Executive  Council  of  the  International  Association  for  Hydro  Environmental  and  
Engineering  Research  -­‐  Asia  Pacific  Division  (IAHR  APD  Ex  Co.)  
 

1.  Dr.  Hyoseop  Woo,  President,  Gwangju  Institute  of  Science  and  Technology,  KOREA  
2.  Dr.  Gregory  Shahane  De  Costa,  Vice  President,  Unitec,  Auckland,  NEW  ZEALAND/SRI  LANKA  
3.  Prof.  Peng  Jing,  Secretary,  Institute  of  Water  Resources  &  Hydropower  Research,  CHINA  
4.  Prof.  Hitoshi  Tanaka,  Past  President,  Tohoku  University,  JAPAN  
5.  Dr.  Law  Wing-­‐Keung,  Adrian,  Member,  Nanyang  Technological  University,  SINGAPORE  
6.  Prof.  Tsang-­‐Jung  Chang,  National  Taiwan  University,  TAIWAN,  CHINA  
7.  Dr.  James  Edward  Ball,  University  of  Technology  Sydney,  AUSTRALIA  
8.  Prof.  Kantharaj  Murali,  Indian  Institute  of  Technology  Madras,  INDIA  
9.  Prof.  Kepa  Morgan,  University  of  Auckland,  NEW  ZEALAND  
10.  Dr.  Ahmad  Sana,  Sultan  Qaboos  University,  SULTANATE  OF  OMAN  
11.  Prof  Babel  M.  Singh,  Asian  Institute  of  Technology,  THAILAND  
12.  Dr.  Chui  Ting  Fong  May,  University  of  Hong  Kong,  HONG  KONG,  CHINA  
13.  Prof.  Pengzhi  Lin,  Sichuan  University,  CHINA  
14.  Prof  Norio  Tanaka,  Saitama  University,  JAPAN  
15.  Prof.  Radianta  Triatmadja,  Gadjah  Mada  University,  INDONESIA  
16.  Prof.  Zakaria  Nor  Azazi,  University  Sains  MALAYSIA  
17.  Dr  Ajith  Dolage,  Open  University  of  Sri  Lanka,  SRI  LANKA.  
 
 
th
Organizing  Committee  -­‐  20  Congress  of  the  IAHR  APD  
 
1.  Associate  Prof  Gregory  Shahane  De  Costa,  Unitec  Institute  of  Technology  
2.  Dr.  Ajith  Dolage,  Open  University  of  Sri  Lanka  
3.  Prof  Manoj  Pallewatte,  Open  University  of  Sri  Lanka  
4.  Prof  Samantha  Hettiarachchy,  University  of  Moratuwa  
5.  Prof  Niranjanie  Ratnayake,  University  of  Moratuwa  
6.  Prof  K  D  W  Nandalal,  University  of  Peradeniya  
7.  Dr.  D  M  S  H  Dissanayake,  Rajarata  University  
8.  Eng.  Shavindranath  Fernando,  Institution  of  Engineers  Sri  Lanka  
9.  Eng.  K  W.  Narangammana,  Department  of  Irrigation,  Sri  Lanka  
10.  H  M  Jayatillaka,  Ministry  of  Irrigation  and  Water  Management,  Sri  Lanka  
11.  Eng.  T  V  K  I  S  Karunasena,  National  Water  Supply  and  Drainage  Board,  Sri  Lanka  
12.  Dr.  Lalith  Pinto  Jayawardena,  LGEP,  Green  Tech,  Sri  Lanka.  
13.  Eng.  T  A  Gamage,  PuraNeguma  
14.  Eng.  W.  Gamage,  Department  of  Irrigation,  Sri  Lanka  
15.  Dr  P.K.C  De  Silva,  Open  University  of  Sri  Lanka  
16.  R  S  M  Samarasekera,  University  of  Moratuwa  
17.  Tisura  Gamage,  University  of  Moratuwa    
  
Welcome  messages  
 
On  behalf  of  the  2016  IAHR  APD  organizing  committee,  I  am  delighted  and  
honoured   to   warmly   welcome   you   in   Colombo,   Sri   Lanka.   It   has   been   a  
pleasure   and   a   privilege   to   have   organized   and   present   this   Congress   to   you  
today.  We  have  nine  keynote  presentations  to  enrich  the  congress  together  
with   6   parallel   sessions   which   we   hope   will   lead   to   discussion   and  
enhancement  of  cutting  edge  scientific  research  and  applications  the  world  
has   to   offer.   Together   with   this   we   have   organized   two   fun   filled   social  
evenings  for  you  to  flavour  Sri  Lankan  culture  and  its  cuisine.    
 
I  take  this  opportunity  to  sincerely  thank  the  Conference  secretariat  and  all  those  who  worked  for  
the   success   of   this   Congress.   The   complete   success   of   any   Congress   finally   depends   on   its  
participants  and  on  behalf  of  the  organizing  committee  I  sincerely  thank  all  of  you  for  coming  from  
different   parts   of   the   world   for   this   Congress   in   Sri   Lanka.   We   wish   and   hope   that   all   delegates   will  
not  only  have  good  interaction  with  scientific  and  engineering  research,  knowledge  and  application  
in   this   area   but   also   develop   friendship   and   relations   with   the   IAHR   family   worldwide.   I   wish   you   a  
very  fruitful  Congress,  &  a  pleasant  &  enjoyable  stay  in  Sri  Lanka.  
 
Dr.  Gregory  Shahane  De  Costa  
Vice  Chair,  IAHR  APD  
th
Co-­‐Chair  organizing  committee  of  20  IAHR  APD  
 
 
Ayubowan.  As  a  country  in  the  Asian  Pacific  Region  and  a  member  of  the  
APD-­‐   IAHR,   Sri   Lanka   is   proud   to   be   the   host   of   one   of   the   most  
prestigious  events  available  for  water  professionals  and  practitioners  in  
the  region  and  the  world  over.  With  the  congress  theme  being  “Water  in  
the   Past,   Water   in   the   Present   and   Water   for   the   Future”   the   congress  
endeavor   to   bring   in   new   knowledge   under   sub   themes   of   Water  
heritage,   socio   political,   legal   and   economic   issues,   Water   related  
disasters   and   climate   change   issues,   Water   resources   and   Hydrology,  
Estuarine,   coastal   environment   and   hydraulics,   Fluvial   processes,   hydro  
informatics  and  instrumentation.    

Sri   Lanka,   a   land   that   possesses   a   2500   year   old   Hydraulic   civilization   is   surely   a   captivating  
destination   worth   exploring   if   you   can   find   extra   time.   I   am   sure   you   will   enjoy   city’s   nice   beaches,  
unique  cuisine  and  hospitality  which  will  make  your  stay  enjoyable  and  fascinating.  We  welcome  
all   of   you   in   Colombo   with   our   traditional   hospitality   and   thank   you   for   coming   to   our   country,   the  
pearl  of  East.  

Dr.  D.A.R.  Dolage  

th
Co-­‐Chair  Organizing  Committee  of  20  IAHR  APD  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
As  Chairman  of  the  IAHR-­‐APD  Executive  Committee,  I'd  like  to  say  to  all  of  
you,  "Thank  you  for  your  participation  in  the  APD  activities,  which  is  really  
invaluable   for   helping  hydro   engineers   and   researchers   in   the   Asian   and  
Pacific  region  raise  and  discuss  various  water  issues  in  the  world  as  well  as  
our  region".    
 
I   am   surely   expecting   this   Congress   to   be   of  great   success   with  in-­‐depth  
discussions   on   the   issues   raised   during   the   congress  and   dissemination   of  
your   knowledge   and   experiences   among   the   participants   and   APD  
members.   During   the   congress,   we   have   a   new   and   special   session,   entitled   “Historical   Water  
Projects  and  Traditional  Water  Technologies  in  the  Asia-­‐Pacific  Region”,  not  a  one-­‐time  event  but  
continual  one  in  next  congresses.    
 
This   special   session   has   been   designed   for   rediscovering   and   discussing   among   the   congress  
participants,  and  recognizing  and  disseminating  throughout  the  Asian-­‐Pacific  region  and  the  world,  
historical   water   projects   and   traditional   water   technologies   of   international   importance   and/or  
particular  interest.  Please  join  this  session  as  well  as  other  many  interesting  and  useful  sessions  in  
the  congress.    
 
Dr.  Hyoseop  Woo,    
Chair  of  IAHR-­‐APD  
 
On   behalf   of   the   global   IAHR   community,   I   am   delighted   to   welcome   you   to  
th
the   20   Congress   of   the   Asia   Pacific   Division.   This   is   the   first   time   our  
Congress  has  been  hosted  by  Sri  Lanka  and  the  IAHR  Council  is  recognizing  
this  fact  by  holding  their  annual  meeting  at  this  time  to  enable  participation  
in  the  Congress  activities.    Please  use  this  as  an  opportunity  to  interact  with  
your   Council   members   &   share   your   ideas   for   new   initiatives   in   IAHR.   Sri  
Lanka   has   a   rich   tradition   in   hydraulic   engineering   dating   back   more   than  
2500   years   &   the   Congress   captures   this   history   as   well   as   the  
contemporary   research   &   applications   of   broad   range   of   IAHR   priorities.     The   Congress   explores  
social,   economic,   environmental   &   policy   impacts   of   our   activities.   This   broad   perspective  
highlights  the  role  of  the  hydro-­‐environment  engineer  to  the  future  well-­‐being  of  society.    
 
The  Congress  brings  together  experts  from  the  region  to  discuss  issues  of  importance  to  the  region  
and   the   conference   proceedings   will   also   contribute   to   the   global   knowledge   base   in   areas   that  
include  climate  change,  environmental  management,  &  emerging  technologies,  advances  in  hydro  
informatics   and   experimental   methods.   Congratulations   to   the   Organizing   Committee   for  
developing   an   exciting   and   innovative   program   and   for   your   warm   Sri   Lankan   hospitality.     I   wish  
you  all  a  highly  productive  Congress.  
 
Prof.  Peter  Goodwin,    
Chair  IAHR  
 
  
 
IAHR,   founded   in   1935,   is   an   expanding   worldwide   independent   member-­‐
based  network  of  over  4000  engineers  and  water  specialists  working  in  fields  
related   to   the   hydro-­‐environmental   sciences   and   their   practical   application.  
Our  members  share   cutting  edge  knowledge  and  best  practice  by  means  of  
regular   international   conferences,   through   our   peer-­‐reviewed   journals   and  
books,  and  through  working  groups  and  task  forces.    
 
Our   Young   Professional   Networks   also   help   to   break   local   and   national  
barriers!     Our   activities   are   managed   through   our   two   global   secretariat  
offices  hosted  in  Beijing,  China  by  IWHR,  and  in  Madrid,  Spain  by  the  Spain  Water  Partnership.  Our  
staff  based  in  our  two  offices  work  closely  with  our  volunteer  officers  through  an  elected  council,  
our   regional   division   committees   and   our   seventeen   technical   committees   to   facilitate   network  
though   out   the   world!   Our   Asia   Pacific   Division   is   supported   though   a   separate   office   also   in  
Beijing,  China.  Come  and  visit  us  at  the  IAHR  stand  in  the  Colombo  congress  or  by  visiting  us  at  our  
website  www.iahr.org  or  by  following  us  on  social  media!  
 
Dr  Christopher  George  
Executive  Director  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2:30 - 2:45 Vegetation Increasing In A River And Rainfall Variation Under Short-Term
Climate Change
Won Kim, Jong Pil Kim
2:45 - 3:00 Turbulent Flow Of A Channel Confluence With The Distorted Shear Layer
Saiyu Yuan, Hongwu Tang, Xuehan Qiu

Session Theme 2b Typhoons, Tsunamis, salinity intrusion Orchid

Room Name
Session. Chair: Prof Norio Tanaka and Dr. Daisuke Nohara
1:30 - 1:45 Simulation-Based Assessment Of Tsunami Evacuation Scheme In An Urbanized
Area At Southern Coast Of Japan
Tomoharu Hori, Yosuke Wada, Daisuke Nohara
1:45 - 2:00 Multiple Defense For Tsunami Inundation By Two Embankment System And
Prevention Of Oscilaltion By Trees On Embankment
Norio Tanaka, Yoshiya Igarashi
2:00 - 2:15 Salinity Transport Analysis During A Tsunami Attack To Determine
Recommended Shutdown Periods Of Water Intakes By Using A Hybrid 2Dh-3D
Model
Hiroshi Nagashima, Nozomu Yoneyama, William James Pringle
2:15 - 2:30 Comparison Of Residents' Earthquake And Tsunami Disaster Prevention
Awareness In Indonesia
Makoto Ikeda
2:30 - 2:45 Velocity Around A Cylinder Pile During Scouring Process Due To Tsunami
Kuswandi, Radianta Triatmadja, Istiarto

2:45 - 3:00 Scouring Around A Building Under Seawall Protection

Nurhasanah Any, Triatmadja Radianta, Hijah Siti Nurul
Session Theme 2c Water pollution and water quality VIP Lounge
Room Name
Session. Chair: Prof Il Won Seo and Prof Shinchiro Yano
1:30 - 1:45 2D Numerical Study Of Diatom Bloom Based On Water Temperature Effect On
Its Growth
Il Won Seo, Jun Song Kim
 VELOCITY AROUND A CYLINDER PILE DURING
SCOURING PROCESS DUE TO TSUNAMI
Kuswandi1, Radianta Triatmadja2 Istiarto3
1.
Ph.D Student Departmen of Civil and Enviromental Engineering Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Indonesia kuscoastal@yahoo.com
2, 3
Department of Civil and Enviromental Engineering Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.

Abstract

One of the reason that is relevant to the damage of buildings is tsunami scouring. In most cases, the
scour formation around the buildings is due to the increasing velocity near the bottom of the structure.
Tsunami may flow surrounding a building during run up and run down. This is different to that of
river flows where the water move in the downstream direction. The other different is that the tsunami
surge move significantly faster than that of river flow and hence creating a significant scour depth
within a much shorter time. The research was aimed to observe the characteristic of flow velocity
during tsunami run-up and run down as a prime variable affecting the scour depth surrounding a
cylinder pile. The observation was conducted using a numerical model namely DualSPHysics which
is an open source software. A dam break model was used to simulate tsunami surge in a numerical
flume of size 20.7 x 0.4 x 1 m. The water depth at the upstream part of the flume was 0.5 m whilst the
water depth in the downstream part of the flume that represents the coastal area was 0.2 m. The slope
of the sea bottom was 1:20. The two parts of the flume were separated by a quick opening gate. A
cylinder model sized 0.2 m was located 6 m downstream of the gate. The distance between the
simulated water particles was 4.5 mm and hence the total amount of the water particles used in the
simulation was 9 million. The result showed that during run-up, the flow in front of the building
slowed down but the flow on both sides of the building increased. The flow characteristic during run-
down was almost the same but of different direction and speed. Based on the characteristic of the flow
surrounding the cylinder pile, the scouring depth and pattern may be approximated

Key Words: run-down, tsunami, velocity, scour, DualSPHysics

1. INTRODUCTION
Propagation of tsunami run up on inland may bring about damage and destruction to structures ata
large scale. Triatmadja, (2000) mentioned that the level scale destruction caused by tsunami can be
measured by the value of destruction level. The structures damage are caused by hydrodynamic force,
impact forces by debris, fire, and scour that cause foundation failure (Yeh and Wenwen LI,2008).

Fig. 1. The abutment Lam Tengoh Aceh, instability caused scouring after Tsunami 2004
The scour and foundation failure on structures were massively found after Tsunami 2004 and Tsunami
Japan 2011. For examples: the instability of the abutment of Lam Tengoh bridge Banda Aceh
Indonesia due to tsunami 2004 and the scouring of Koizumi bridge pier during Tsunami japan 2011.
The scour around structures has proved to be one of the damaging causes to coastal structures that
may further create casualties. Many researches have dealt with the scouring process due to tsunami
and aimed at clarifying the phenomena to support a better design for tsunami mitigation.
2. LITERATURE RIVIEW
The process of local scour around cylinder due to tsunami is different than that on the river. Such
scouring is caused by run up and run down of the tsunami even in relatively short duration. Yeh &
Manson 2013 mentioned that the process of scouring caused by tsunami is shorter than the steady
flow in the river. It only takes approximately 10 minutes. KATO, et al., (2000) also mentioned that the
flow of tsunami is very different from the steady flow of the river so that the formation of scours
around the building is approximately 15 minutes.
When the flow passing through the structure, the main flow pattern changes around structure. The
flow pattern around structure may cause the change of the erodible sediment bed and establish local
scour around the structure. One of the parameters which influence the process and mechanism of local
scour is the characteristic of the flow around a structure which normally is a combination of vortex
systems. The vortex are horseshoe vortex, wake vortex system in the form of roller form vortex and
spiral roller form vortex. (Figure. 2)

Fig. 2. Vortex around a cylinder

Vortex system around a cylinder may consists of horseshoe-vortex, wake vortex and trailing vortex
and associated down flow in front of the cylinder are basic mechanism of local scour (Breusers et al,
1977). The separation flow is extremely strong in front of and slowly decreased behind the cylinder.
Wake vortex are created behind the cylinder which subsequently create larger flow Reynolds number
(Yulistiyanto, 2009).
The flow patterns around a cylinder due to tsunami are dominated by vortex system similar to those
due to steady flow. Although they are similar but their generations are different Tonkin et al (2003)
explained that the horseshoe vortex in steady flow is generated by the bottom layer whereas in
tsunami the horseshoe vortex is generated by the plunging breaker and the associated overturn just
before the cylinder. Tonkin et al also mentioned that flow bent around the cylinder and associated with
the velocity shear may create the large coherent vortex in which can cause scouring.
The physical model has been able to explain scouring process to some extent. However, detail of the
flow patterns are difficult to observe. The numerical simulation is a useful method to explain the flow
pattern nearby the cylinder pile during a tsunami attack although may have its own limitation.
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is a powerful numerical method that is capable to obtain
detail quantities such as pressures, velocities and free surface elevations during fluid-structure
interaction such as in tsunami attack. Monaghan (2005) developed SPH method based on integral
interpolant equation. In SPH, the fundamental principle is to approximate any function A(r’) by
   
A(r ) = ∫ A(r )W (r − r ' , h ) dr ' (1)
 
Where h is the smoothing kernel and W (r − r ' , h ) is the weighting function or kernel
DualSPHysics was developed from SPHysics an SPH method product. DualSPHysics utilized the new
technology of the Graphics Processing Unit (GPUs), so that the runtimes of simulation significantly
decreases. DualSPHysics require an NVidia CUDA-enabled GPU card installed on a personal
computer. More information about DualSPHysics is available at www.dual.sphysics.org.
3. EXPERIMENT AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION SETUP
The experiment was carried out in a flume of limited length to generate tsunami surge which run up
on land. The length and the width of the flume was 20.7 m and 1.43 m respectively Kuswandi et al,
2016 (Figure 3a). The slope of the sea bottom was 1:20. A concrete cylinder was installed 6 m from
the dam gate. The diameter of the cylinder was 0.2 m or b/B = 0.14. (b is the diameter of a cylinder
and B is width of the flume). The tsunami was represented by a dam break surge by controlling both
the upstream and downstream water depth. The velocity was measured using a deflection sensors that
were installed at certain position along the downstream. The water depth was measured using wave
height meter equipment. The water depth and the surge celerity were measured at the same time. The
depth and shape of the scour around the cylinder was recorded using a laser scanner by measuring the
elevation changes around the cylinder before and after each test. The measurement was conducted
every 1 cm in both X and Y axis at a vertical accuracy of 1 mm.
In the numerical simulation the initial distance between particles of fluids and boundaries was 4.5 mm
and hence the total amount of the water particles used in the simulation was 9 million. The output of
the simulation were velocity and water depth around cylinder during run up and rundown of the
tsunami. (Figure 3.b). The simulation required a significantly long time for personal computer and in
our case it was 4.5 days of computational time.

(Fig. 3a) (Fig. 3b)

Fig. 3. Physical model setup and measurement grids for velocity and water depth
measurement
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The numerical results of tsunami front propagation are shown in Figure 4. The surge started
plunging at t = 0.2 s and breaking at t = 0.4 s after the gate was opened. When compare with
Crespo (2008), the plunging and breaking phenomena seems to be slightly quicker. Such a
quicker initial breaking condition could have been caused by the sloping bottom in the
present experiment. At 0.5 seconds however, the plunging of the present surge diminished,
whilst there were seems to be more plunging waves in Crespo’s results after even 0.8 s.
 Fig. 4. Initial surge front to plunging breaker on shallow water
The result of the numerical simulation is also compared with the physical of simulation.
Figure 5 shows that the numerical velocity is smaller than the physical simulation which
could have been the effect of viscosity and bottom friction.

Fig. 5. The comparison of velocities between experiment and numerical simulations

After the impact with and through both sides of the cylinder, the main flow was changed and
scoured the surrounding area of the cylinder. The surge front was reflected and created up
flow and down flow in front the cylinder. Figure 6b indicates the reflecting flow that creates
up flow for d i /d o ≥ 0,2 and down flow for d i /d o ≤ 0,15 at t = 0,5 s after the impact. This
flow characters are different to that due to a steady flow where only down flow is created
(Figure 6a).
 (Fig. 6a) (Fig 6b)
Fig. 6. Distribution of (a) velocity of uniform flow Yulistiyanto (2009) and (b) tsunami
front surge during run up.
The flow pattern around a cylinder during run up is different to that during run down. As the
run up reached its maximum the water start to return off shore. The run up, run down and
transition flow were approximately 0.22 %, 0.75 % and 0.03% of the total duration. Figure
7(a-b) shows the distribution of longitudinal velocity (to the X direction) across vertical and
their respective water depths at the centerline section (cross section A-A of Figure 3b) and at
the side section of cylinder (cross section B-B of Figure 3b). The down flow and up flow
seem to be more dominant in front of the cylinder and at the center of the cylinder (cross
section A-A) as the water was reflected back off shore direction. Along the side of the
cylinder (cross section B-B), the down flow diminished. At three seconds after the impact the
up flow and down flow velocities around the cylinder are no longer visible. During the run
down phase the velocities at all cross sections are significantly slower than those during run
up but the down flow was still observable. However, the maximum run down velocity was
still higher than the critical velocity required for the initial motion of the bed material as
indicated by the sediment movement during run down.

(Fig. 7a)
 (Fig. 7b)
Fig.7. Longitudinal Velocity (X direction) distributions across vertical and water depths
(a) initial and end of run up at cross section A-A and at cross section B-B 2b of Fig 1b (b)
initial and end of run down at cross section A-A at cross section B-B of Fig. 2b

The separation flow was clearly occurred around the rear side of the cylinder during run up.
As can be seen in Figure 8, the separation flow was very strong at t = 0.5 s after wave impact
and was decreased gradually. The separation flow vanished after t= 2.0 s after wave impact.

Fig. 8. Comparison of flow separation between physical model results and numerical
model results.

Van Rijn (1984) mentioned that the bed load transport rate can be described sufficiently
accurately by a dimensionless particle parameter (D * ) and a dimensionless transport of stage
parameter (T * ). The transport of stage parameter equation can be written as equation 2.
 (u '* )2 − (u*,crit )2
T* = (2)
(u *,crit )
2

Where, u’ * is bed shear velocity, u *,crit is critical velocity of initial motion of the sediment. Based on
Equation 2, the sediment transport appeared to be more along the cylinder side rather than in
front and at the center of the cylinder (Figure 9). During run down, the sediment transport
around cylinder may partly filled the local scour previously created during the run up with
sediment.

(Fig 9a) (Fig 9b)

Fig. 9. Stage of sediment transport during run up and run down

The tsunami flow pattern affected the local scour pattern as indicated in Figure 10. As can be
seen in the figure that the maximum scour occurred along both sides of the cylinder. At the
front and the rear side of the cylinder, as the flow were significantly slower, not much
sediment was transported. The tsunami used in this experiment was relatively short and may
have not allowed for the full development of scour in front of and behind the cylinder. When
enough time was available such as those in significantly longer tsunami, the erosion in front
of and behind the cylinder could have been more developed due to the flow bent such as
those in rivers.

Fig. 10 Final contour showing local scour around cylinder

5. CONCLUSION

Three dimensional flow pattern of tsunami surge around cylinder pile has been simulated.
The time history of the detail flow pattern can be portrayed using DualSphysics software. The
agreement between the experiment and the numerical simulation during runup and run down
and the flow around the cylinder are encouraging. The numerical simulation can partly
explains the creation of local scour around a cylinder. Short duration of tsunami surge created
a local scour around cylinder with maximum scour occurred along both sides of the cylinder,
whilst the front and the rear scour were not fully developed.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude’s to the Ministry of Research and Higher
Education for providing PhD program scholarship for the first author and the Hydraulic and
Hydrology laboratory, Research Center for Engineering Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada,
Indonesia for supporting this research.

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