration from rest at 2 kmph for 30 seconds
(ii) Coasting for 50 seconds
(iii) Uniform braking to rest for 20 seconds The train is moving a uniform up gradient of 1 in
100, train resistance is 40 N/tonne, rotational inertia effect 10% of dead weight and duration
of stop 30 seconds.
74. Braking retardations is
(A) 0.87 kmphps
(B) 1.27 kmphs
(C) 1.87 kmphs
(D) 2 kmphps.
75. The distance traveled is
(A) 1.03 km
(B) 1.53 km
(C) 2.03 cm
(D) 2.53 cm.
76. Schedule time is
(A) 100 seconds
(B) 110 seconds
(C) 120 seconds
(D) 130 seconds.

Electric Traction: Fill in the blanks with appropriate words :

1. In case of steam engines the steam pressure is __________.
2. Steam locomotives use __________ acting reciprocating engines.
3. The overall efficiency of a steam locomotive is __________ to __________ percent.
4. Automating signal is used for __________ and __________ electric trains.
5. Maintenance and repair cost of electric locomotives is __________ as compared to that of
steam locomotives.
6. The coefficient of adhesion is better in __________ traction than that in steam traction.
7. Initial expenditure in electric : railway traction is __________ as compared to that in steam
system.
8. The overhead capacity of a diesel engine is nearly __________ percent.
9. The breaking system used on steam locomotives is __________ system.
10. The acceleration is __________ during notching up.
11. During free run __________ remains constant.
12. During coasting the speed of the train __________.
13. During coasting the power supply is __________.
14. __________ period precedes braking.
15. Coasting is followed by __________.
16. Distance between stops / (Actual time of run + stop time ) is known as __________
speed.
17. The maximum speed attained by the vehicle during the run is known as __________
speed.
18. Slipping will take place when tractive effort is __________ maximum frictional force
between the wheel and the track.
19. The coefficient of adhesion is __________ on wet rails as compared to that on clean
__________ dry rails.
20. In electric traction the torque exerted is __________ and in steam traction it is
__________.
21. Power output from the driving axles is tractive effort x __________.
22. The total weight of locomotive and train to be pulled by the locomotive is called
__________.
23. Steep gradient will involve __________ energy consumption.
24. Accelerating weight is __________ than the dead weight.
25. In main line service free running and coasting periods are __________ whereas
acceleration and braking periods are __________.
26. Regenerative braking is __________ efficient and __________ complicated in dc system
as compared to that with ac system.
27. Negative boosters have to be employed in __________ traction system to confine ground
currents to rails.
28. Neutral section of OHE is provided to avoid short circuiting of __________ by the
pantographs.
29. Single ended fair clay type pantograph is used in __________ traction and diamond type
pantograph is used in __________ traction.
30. In ac traction, in order to confine the return current through the rails __________ are
necessary.
1. 10 to 15 kg/cm2 -----2. double ----- 3. 6, 8----- 4. suburban, urban ----- 5.less -----
6.electric ----- 7.more ----- 8.10 -----9.vacuum -----10.constant -----11.speed ----- 12.
decreases-----13.zero -----14.coasting ----- 15.braking ----- 16.schedule ----- 17.crest -----
18. more----- 19.less ----- 20.continuous, pulsating ----- 21. speed----- 22. dead weight-----
23. more----- 24.greater ----- 25.longer,smaller ----- 26.more,less ----- 27.DC ----- 28.two
live phases----- 29.AC, DC----- 30. booster transformer
1. Radiant efficiency of the luminous source depends on
(A) shape of the source
(B) temperature of the source
(C) wavelength of light rays
(D) all of the above.
2. Light waves travel with a velocity of
(A) 3 x 1010cm/s
(B) 3 x 1012cm/s
(C) 3 x 1015 cm/s
(D) 3 x 1018 cm/s.
3. Carbon arc lamps are commonly used in
(A) domestic lighting
(B) street lighting
(C) cinema projectors
(D) photography.
4. The unit of solid angle is
(A) solid angle
(B) radian
(C) steradian
(D) candela.
5. Candela is the unit of
(A) Luminous flux
(B) Luminous intensity
(C) Wavelength
(D) None of the above.
6. The unit of luminous flux is
(A) steradian
(B) candela
(C) lumen
(D) lux.
7. The illumination is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle made by the normal to
the illuminated surface with the direction of the incident flux. Above statement is associated
with
(A) Planck's law
(B) Macbeth's law of illumination
(C) Bunsen's law of illumination
(D) Lambert's cosine law.
8. Which curve represents life of the lamp ?

(A) curve A
(B) curve B
(C) curve C
(D) curve D.
9. Illumination level required for precision work is around
(A) 50 lm/m2
(B) 100 lm/m2
(C) 200 lm/m2
(D) 500 lm/m2.
10. Which of the following will need the highest level of illumination ?
(A) Proof reading
(B) Bed rooms
(C) Hospital wards
(D) Railway platforms.
11. Which of the following will need lowest level of illumination ?
(A) Displays
(B) Fine engraving
(C) Railway platform
(D) Auditoriums.
12. Which of the following lamp gives nearly monochromatic light ?
(A) Sodium vapor lamp
(B) GLS lamp
(C) Tube light
(D) Mercury vapor lamp.
13. The illumination level in houses is in the range
(A) 10-20 lumen/m2
(B) 30 - 50 lumen/m2
(C) 40-75 lumen/m2
(D) 100-140 lumen/m2.
14. Luminous efficiency of a fluorescent tube is
(A) 5- 10 lumens/watt
(B) 15-20 lumens/watt
(C) 30 - 40 lumens/watt
(D) 60 - 65 lumens/watt.
15. One lumen per square meter is the same as
(A) One lux
(B) One candela
(C) One foot candle
(D) One lumen meter.
16. Standard wattage of 3 ft. fluorescent tube is
(A) 10 W
(B) 40 W
(C) 65 W
(D) 100 W.
17. For the same wastage which lamp is cheapest ?
(A) Sodium vapor lamp
(B) Mercury vapor lamp
(C) Fluorescent tube
(D) GLS lamps.
18. Optical instruments used for the comparison of candle powers of different sources arc
known as
(A) Candle meters
(B) Radio meters
(C) Bunsen meter
(D) Photo meter.
19. Which photometer is used for comparing the lights of different colors ?
(A) Bunson photometer
(B) Grease spot photometer
(C) Lummer Brodhum photometer
(D) Guilds Flicker Photometer.
20. Which photometer depends for its operation on Lambert's cosine law ?
(A) Macbeth lllumino meter
(B) Trotter Illumination Photometer
(C) Lummer Brodhum Photometer
(C) Guild's Flicker Photometer.
21. Which photometer depends for its operation on Inverse Square Law ?
(A) Guilds Flicker Photometer
(B) Lummer Brodhum Photometer
(C) Macbeth llluminometer
(D) Trotter Illumination Photometer.
22. The color temperature of day light is around
(A) 50 K
(B) 160 K
(C) 600 K
(D) 6000 K.
23. Light is produced in electric discharge lamps by
(A) heating effect of current
(B) magnetic effect of current
(C) ionization in a gas or vapor
(D) carbon electrodes
24. Lumen/watt is the unit of
(A) Light flux
(B) Luminous intensity
(C) Brightness
(D) Luminous efficiency.
25. Candela is-the unit for
(A) Light flux
(B) Luminous intensity
(C) Brightness
(D) Luminous efficiency.
26. Which gas is sometimes used in filament lamps ?
(A) Argon
(B) Krypton
(C) Nitrogen
(D) Carbon dioxide.
27. Which bulb operates on lowest power ?
(A) Night bulb
(B) Neon bulb
(C) GLS bulb
(D) Torch bulb.
28. The output of a tungsten filament lamp depends on
(A) size of lamp
(B) size of shell
(C) temperature of filament
(D) all of the above.
29. A zero watt lamp consumes
(A) no power
(B) about 5 to 7 W power
(C) about 15 to W power
(D) about 25 to 30 W power.
30. Melting temperature of tungsten is
(A) 2000°K
(B) 2500°K
(C)2655°K
(D) 3655°K.
31. The life of incandescent lamp is expected to be
(A) 100 hours
(B) 200 hours
(C) 1000 hours
(D) 10000 hours.
32. The source of illumination for a cinema projector is
(A) Incandescent lamp
(B) Mercury vapor lamp
(C) Sodium lamp
(D) Carbon arc lamp.
33. Sodium vapor lamps need ionization potential of about
( A) 5 volts
(B) 50 volts
(C) 100 volts
(D) 112 volts.
34. When a sodium vapor lamp is switched on, initially the color is
(A) Pink
(B) Yellow
(C) Green
(D) Blue
35. In a sodium vapor lamp the discharge is first started in the
(A) neon gas
(B) nitrogen gas
('C) argon gas
(D) krypton gas.
36. A auto transformer used with sodium vapor lamp should have
(A) high efficiency
(B) high step-up ratio
(C) high step-down ratio
(D) high leakage reactance.
37. The capacitor used in auto transformer circuit for sodium vapor lamps, is for
(A) protection against accidental power failure
(B) controlling illumination level of the lamp
(C) for regulating discharge voltage
(D) for improving the power factor of the circuit.
38. A mercury vapor lamp gives
(A) pink light
(B) yellow light
(C) greenish blue light
(D) white light.
39. Under the influence of fluorescent lamps sometimes the wheels of rotating machinery
appear to be stationary. This is due to the
(A) fluctuations
(B) luminescence effect
(C) stroboscopic effect
(D) low power factor.
40. Power factor is highest in case of
(A) Mercury arc lamp
(B) Sodium vapor lamps
(C) Tube lights
(D) GLS lamps.
41. Which of the following electric discharge lamp gives highest lumens/watt
(A) Sodium vapor lamp
(B) Neon lamp
(C) Mercury lamp at low pressure
(D) Mercury vapor at high pressure.
42. The solid angle subtended at the center of a hemisphere of diameter D will be
(A) 4πD
(B) 2πD
(C) 2π
(D)4π.
43. Which one of the following is a cold cathode lamp ?
(A) Sodium lamp
(B) Neon lamp
(C) GSL lamp
(D) Tube light
44. In a mercury vapor lamp light red objects appear black due to
(A) high wavelength of red objects
(B) color mixing
(C) absence of red light from lamp radiation
(D) absorption of red light by the lamp radiation
45. The flicker effect of fluorescent lamp is more pronounced at
(A) lower voltages
(B) higher voltages
(C) lower frequencies
(D) higher frequencies.
46. The frequency of flickers in a fluorescent lamp at 220 V, 50 Hz supply will be
(A) 25 per second
(B) 50 per second
(C) 100 per second
(D) 220 per second.
47. Wavelength of green color is nearly
(A) 4000 A
(B) 4500 A
(C) 5000 A
(D) 5500 A.
48. One Angstrom is
(A) 10-6 meter
(B)10-8 meter
(C) 10-8 cm
(D) 10-8 mm.
49. Which of the following color has wave-length between green and color ?
(A) Yellow
(B) Blue
(C) Violet
(D) None.
50. The purpose of providing a choke in a tube light is
(A) to eliminate corona effects
(B) to avoid radio interference
(C) to improve power factor
(D) to limit current to appropriate value.
51. A 60 W lamp given a luminous flux of 1500 lumen. Its efficiency is
(A) 1500 lumen/watt
(B) 250 lumen/watt
(C) 25 lumen/watt
(D) 2.5 lumen/watt.
52. One lux is the same as
(A) one lumen/sq. cm
(B) one lumen/sq. m
(C) one lumen/100 sq. m
(D) one lumen/1000 sq. m.
53. The vacuum inside an incandescent lamp is of the order of
(A) 10-2 mm Hg
(B) 10-3 mm Hg
(C) 10-4 mm Hg
(D) 10-5 mm Hg.
54. Which of the following application does not need ultra-violet lamps ?
(A) Medical purposes
(B) Aircraft cockpit dashboard lighting
(C) Car lighting
(D) Blue print machines.
55. When using ultra-violet lamps the reflector for maximum should be made of
(A) aluminium
(B) copper
(C) leaf
(D) glass.
56. Which of the following combination of gas is filled in lamp and the resulting color is
incorrect?
(A) Neon-red
(B) Nitrogen-buff
(C) Carbon dioxide - day light white
(D) Magnesium-white.
57. Which of the, following vapors/gas will give yellow color in a filament lamp ?
(A) Helium
(B) Mercury
(C) Sodium
(D) Magnesium.
58. Which of the following phosphor produces green colour?
(A) Zinc silicate
(B) Cadmium borate
(C) Magnesium tungstate
(D) Calcium halo phosphate.
59. If d is the distance of a surface from a source, the illumination of the surface will vary as
(A) d
(B) 2d
(C)1/d
(D) 1/ d 2
60. The level of illumination on surface least depends on
(A) Candle power of the source
(B) Distance of the source
(C) Type of reflector used
(D) Ambient temperature.

TRUE OR FALSE
1. Carbon arc lamps needs frequent adjustment and replacement of carbon rod.
2. Lumen method takes into account the inter-reflections of light inside a room.
3. Luminaries are generally categorized as industrial, commercial or residential.
4. Lenses with prismatic patterns refract light sources to disperse the rays or to direct them
most effectively.
5. High pressure sodium vapor Lamps use metallic sodium sealed in translucent aluminium
oxide tubes.
6. Standard candle is also known as meter candle.
7. Incandescent-lamp filaments are generally constructed of copper.
8. Candelabra refer to the base of an incandescent lamp.
9. The luminous efficacy is expressed in lumen output per radiated watt.
10. Lumen is the unit of luminous flux.
11. Illuminance is the density of luminous flux on a surface.
12. A source of one candela emits a total of one lumen.
13. Glare is the condition of comfort produced by an object of luminance.
14. Incandescent lamps should always be used without luminairs.
15. The diameter of tungsten filament for GLS lamps is in terms of microns.
16. Halogen lamps arc preferred for indoor illumination.
17. Starter in a fluorescent tube is used for preheating the electrodes.
18. Starter use for fluorescent tube is generally glow type.
19. After about 4000 hours of use the light output of a fluorescent tube is reduced by 15 to 20
percent
20. Sodium vapor lamp is also known as cold-cathode low pressure lamp.
21. With use fluorescent tube walls blacken a little and dark rings appear near the ends due to
the deposition of active material from the electrodes
22. Fluorescent tubes operating on dc are generally free from stroboscopic effect.
23. A 'leak transformer', provided on sodium lamps acts as step down transformer initially.
24. The average life of sodium lamps is estimated at 6000 hrs.
25. Mercury iodide lamps are used for flood lighting.

T ----- 2.T ----- 3. T ----- 4. T ----- 5. T ----- 6. T ----- 7. F ----- 8. T ----- 9. T----- 10. T-----
11.T ----- 12.F ----- 13.F ----- 14.F ----- 15.T

16.T ----- 17.T ----- 18. T----- 19.T ----- 20.T ----- 21.T ----- 22.T ----- 23. F----- 24.T -----
25.T

1. Visible light has wavelength between __________ A and __________ .A .

2. Human eye is most sensitive for a wave length of __________ A.
3. The color corresponding to wavelength 5500 A is __________.
4. Lamp efficiency is expressed in __________.
5. Steradian is defined as the solid angle that subtends a surface on the sphere equivalent to
the __________.
6. Tungsten filament lamp has efficiency of the order of __________ lumens/watt.
7. Sodium lamp is only suitable for __________.
8. Sodium lamp gives monochromatic __________ light.
9. The efficiency of sodium vapor lamp is around __________ lumens/watt.
10. In mercury vapor lamp the harmful ultra-violet rays are absorbed by __________.
11. Power factor of fluorescent lamps is __________.
12. Leak transformer for sodium vapor lamps acts a choke coil for limiting the __________
when the lamp starts conducting.
13. The light from a sodium lamp is nearly __________.
14. In a color corrected high pressure mercury vapor lamp, the outer glass envelope is coated
with __________.
15. Candela is the unit of __________.
4000,7500 ----- 2. 5500 ----- 3. yellow-green ----- 4. lumens per watt----- 5. square of the
radius----- 6. 12 ----- 7. AC ----- 8. yellow ----- 9. 50 ----- 10 . outer bulb----- 11. low-----
12. current----- 13. monochromatic----- 14. fluorescent powder----- 15. luminous
intensity

16. Neon lamps arc basically __________ lamps.

17. __________ lamps emit only a faint glow and arc used as indicating lamps on panels and
appliances.
18. Mercury vapor lamp gives __________ times higher light than incandescent lamp for the
same power consumption.
19. Intensity of light varies __________ as square of distance of an object from the light
source.
20. Wavelength for __________ color lies between that for yellow and blue.
21. Melting point of tungsten is about __________.
22. The __________ radiation of 555 mμ wavelength creates the strongest impression.
23. One angstrom is the same as __________ mm.
24. If luminous flux equal to one lumen impinges on an area of one square meter, the
illumination is equal to __________ lux.
25. An object which appears red to the eyes reflects mainly the red radiation and a little of
__________ and yellow radiations.
26. __________ materials arc used as screening materials for light sources.
27. In GLS lamps button incorporates __________ wires.
28. In GLS lamps the cap is secured to the glass shell by __________.
29. To increase the working temperature and efficiency small % of __________ gas is filled
in Gas-filled lamps.
30. In GLS lamps the blackening of the lamp glass shells is due to the deposits of
__________.
16. gas discharge----- 17.Glow ----- 18. 2.5 times----- 19. inversely ----- 20. green ----- 21.
3400 0C ----- 22. yellow-green ----- 23. 10 -7 ----- 24. one ----- 25. orange ----- 26. translucent -----
27. support ----- 28. cementing compound ----- 29. nitrogen ----- 30. tungsten vapor
1) For a good weld,
a. Cross - section of the added metal should be small and oxidation should be minimum
b. Cross - section of the added metal should be small and oxidation should be maximum
c. Cross - section of the added metal should be large and oxidation should be minimum
d. Cross - section of the added metal should be large and oxidation should be maximum
2) The advantage of rectifier type welding set is
a. Reduced no - load losses
b. Easy arc starting
c. Less hazardous
d. Both (a) and (b)
3) The voltage - current characteristics of the arc welding must be
a. Exponentially rising
b. Drooping
c. Straight line
d. Parabolic
4) Spot welding is used to weld metal pieces whose thickness
a. Should be greater than 12 mm
b. Lesser than 12 mm
c. Lies between 15 to 20 mm
d. Greater than 20 mm

5) The electrodes used for projection welding are

a. Flat and smaller in diameter
b. Flat and larger in diameter
c. Round and smaller in diameter
d. Round and larger in diameter
6) In percussion welding, the heat is produced by a rapid discharge of stored electrical
energy from
a. Capacitor
b. Inductor
c. Resistor
d. Transformer
7) Seam welding is not used for the
a. Welding in tanks
b. Welding in transformers
c. Welding in air crafts
d. Welding alloys of copper
8) The lighting system of almost all the earlier coaches and all the newly manufactured
coaches has
a. 50 V
b. 110 V
c. 220 V
d. 420 V
9) Pantograph collector is used in railways where the train runs at 100 to 130 kmph.
Which among the following is true about pantograph collector? - [ Interview Questions
and answers ]
a. It is unidirectional
b. The erection of the overhead network is complicated
c. Its height cannot be varied
d. None of these
10) A low frequency supply is given to the single phase AC system for track
electrification because
a. It improves commutation
b. Increases efficiency
c. Improves power factor
d. All of these
11) The magnitude for the tractive effort which is required for the propulsion of the
train depends on
a. The adhesive weight
b. Friction between the driving wheel and the track
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. Neither (a) nor (b)
12) If W is the dead weight of the train in tones and A is the acceleration of the train in
kmphps then the tractive effort required for linear acceleration is given by
a. WA newtons
b. 177.7 WA newtons
c. 277.8 WA newtons
d. 388.8 WA newtons
13) During the train movement, the tractive effort produced at the pinion by the motor
is transferred to the driving wheel
a. Directly
b. Through the gear wheel
c. Through the road wheel
d. Through the motor armature
14) The area under the speed - time curve represents the
a. Acceleration of the train
b. Time taken by the train
c. Distance travelled by the train
d. Crest speed
15) In a diesel electric traction, if the current in the traction motor increases then the
generator field
a. Demagnetizes and voltage decreases
b. Magnetizes and voltage increases
c. Magnetizes and voltage decreases
d. Demagnetizes and voltage increases