EXPERIMENT - 4

AIM:

To determine Darcy’s friction factor ‘ f ’ of given pipe and plot graph

between Reynold’s no. and friction factor.

THEORY:

While the nature of flow depends upon the Reynolds number, the
frictional resistance offered to the flow of fluids depends essentially on
the roughness of the surface of the conduit carrying the flow .In laminar
flow this frictional resistance is mostly due to viscous resistance of fluid
to flow. In turbulent flow it is due to resistance offered by viscosity of
fluid and surface roughness of the conduit.
Experiments have shown that the frictional resistance varies:
(1) With the degree of roughness of the surface with which fluid
comes in contact,
(2) With the extent of area of surface coming in contact with fluid,
(3) Directly as the velocity in laminar flows and as square of
velocity in turbulent flow,
(4) Directly as the density of fluid, and
(5) Inversely as viscosity of fluid.

This frictional resistances causes loss of head, hf, which is given by

Darcy and weisbach equation:

hf = ƒ ×﴾L/D﴿ ×﴾ V.V﴿/2g ……………….(i)

Where ƒ is called Darcy’s friction factor and is given by:

ƒ = 64/Re (for laminar flow)

The value of ƒ in case of turbulent flow depends relative upon roughness

of pipe. But head losses due change of section, bends, elbows; valves, and
fittings of all types are classified as minor losses in pipelines.

Minor losses usually result from rather abrupt changes (in magnitude and
direction) of velocity. In general, increase of velocity (acceleration) is
associated with small head loss but decrease of velocity (deceleration)
cases large head loss because of the production of large scale turbulence.

16
Early experiments with water (at high Reynolds number) indicated that
minor losses vary approximately with the square of velocity and lead to
the proposal of basic equation:

hf = k× (v.v)/2g

In which k, the loss coefficient, is practically constant.

Eq. (i) can also be written as:

hf = k× (v.v)/2g

Where k = ƒ ×﴾L/D﴿

(1) Loss of head at entry: It is given by formula:

hl = 0.5× (v.v)/2g
Where v is the velocity of flow coming of the reservoir as shown in fig.
(i).

(2) Loss of head due to sudden enlargement: It is given by formula:

hl = (V1-V2) × (V1-V2)/2g
Where V1 and V2 are the velocity as shown in the fig.

(3)Loss of head due to sudden contraction: It is given by the formula:

hl = (1/Cc-1) × (1/Cc-1) × (V2.V2)/2g

= k× (V2.V2)/2g

Where k = (1/Cc-1) × (1/Cc-1)

17
The usual practice is to take k = 0.5 for all values of (a1/a)
Where a
is the area of cross-section of main pipe and a1 is the area of cross-
section of contracted section, otherwise value of k can be obtained from
table given below:
(3) loss head at exit: It is given by the formula:

hl = (v.v)/2g
Where v is the velocity of flow at the exit.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:

The set up consists of a large number of pipes. The diameters of these

pipes range between 15mm and 50mm.The pipes is 3.07 long. Flow of
apparatus is regulated by means of a regulating valve provided near the
outlet end of each pipe as shown in the figure. One common inlet valve is
provided in the main supply line for the whole apparatus. For measuring
the head loss the head loss, two pressure tapping are provided on either
side of the pipe fitting and pressure tapping along the pipe may be 3m
apart. The tapping may be connected to a manometer turn by turn.
Sufficient length of the pipeline is provided between various fittings.
Discharge of the apparatus is measured in a measuring tank.

18
 PROCEDURE:

(1) Connect the manometer rubber tubings to gauge points of one

of the pipelines.
(2) Open the inlet valve, keeping the outlet valve closed.
(3) Check if there is any air bubble in the manometer tube in
which case some pressure difference will be existing between
gauge points to which manometer is connected. Remove the
air bubble, if any.
(4) Open partially the outlet valve, keeping the common inlet
valve fully open.
(5) Allow the flow to get stabilized and then take manometer
reading.
(6) Measure the discharge.
(7) Repeat the steps (4) to (6) for six different discharges.
(8) Repeat steps (4) to (7) for other pipes.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Length of pipe (L) = 3.07m

Diameter of pipe (D) = 15mm
Area of cross-section of pipe (A)= 0.00017625 m.m

DISCHARGE MEASURMENT:

19
 Volume of water
Time(t)
S.NO. collected(V0) Discharge(Q)
(in second)
(in liters) (in liter/s)

1. 0.95 20 0.0475
2. 1.35 20 0.0675
3. 1.55 20 0.0775
4. 1.72 20 0.088
5. 2.65 20 0.1325

MANOMETER READING:

S.NO. hf = h1- h2
(in cm) ƒ=2gDhfA.A/
AVERAGE (ƒ)
LQ.Q

1. 0.2 27.01*10^-8 25.628

2. 0.4 26.75*10^-8 25.628
3. 0.5 25.86*10^-8 25.628
4. 0.6 24.72*10^-8 25.628
5. 1.4 24.30*10^-8 25.628

RESULT:

The value of Darcy’s friction factor ‘f’ of given pipe is

______25.628________ .

20