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Lab Report # 02

TILTLE:

“To measure Head Loss in a pipe of uniform Diameter and to study Reynold number and
behavior of flow”

Introduction:

Depending upon the relative magnitudes of viscous and inertial force, flow can occur in two different
manner viz. laminar flow and turbulent flow. In laminar flow viscous effect are more predominant than
the inertial effects. But when shear and normal stress are added with the increase in velocity of flow a
dimensionless parameter is being utilizes which is a measure of the relative importance of inertial force
and viscous force prevailing in the flow of fluid, which is known as Reynolds number. It is equal to the
ratio of inertial force to the viscous force per unit volume. This means that a large value of Reynolds
number signifies less viscous effects and vice versa. For determine the different flow conditions,
equipment first used by Professor Osborne Reynolds after whose name Reynolds number exists.
Objective:

To study the

 Reynold Number
 Behaviour of flow

Proceedure:

1. Note down the relevant dimensions as diameter of Perspex tube, area of collecting tank, room
temperature etc.
2. By maintaining suitable amount of steady flow in the Perspex tube, open inlet of the dye tank so
that the dye stream moves as a straight line in the tube.
3. The discharge flowing in the Perspex tube is recorded.
4. This procedure is repeated for other values of discharge.
5. By increasing the velocity of flow in the Perspex tube, again open the inlet of the dye tank so that
the dye stream begins to break up in the tube, which shows the fluid is no more in the laminar
conditions. Hence transition stage occurs.
6. This discharge flowing in the Perspex tube is recorded.
7. This procedure is repeated for other values of discharge.
8. On further increase in the velocity of flow in the Perspex tube, again open the inlet of dye tank
so that the dye mixes completely in the tube which shows fluid is no more in the transition stage.
Hence turbulent flow occurs in the tube.
9. The discharge flowing in the Perspex tube is recorded. Step 10:- this procedure is repeated for
other values of discharge
Data Recorded:

Vol Time Q=AxV Dia Velocity Length Head Loss Rynold number
(c.m) (sec) (Cumecs) (m) (m/sec) (m) (m)
0.002 15.1 0.000132 0.015 0.75 1 0.115 14044.94
0.002 5.66 0.00035 0.015 2 1 0.09 37453.18
0.002 3.85 0.00052 0.015 2.95 1 0.08 55243.44

Discussion:

Weights,heights and calculated theoretical and Exprimental Hydrstatic forces.Dimension of the


torus used to calculate theoretical and Exprimental force of pressure gradient exterted on the
torus.

Conclusion:

The presence of buoyancy comes from the air outsideof the torus. Because the density of air is
a mere fraction of that of the material of the torus and the fluid it contains,it can be neglected
in the hydrostatic force calculations. The weight of the torus can also be neglected. Because
thecenter of the curvature of the torus is at the location of the pivot, it is negated. The weight
of the torus was notincluded in the calculations because the device was calibrated with ballast
water so as to begin the experiment witha net moment of zero about the pivot. It was noted
that a large discrepancy between the theoretical andexperimental values occurred.
Refrence:

B.R. Munson, D.F. Young, and T.H. Okiishi, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 4th ed., 2002,
Wiley and Sons, New York.

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