PHYS 2310 Engineering Physics I Formula Sheets

Chapters 1-18
Chapter 1/Important Numbers Chapter 2

Units for SI Base Quantities Velocity

Quantity Unit Name Unit Symbol
Length Meter M 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∆𝑥
Average Velocity 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 2.2
Time Second s 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 ∆𝑡

Mass (not weight) Kilogram kg 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Average Speed 𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 2.3
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Common Conversions ∆𝑥̅ 𝑑𝑥
Instantaneous Velocity 𝑣 = lim = 2.4
1 kg or 1 m 1000 g or m 1m 1 × 106 𝜇𝑚 ∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1m 100 cm 1 inch 2.54 cm
1m 1000 mm 1 day 86400 seconds Acceleration
1 second 1000 milliseconds 1 hour 3600 seconds
1m 3.281 ft 360° 2𝜋 rad ∆𝑣
Average Acceleration 𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 2.7
∆𝑡
Important Constants/Measurements 𝑑𝑣 𝑑2 𝑥
Mass of Earth 5.98 × 1024 kg Instantaneous 𝑎= = 2.8
Acceleration 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 2.9
Radius of Earth 6.38 × 106 m
1 u (Atomic Mass Unit) 1.661 × 10−27 kg
Density of water 1 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 or 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 Motion of a particle with constant acceleration
g (on earth) 9.8 m/s 2
𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡 2.11
Density 1
Common geometric Formulas ∆𝑥 = (𝑣0 + 𝑣)𝑡 2.17
2
2 1
Circumference 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 Area circle 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟
∆𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 2.15
Surface area 4 2
𝑆𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 Volume (sphere) 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
(sphere) 3 𝑣 2 = 𝑣02 + 2𝑎∆𝑥
𝑉 =𝑙∙𝑤∙ℎ 2.16
Volume (rectangular solid)
𝑉 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∙ 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
 Chapter 3 Chapter 4

Adding Vectors
𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑎⃗ 3.2 Position vector 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ 4.4
Geometrically
Adding Vectors
displacement ∆𝑟⃗ = ∆𝑥𝑖̂ + ∆𝑦𝑗̂ + ∆𝑧𝑘̂ 4.4
Geometrically (𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗) + 𝑐⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + (𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗) 3.3
(Associative Law) ∆𝑥
Average Velocity ⃗⃗𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑉 4.8
𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∆𝑡
Components of Vectors 3.5 𝑑𝑟⃗ 4.10
𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Instantaneous Velocity 𝑣⃗ = = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑣𝑧 𝑘̂ 4.11
𝑑𝑡
Magnitude of vector |𝑎| = 𝑎 = √𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑦2 3.6 ∆𝑣⃗
Average Acceleration 𝑎⃗𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 4.15
𝑎𝑦 ∆𝑡
Angle between x axis 𝑑𝑣⃗
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 3.6 Instantaneous 4.16
and vector 𝑎𝑥 𝑎⃗ =
Acceleration 𝑑𝑡 4.17
Unit vector notation 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘̂ 3.7 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘̂

𝑟𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 3.10 Projectile Motion

Adding vectors in
𝑟𝑦 = 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 3.11
Component Form 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃0 − 𝑔𝑡 4.23
𝑟𝑧 = 𝑎𝑧 + 𝑏𝑧 3.12
1
Scalar (dot product) 𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 3.20 ∆𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2 4.21
2
or ∆𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡 if 𝑎𝑥 =0
𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ = (𝑎𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘̂) ∙ (𝑏𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑏𝑧 𝑘̂ )
Scalar (dot product) 3.22 1
𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑧 ∆𝑦 = 𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2 4.22
2
2 2
Projection of 𝑎⃗ 𝑜𝑛 𝑏⃗⃗ or 𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑣𝑦 = (𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃0 ) − 2𝑔∆y 4.24
component of 𝑎⃗ 𝑜𝑛 𝑏⃗⃗ |𝑏| 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃0 − 𝑔𝑡 4.23
Vector (cross) product 𝑔𝑥 2
𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 3.24 Trajectory 𝑦 = (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃0 )𝑥 − 4.25
magnitude 2(𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃0 )2
𝑎⃗𝑥𝑏⃗⃗ = (𝑎𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘̂)𝑥(𝑏𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑏𝑧 𝑘̂ ) 𝑣02
= (𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑧 − 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑧 )𝑖̂ + (𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏𝑧 𝑎𝑥 )𝑗̂ Range 𝑅= sin(2𝜃0 ) 4.26
𝑔
+ (𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑏𝑥 𝑎𝑦 )𝑘̂
Vector (cross product) or 3.26
Relative Motion ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝐴𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣𝐴𝐵 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝐵𝐶 4.44
𝑖̂ 𝑗 𝑘̂
⃗⃗
𝑎𝐴𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝐵𝐴 4.45
𝑎⃗𝑥𝑏 = 𝑑𝑒𝑡 |𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧 |
𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑧 Uniform Circular 𝑣2 2𝜋𝑟 4.34
𝑎= 𝑇=
Motion 𝑟 𝑣 4.35
 Chapter 5 Chapter 6

Newton’s Second Law Friction

𝐹⃗𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎⃗ Static Friction
General 5.1 𝑓⃗𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝐹𝑁 6.1
(maximum)
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 Kinetic Frictional 𝑓⃗𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁 6.2
Component form 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 5.2
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑧 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 1
Drag Force 𝐷 = 𝐶𝜌𝐴𝑣 2 6.14
2
Gravitational Force 2𝐹𝑔
Terminal velocity 𝑣𝑡 = √ 6.16
𝐶𝜌𝐴
Gravitational Force 5.8
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔
Centripetal 𝑣2
Weight 𝑎= 6.17
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 5.12 acceleration 𝑅
Centripetal Force 𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹= 6.18
𝑅
 Chapter 7 Chapter 8

𝑥𝑓
Kinetic Energy 1 8.1
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 7.1 Potential Energy ∆𝑈 = −𝑊 = − ∫ 𝐹(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
8.6
2 𝑥𝑖
Work done by constant Gravitational Potential
7.7 ∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑔∆𝑦 8.7
Force 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑⃗ 7.8 Energy
1 2
Work- Kinetic Energy Elastic Potential Energy 𝑈(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥 8.11
∆𝐾 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾0 = 𝑊 7.10 2
Theorem
Work done by gravity Mechanical Energy 𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑐 = 𝐾 + 𝑈 8.12
𝑊𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 7.12
Principle of
Work done by ∆𝐾 = 𝑊𝑎 + 𝑊𝑔 𝐾1 + 𝑈1 = 𝐾2 + 𝑈2 8.18
7.15 conservation of
lifting/lowering object 𝑊𝑎 = 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑐 = ∆𝐾 + ∆𝑈 = 0 8.17
mechanical energy
Spring Force (Hooke’s 𝐹⃗𝑠 = −𝑘𝑑⃗ 7.20 𝑑𝑈(𝑥)
Force acting on particle 𝐹(𝑥) = − 8.22
law) 𝐹𝑥 = −𝑘𝑥 (along x-axis) 7.21 𝑑𝑥
1 2 1 2 Work on System by
Work done by spring 𝑊𝑠 = 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑘𝑥 7.25 8.25
2 𝑖 2 𝑓 external force 𝑊 = ∆𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑐 = ∆𝐾 + ∆𝑈 8.26
𝑥𝑓 𝑦𝑓 𝑧𝑓 With no friction
Work done by Variable
𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝐹𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝐹𝑧 𝑑𝑧 7.36 Work on System by
Force 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 𝑧𝑖
external force 𝑊 = ∆𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑐 + ∆𝐸𝑡ℎ 8.33
Average Power With friction
(rate at which that 𝑊
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 7.42 Change in thermal
force does work on an ∆𝑡 ∆𝐸𝑡ℎ = 𝑓𝑘 𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 8.31
energy
object)
𝑑𝑊 7.43 Conservation of Energy
Instantaneous Power 𝑃= = 𝐹𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑣⃗ *if isolated W=0
𝑊 = ∆𝐸 = ∆𝐸𝑚𝑒𝑐 + ∆𝐸𝑡ℎ + ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 8.35
𝑑𝑡 7.47
∆𝐸
Average Power 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 8.40
∆𝑡
𝑑𝐸
Instantaneous Power 𝑃= 8.41
𝑑𝑡

**In General Physics, Kinetic Energy is abbreviated to KE and Potential Energy is PE

 Chapter 9

Impulse and Momentum Collision continued…

𝑡𝑓 Inelastic Collision 𝑚1 𝑣01 + 𝑚2 𝑣02 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣𝑓

9.30
𝐽⃗ = ∫ 𝐹⃗ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
Impulse 𝑡𝑖
𝐽 = 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∆𝑡 9.35 Conservation of Linear 𝑃⃗⃗1𝑖 + 𝑃⃗⃗2𝑖 = 𝑃⃗⃗1𝑓 + 𝑃⃗⃗2𝑓 9.77
Momentum (in 2D)
Linear Momentum 𝑝⃗ = 𝑚𝑣⃗ 9.22 𝑛 𝑛
𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑔 = − ∆𝑝 = − 𝑚∆𝑣
Impulse-Momentum 9.31 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 9.37
Average force
Theorem
𝐽⃗ = Δ𝑝⃗ = 𝑝⃗𝑓 − 𝑝⃗𝑖 9.32
∆𝑚 9.40
𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑔 = − ∆𝑣
∆𝑡
𝑑𝑝⃗
Newton’s 2nd law 𝐹⃗𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 9.22
𝑑𝑡 Center of Mass
𝐹⃗𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚⃗𝑎⃗𝑐𝑜𝑚 𝑛
9.14 1
System of Particles 𝑃⃗⃗ = 𝑀𝑣⃗𝑐𝑜𝑚 9.25
Center of mass location 𝑟⃗𝑐𝑜𝑚 = ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑟⃗𝑖 9.8
𝑀
𝑑⃗⃗⃗
𝑃 9.27 𝑖=1
𝐹⃗𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑛
𝑑𝑡 1
Center of mass velocity 𝑣⃗𝑐𝑜𝑚 = ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑣⃗𝑖
𝑀
Collision 𝑖=1
Final Velocity of 2 𝑚1 − 𝑚2
objects in a head-on 𝑣1𝑓 = ( )𝑣 Rocket Equations
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 1𝑖 9.67
collision where one Thrust (Rvrel) 𝑅𝑣𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 𝑀𝑎
object is initially at rest 9.88
2𝑚1 9.68
1: moving object 𝑣2𝑓 =( )𝑣
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 1𝑖 Change in velocity 𝑀𝑖
2: object at rest Δ𝑣 = 𝑣𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑛 9.88
Conservation of Linear 𝑀𝑓
𝑃⃗⃗ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 9.42
Momentum (in 1D)
𝑃⃗⃗𝑖 = 𝑃⃗⃗𝑓 9.43
𝑝⃗1𝑖 + 𝑝⃗2𝑖 = 𝑝⃗1𝑓 + 𝑝⃗2𝑓 9.50
Elastic Collision 𝑚1 𝑣𝑖1 + 𝑚2 𝑣12 = 𝑚1 𝑣𝑓1 + 𝑚2 𝑣𝑓2 9.51
𝐾1𝑖 + 𝐾2𝑖 = 𝐾1𝑓 + 𝐾2𝑓 9.78
 Chapter 10
𝑠
Angular displacement 𝜃= 10.1
𝑟 Rotation inertia 𝐼 = ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑟𝑖2 10.34
(in radians Δ𝜃 = 𝜃2 − 𝜃1 10.4
Average angular ∆𝜃 Rotation inertia
𝜔𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 10.5 (discrete particle 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑚 10.35
velocity ∆𝑡
system)
𝑑𝜃
Instantaneous Velocity 𝜔= 10.6 Parallel Axis Theorem
𝑑𝑡 h=perpendicular
Average angular ∆𝜔 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑚 + 𝑀ℎ2 10.36
10.7 distance between two
𝛼𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
acceleration ∆𝑡 axes
Instantaneous angular 𝑑𝜔 10.39-
𝛼= 10.8 Torque 𝜏 = 𝑟𝐹𝑡 = 𝑟⊥ 𝐹 = 𝑟𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
acceleration 𝑑𝑡 10.41

Rotational Kinematics Newton’s Second Law 𝜏𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐼𝛼 10.45

𝜔 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡 10.12 𝜃𝑓
1 Rotational work done 𝑊 = ∫ 𝜏𝑑𝜃 10.53
Δ𝜃 = 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑡 2 10.13 by a toque 𝜃𝑖 10.54
2 𝑊 = 𝜏∆𝜃 (𝜏 constant)
2 2 10.14
𝜔 = 𝜔0 + 2𝛼Δ𝜃 Power in rotational 𝑑𝑊
𝑃= = 𝜏𝜔 10.55
1 motion 𝑑𝑡
Δ𝜃 = (𝜔 + 𝜔0 )𝑡 10.15
2 Rotational Kinetic 1
1 Energy 𝐾 = 𝐼𝜔2 10.34
Δ𝜃 = 𝜔𝑡 − 𝛼𝑡 2 10.16 2
2 Work-kinetic energy 1 1
theorem ∆𝐾 = 𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 = 𝐼𝜔𝑓2 − 𝐼𝜔𝑖2 = 𝑊 10.52
Relationship Between Angular and Linear Variables 2 2
Velocity 𝑣 = 𝜔𝑟 10.18
Tangential Acceleration 𝑎𝑡 = 𝛼𝑟 10.19
2
𝑣
Radical component of 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑟 = = 𝜔2 𝑟 10.23
𝑟
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋 10.19
Period 𝑇= =
𝑣 𝜔 10.20
 Moments of Inertia I for various rigid objects of Mass M
Thin walled hollow cylinder or hoop Annular cylinder (or ring) about Solid cylinder or disk about central Solid cylinder or disk about central
about central axis central axis axis diameter

𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅 2 1
𝐼 = 𝑀(𝑅12 + 𝑅22 ) 1
2 𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅 2
2
1 1
𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅 2 + 𝑀𝐿2
4 12
Solid Sphere, axis through center Solid Sphere, axis tangent to surface Thin Walled spherical shell, axis Thin rod, axis perpendicular to rod
through center and passing though center

2
𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅 2 7
5 𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅 2 2 1
5 𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅 2 𝐼= 𝑀𝐿2
3 12

Thin rod, axis perpendicular to rod Thin Rectangular sheet (slab), axis Thin Rectangular sheet (slab_, axis Thin rectangular sheet (slab) about
and passing though end parallel to sheet and passing though along one edge perpendicular axis through center
center of the other edge

1
𝐼 = 𝑀𝐿2
3
1 1
𝐼 = 𝑀𝐿2 𝐼= 𝑀(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
1 3 12
𝐼= 𝑀𝐿2
12
 Chapter 11

Rolling Bodies (wheel) Angular Momentum

Speed of rolling wheel 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑚 = 𝜔𝑅 11.2 Angular Momentum 𝑣 ⃗ℓ⃗ = ⃗𝑟⃗ × ⃗𝑝⃗ = 𝑚(𝑟
⃗⃗ × ⃗𝑣⃗) 11.18
Kinetic Energy of Rolling 1 1 Magnitude of Angular ℓ = 𝑟𝑚𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 11.19-
Wheel 𝐾 = 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑚 𝜔2 + 𝑀𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑚
2 11.5
2 2 Momentum ℓ = 𝑟𝑝⊥ = 𝑟𝑚𝑣⊥ 11.21
Acceleration of rolling 𝑛
𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑚 = 𝛼𝑅 11.6
wheel ⃗⃗ = ∑ ⃗⃗
𝐿 ℓ𝑖 11.26
𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Angular momentum of a
Acceleration along x-axis 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑚,𝑥 =− 𝑖=1 11.29
𝐼 11.10 system of particles ⃗⃗
extending up the ramp 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑚2 𝑑𝐿
𝑀𝑅 𝜏⃗𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
𝑑𝑡
Torque as a vector Angular Momentum continued
Angular Momentum of a
Torque 𝜏⃗ = 𝑟⃗ × 𝐹⃗ 11.14 𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔 11.31
rotating rigid body

Magnitude of torque 𝜏 = 𝑟𝐹⊥ = 𝑟⊥ 𝐹 = 𝑟𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙

11.15- Conservation of angular 𝐿⃗⃗ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 11.32
11.17 momentum 𝐿⃗⃗𝑖 = 𝐿⃗⃗𝑓 11.33
⃗⃗
𝑑ℓ
Newton’s 2nd Law 𝜏⃗𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 11.23
𝑑𝑡 Precession of a Gyroscope
𝑀𝑔𝑟
Precession rate Ω= 11.31
𝐼𝜔
 Chapter 12 Chapter 13

Static Equilibrium Gravitational Force 𝑚1 𝑚2

(Newton’s law of 𝐹=𝐺 13.1
𝐹⃗𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0 12.3 gravitation) 𝑟2
𝑛
Principle of
𝜏⃗𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0 12.5 𝐹⃗1,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∑ 𝐹⃗1𝑖 13.5
Superposition
𝑖=2
12.7 Gravitational Force
𝐹⃗𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑥 = 0, 𝐹⃗𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑦 = 0 12.8 acting on a particle
If forces lie on the 𝐹⃗1 = ∫ 𝑑𝐹⃗ 13.6
xy-plane from an extended
𝜏⃗𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑧 = 0 12.9 body
Gravitational 𝐺𝑀
𝑎𝑔 = 13.11
Stress (force per unit acceleration 𝑟2
area) Gravitation within a 𝐺𝑚𝑀
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 × 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 12.22 𝐹= 𝑟 13.19
Strain (fractional spherical Shell 𝑅3
change in length) Gravitational Potential 𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝐹 𝑈=− 13.21
Stress (pressure) Energy 𝑟
𝑃=
𝐴 𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2 𝐺𝑚1 𝑚3 𝐺𝑚2 𝑚3
Potential energy on a
Tension/Compression 𝐹 ∆𝐿 𝑈 = −( + + ) 13.22
=𝐸 12.23 system (3 particles) 𝑟12 𝑟13 𝑟23
E: Young’s modulus 𝐴 𝐿
Shearing Stress 𝐹 ∆𝑥 2𝐺𝑀
=𝐺 12.24 Escape Speed 𝑣=√ 13.28
G: Shear modulus 𝐴 𝐿 𝑅
Hydraulic Stress ∆𝑉
𝑝=𝐵 Kepler’s 3rd Law 4𝜋 2 3
B: Bulk modulus 𝑉 𝑇2 = ( )𝑟 13.34
(law of periods) 𝐺𝑀
Energy for bject in 𝐺𝑀𝑚 𝐺𝑀𝑚 13.21
𝑈=− 𝐾=
circular orbit 𝑟 2𝑟 13.38
Mechanical Energy 𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝐸=− 13.40
(circular orbit) 2𝑟
Mechanical Energy 𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝐸 = − 13.42
(elliptical orbit) 2𝑎
−11
*Note: 𝐺 = 6.6704 × 10 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2 /𝑘𝑔2
 Chapter 14 Chapter 15

∆𝑚 Frequency 1
𝜌= 14.1 𝑓= 15.2
Density ∆𝑉 cycles per time 𝑇
𝑚 14.2
𝜌= displacement 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) 15.3
𝑉
∆𝐹 2𝜋
𝑝= 14.3 Angular frequency 𝜔= = 2𝜋𝑓 15.5
Pressure ∆𝐴 𝑇
𝐹 14.4
𝑝=
𝐴 Velocity 𝑣 = −𝜔𝑥𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) 15.6
Pressure and depth in
𝑝2 = 𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑔(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ) 14.7
a static Fluid
14.8
Acceleration 𝑎 = −𝜔2 𝑥𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) 15.7
P1 is higher than P2
𝑝 = 𝑝0 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
Kinetic and Potential 1 1
Gauge Pressure 𝜌𝑔ℎ Energy 𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑈 = 𝑘𝑥 2
2 2
Archimedes’ principle 𝐹𝑏 = 𝑚𝑓 𝑔 14.16 𝑘
Angular frequency 𝜔=√ 15.12
Mass Flow Rate 𝑅𝑚 = 𝜌𝑅𝑉 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 14.25 𝑚
𝑚
Volume flow rate 𝑅𝑉 = 𝐴𝑣 14.24 Period 𝑇 = 2𝜋√ 15.13
𝑘
1
Bernoulli’s Equation 𝑝 + 𝜌𝑣 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 14.29
Torsion pendulum
𝐼
15.23
2 𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑘
Equation of continuity 𝑅𝑚 = 𝜌𝑅𝑉 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 14.25
𝐿
Simple Pendulum 𝑇 = 2𝜋√ 15.28
Equation of continuity 𝑔
𝑅𝑉 = 𝐴𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 14.24
when
𝐼
Physical Pendulum 𝑇 = 2𝜋√ 15.29
𝑚𝑔𝐿

Damping force 𝐹⃗𝑑 = −𝑏𝑣⃗

𝑏𝑡
displacement 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥𝑚 𝑒 −2𝑚 cos(𝜔′ 𝑡 + 𝜙) 15.42

𝑘 𝑏2
Angular frequency 𝜔′ = √ − 15.43
𝑚 4𝑚2
1 2 −𝑏𝑡
Mechanical Energy 𝐸(𝑡) ≈ 𝑘𝑥𝑚 𝑒 𝑚 15.44
2
 Chapter 16

Sinusoidal Waves Traveling Wave Form 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = ℎ(𝑘𝑥 ± 𝜔𝑡) 16.17

Mathematical form
𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑦𝑚 sin(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡) 16.2 𝜏
(positive direction) Wave speed on
𝑣=√ 16.26
2𝜋 stretched string 𝜇
Angular wave number 𝑘= 16.5
𝜆 Resulting wave when 2
2𝜋 1 1
Angular frequency 16.9 waves only differ by 𝑦 ′ (𝑥, 𝑡) = [2𝑦𝑚 cos ( 𝜙)] sin (𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) 16.51
𝜔= = 2𝜋𝑓 2 2
𝑇 phase constant
𝜔 𝜆 Standing wave 𝑦 ′ (𝑥, 𝑡) = [2𝑦𝑚 sin(𝑘𝑥)]cos(𝜔𝑡) 16.60
Wave speed 𝑣= = = 𝜆𝑓 16.13
𝑘 𝑇
1 Resonant frequency
𝑣 𝑣
𝑓 = 𝜆 = 𝑛 2𝐿 for n=1,2,… 16.66
Average Power 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝜇𝑣𝜔2 𝑦𝑚
2 16.33
2
 Chapter 17

Sound Waves Standing Waves Patterns in Pipes

Standing wave
𝐵 𝑣 𝑛𝑣
Speed of sound wave 𝑣=√ 17.3 frequency (open at 𝑓=𝜆= for n=1,2,3 17.39
2𝐿
𝜌 both ends)
Standing wave
displacement 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑚 cos(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡) 17.12
frequency (open at 𝑓=𝜆=
𝑣 𝑛𝑣
for n=1,3,5 17.41
4𝐿
Change in pressure Δ𝑝 = Δ𝑝𝑚 sin(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡) 17.13 one end)

Pressure amplitude Δ𝑝𝑚 = (𝑣𝜌𝜔)𝑠𝑚 17.14 beats 𝑓𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝑓1 − 𝑓2 17.46

Interference
Δ𝐿 Doppler Effect
Phase difference 𝜙= 2𝜋 17.21 𝑣
𝜆 Source Moving toward
𝑓′ = 𝑓 17.53
𝜙 = 𝑚(2𝜋) for m=0,1,2… stationary observer 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑠
Fully Constructive 17.22
Δ𝐿 Source Moving away 𝑣
Interference = 0,1,2 17.23
𝜆 from stationary 𝑓′ = 𝑓 17.54
𝑣 + 𝑣𝑠
𝜙 = (2𝑚 + 1)𝜋 for m=0,12 observer
Full Destructive 17.24 Observer moving
Δ𝐿 𝑣 + 𝑣𝐷
interference = .5,1.5,2.5 … 17.25
𝜆 toward stationary 𝑓′ = 𝑓 17.49
source 𝑣
1 2 −𝑏𝑡
Mechanical Energy 𝐸(𝑡) ≈ 𝑘𝑥𝑚 𝑒 𝑚 15.44 Observer moving away 𝑣 − 𝑣𝐷
2 𝑓′ = 𝑓 17.51
from stationary source 𝑣
Sound Intensity
𝑃 Shockwave
𝐼= Half-angle 𝜃 of Mach 𝑣
Intensity 𝐴 17.26 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 17.57
1 17.27 cone 𝑣𝑠
𝐼 = 𝜌𝑣𝜔2 𝑠𝑚
2
2
Intensity -uniform in 𝑃𝑠
𝐼= 17.29
all directions 4𝜋𝑟 2
Intensity level in 𝐼
𝛽 = (10𝑑𝐵) log ( ) 17.29
decibels 𝐼𝑜
1 2 −𝑏𝑡
Mechanical Energy 𝐸(𝑡) ≈ 𝑘𝑥𝑚 𝑒 𝑚 15.44
2
 Chapter 18

Temperature Scales First Law of Thermodynamics

5 First Law of ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡,𝑓 − 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡,𝑖 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 18.26
Fahrenheit to Celsius 𝑇𝐶 = (𝑇𝐹 − 32) 18.8 Thermodynamics 18.27
9 𝑑𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑊
9 Note:
Celsius to Fahrenheit 𝑇𝐹 = 𝑇𝐶 + 32 18.8 ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 Change in Internal Energy
5 Q (heat) is positive when the system absorbs heat and negative when it
Celsius to Kelvin 𝑇 = 𝑇𝐶 + 273.15 18.7 loses heat. W (work) is work done by system. W is positive when expanding
and negative contracts because of an external force

Thermal Expansion Applications of First Law

Adiabatic Q=0
Linear Thermal Expansion ∆𝐿 = 𝐿𝛼∆𝑇 18.9
(no heat flow) ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = −𝑊
Volume Thermal Expansion ∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝛽∆𝑇 18.10
W=0
(constant volume)
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑄
Heat
∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0
Heat and temperature 𝑄 = 𝐶(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 ) 18.13 Cyclical process
Q=W
change 𝑄 = 𝑐𝑚(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 ) 18.14 Free expansions 𝑄 = 𝑊 = ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 0
Heat and phase change 𝑄 = 𝐿𝑚 18.16
Misc.
𝑉𝑓
Power P=Q/t Work Associated with 𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑊 = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉
18.25
𝑄 𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐶 Volume Change 𝑉𝑖
Power (Conducted) 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = = 𝑘𝐴 18.32 𝑊 = 𝑝∆𝑣
𝑡 𝐿
Rate objects absorbs 4
energy
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝜎𝜖𝐴𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑣 18.39

Power from radiation 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜎𝜖𝐴𝑇 4 18.38

𝜎 = 5.6704 × 10−8 𝑊/𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾 4

Revised 7/20/17