Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no.

bulge_gc_vr2 c
ESO 2019
April 25, 2019

Globular cluster candidates in the Galactic bulge:

Gaia and VVV view of the latest discoveries
F. Gran1,2 , M. Zoccali1,2 , R. Contreras Ramos1,2 , E. Valenti3,4 , A. Rojas-Arriagada1,2 ,
J. A. Carballo-Bello1 , J. Alonso-García6,2 , D. Minniti2,5,7 , M. Rejkuba3,8 , F. Surot1

1
Instituto de Astrofísica, Av. Vicuna Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
2
Instituto Milenio de Astrofísica, Santiago, Chile
3
European Southern Observatory, Karl Schwarzschild-Strabe 2, D-85748 Garching bei Munchen, Germany
4
Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, Boltzmann-Strasse 2, D-85748 Garching bei München, Germany
5
arXiv:1904.10872v1 [astro-ph.GA] 24 Apr 2019

Departamento de Ciencias Físicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. Fernández Concha 700, Las
Condes, Santiago, Chile
6
Centro de Astronomía (CITEVA), Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Angamos 601, Antofagasta, Chile
7
Vatican Observatory, V00120 Vatican City State, Italy
8
Excellence Cluster Universe, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany

Started Aug 2, 2018; Received Dec 27, 2018; Accepted: Apr 14, 2019

ABSTRACT

Context. Thanks to the recent wide-area photometric surveys, the number of star cluster candidates have risen exponentially in the last
few years. Most detections, however, are based only on the presence of an overdensity of stars in a given region, or an overdensity of
variable stars, regardless of their distance. As candidates, their detection has not been dynamically confirmed. Therefore, it is currently
unknown how many, and which ones, of the published candidates, are true clusters, and which ones are chance alignments.
Aims. We present a method to detect and confirm star clusters based on the spatial distribution, coherence in motion and appearance
on the color-magnitude diagram. We explain and apply it to one new star cluster, and several candidate star clusters published in the
literature.
Methods. The presented method is based on data from the Second Data Release of Gaia complemented with data from the VISTA
Variables in the Vía Láctea survey for the innermost bulge regions. It consists of a nearest neighbors algorithm applied simultaneously
over spatial coordinates, star color, and proper motions, in order to detect groups of stars that are close in the sky, move coherently
and define narrow sequences in the color-magnitude diagram, such as a young main sequence or a red giant branch.
Results. When tested in the bulge area (−10 < ` (deg) < +10; −10 < b (deg) < +10) the method successfully recovered several
known young and old star clusters. We report here the detection of one new, likely old star cluster, while deferring the others to a
forthcoming paper. Additionally, the code has been applied to the position of 93 candidate star clusters published in the literature. As
a result, only two of them are confirmed as coherently moving groups of stars at their nominal positions.
Key words. Surveys – Stars: kinematics and dynamics – Galaxy: bulge – globular clusters: general – Proper motions

1. Introduction search of groups (Koposov et al. 2007; Belokurov et al. 2010;

Star clusters are invaluable astrophysics tools for a number of
reasons. In addition to being a laboratory for stellar evolution, in-
cluding chemical evolution and self-enrichment, they are among
the few objects for which a rather precise age can be measured.
If young and massive, their mass function closely resembles the
initial mass function (Leigh et al. 2012; Webb & Leigh 2015).
For all the others, the radial variation of the present-day mass
function allows us to quantify the internal dynamical evolution,
while the global present-day mass function is related to the dy-
namical interaction of the cluster with its environment. Although
we do not know exactly how and where massive cluster form
(Forbes et al. 2018), we do know that stars do not form in isola-
tion. Most of them form in groups, if not in massive clusters, and
therefore the struggle to get a census of the cluster population of
a galaxy is motivated by their relevance for the building up of
the field star population (Kruijssen et al. 2018).
In the last decades, the number of candidate star clusters re-
ported in the literature has increased significantly, thanks to wide
area photometric surveys that allowed to literally scan the sky in
Muñoz et al. 2012; Ortolani et al. 2012; Belokurov et al. 2014;
Laevens et al. 2014; Bechtol et al. 2015; Kim & Jerjen 2015;
Laevens et al. 2015b,a; Koposov et al. 2017; Luque et al. 2017;
Ryu & Lee 2018, and references therein). Only in the direction
of the Galactic bulge, from VISTA Variables in the Vía Láctea
(VVV, Minniti et al. 2010) survey images, Minniti et al. (2011)
reported the discovery of the candidate globular cluster (GC)
VVV-CL001, Moni Bidin et al. (2011) identified two more can-
didate clusters CL002 and CL003, Borissova et al. (2014) lists
58 new infrared star cluster candidates, and another one, already
catalogued as cluster candidate, was further analysed in search
for variables by Minniti et al. (2017d). Another 84 old cluster
candidates were reported by Minniti et al. (2017c), Minniti et al.
(2017a) and Minniti et al. (2017b) based on detection of spatial
overdensities, projected overdensities of RR Lyrae variables and
projected overdensities of RR Lyrae and type II Cepheids, re-
spectively. Finally, another five globular cluster candidates were
identified by Camargo (2018) by visual inspection Wide-field
Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) images.
Article number, page 1 of 39
 A&A proofs: manuscript no. bulge_gc_vr2
Although new star clusters can be initially identified as over-
densities, the only way to confirm their cluster nature is to verify
that their stars move coherently in space, i.e., they are gravita-
tionally bound. This can be done by measuring either radial ve-
locities or proper motions (PMs) of stars in a region centered
at the center of the spatial overdensity. In the present paper, we
describe a method to identify unusual concentrations of stars si-
multaneously in the plane of the sky, in the vector point diagram
(VPD) and in the color-magnitude diagram (CMD).
The data used here come mostly from the second data re-
lease (DR2) of the Gaia mission (Gaia Collaboration et al. 2016;
Brown et al. 2018), including positions, PMs (Lindegren et al.
2018) and magnitudes in three photometric bands for all of the
stars (Riello et al. 2018; Evans et al. 2018). The work of Pan-
cino et al. (2017), Gaia Collaboration et al. (2018), and Vasiliev
(2019) illustrates the potential of Gaia to characterize the glob-
ular cluster known up to date. In the region close to the Galac-
tic plane, at latitudes |b| < 3◦ the Gaia catalogue is highly in-
complete due to the large interstellar extinction affecting optical
fluxes, and, to a minor extent, to the higher stellar surface density
coupled with the limited transmission bandpass of the satellite.
In this region, Gaia detects almost exclusively the brightest blue
disk stars, while it is virtually blind to the bulge red giants. On
the contrary, the near-infrared (near-IR) VVV observations are
optimized for the reddest bulge giants, and the PM catalogues
obtained with the method described in Contreras Ramos et al.
(2017) are both deeper and more precise than the Gaia ones. We
use the VVV PMs, in addition to Gaia to analyze candidate clus-
ters at latitudes |b| < 3◦ .
The paper is organized as follows: Sec. 2 describes the auto-
mated method to detect –and simultaneously confirm– new star
clusters, including the detection of a new old star cluster labelled
Gran 1. Sec 3 presents an analysis of the PM of stars within
1 arcmin from the nominal position of a sample of 93 old cluster
candidates reported by Minniti et al. (2011); Moni Bidin et al.
(2011); Minniti et al. (2017c,a,b); Camargo (2018); Bica et al.
(2018). The present clustering method was then applied, with
relaxed parameters, within a region of 2 arcmins across the cen-
ter of each cluster candidate, in order to double check against
possible errors in the candidate estimated centers. Finally, Sec. 4
summarizes our results. The VPDs and CMDs of all the uncon-
firmed candidate clusters are included in the Appendix A.
2. A method to detect coherent groups
The region selected to search for star clusters was the whole
bulge area within −10◦ ≤ (`, b) ≤ 10◦ . This region was di-
vided in small circles of 0.8◦ radius, centered on every inte-
ger degree in Galactic latitude and longitude. An algorithm was
developed in order to search for stars that have an unusually
large number of neighbors in a 5 dimension phase-space in-
cluding coordinates, color, and PMs. For each star with com-
plete information, the algorithm counts the number of neigh-
bors within 1 arcmin in space, one mas/yr in PM and 1 mag in
color using the K-Dimensional Tree (KDTree) implementation
on scikit-learn (Pedregosa et al. 2011). For each given field,
a minimum threshold of 10 neighbors per star was imposed, in
order to ensure statistical significance of the results. Stars with
more than 10 neighbors within the complete magnitude range
were then searched for groups, in the phase-space mentioned
above, with the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applica-
tions with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm (Ester et al. 1996) also
implemented in the scikit-learn package. Groups were kept as
candidate clusters, and then visually inspected, only if they con-
Article number, page 2 of 39
tained at least 20 members. Note that a group of neighbor stars
define “a neighborhood” that may end up being significantly
larger than the phase-space radius (1 arcmin, 1 mas yr−1 , 1 mag)
used for the initial search around each star.
It should be noted that several false positives are detected
by the algorithm, close to the mean PM of bulge (−6, −0.2) and
disk (−2, −0.5) field stars, in the VPD. After visual inspection,
however, we keep only clusters that define narrow sequences in
the CMD, significantly different -by shape and/or tightness- from
the main branches of the bulge+disk CMD.
A very first step for the validation of the algorithm described
above is that it must be able to rediscover all the clusters known
to exist in the area explored. In order to verify this, the cat-
alog of overdensities was cross-matched with the latest ver-
sion of the Global survey of Milky Way star clusters
(MWSC, Kharchenko et al. 2016) catalog in order to identify all
the clusters that were previously known. Indeed, we detect all
the 45 known bulge globular clusters in this region and ∼ 17%
(22/129) of the open clusters up to 5 arcmins from their nom-
inal center. Five known GCs located in the region |b| < 2.5◦
(Terzan 4, Terzan 6, Terzan 10, 2MASS-GC002 and Djorg 2)
were not detected in Gaia, but they were detected in VVV. An-
other 4 that are listed in the MWSC catalogue as candidate GCs,
namely ESO 456-09, ESO 373-12, FSR 0019, and FSR 0025,
were not detected in any of the two surveys. Based on our data,
we do not find any evidence allowing us to confirm their cluster
nature.
Figure 1 shows the detection of Terzan 1 (` = −2.44◦ , b =
0.99◦ , Ortolani et al. 1999). The mean PM of this cluster is
very similar to the mean PM of bulge stars (lower left panel).
Nonetheless, the algorithm detects a higher concentration of
stars, in the VPD, with respect to a smoother background.
Of course, the detection is also triggered by the clustering of
Terzan 1 stars both in the plane of the sky (upper left) and in
the CMD (right). Note that, as explained above, the algorithm
can detect compact sequences of stars, in addition to roundish
groups. We overplot here a PGPUC isochrone Valcarce et al.
(2013) for a [Fe/H] = −1 dex, 12 Gyr simple stellar popula-
tion, at the cluster distance quoted in Kharchenko et al. (2016),
in order to confirm that the overdensity is indeed Terzan 1.
The algorithm is also able to detect open star clusters.
As an example, Fig. 2 shows the recovery of ESO-589-26, a
young star cluster reported at RA=18:02:14 DEC=−21:54:54
(l, b)=(7.9517◦ , 0.3279◦ ) that our code independently detected
7 arcsec away from its nominal position. A total of 62 cluster
members were identified with our method, defining a narrow
main sequence in the CMD and a very coherent group in the
VPD. A 3 Myr PARSEC (Marigo et al. 2017) isochrone of solar
metallicity is included in the CMD in order to guide the eye. The
isochrone was shifted to a distance of ∼ 2.4 kpc, as reported in
Kharchenko et al. (2016).
Application of this neighbor algorithm to the selected bulge
area yielded several cluster candidates not listed in the MWSC
catalog. We visually inspected the region within a radius of 5 ar-
cmins from the center of each of them, and end up with at least
7 new globular clusters. The new clusters will be published in
dedicated forthcoming papers once they have been spectroscop-
ically confirmed. We show here only one of the new globular
clusters, that we name Gran 1, as an example of the ability of
the algorithm to find new clusters. Further, we examine the can-
didate cluster VVV-CL001 (Minniti et al. 2011), VVV-CL002,
VVV-CL003 and VVV-CL004 discussed in Moni Bidin et al.
(2011), the 84 candidate clusters published in the series of pa-
pers by Minniti et al. (2017c), Minniti et al. (2017a) and Minniti
 Gran et al.: Gaia and VVV view of the last bulge Globular clusters candidates

Fig. 1. The globular cluster Terzan 1 as detected by our algorithm. Fig. 2. The open cluster ESO 589-26 as detected by our algorithm. The
Marked (orange) points represent the detected overdensity along with background sequences are the same as in Fig. 1, although the bulge red
background stars (gray points) within 15 arcmins from the detected giant branch is highly incomplete because this cluster is located very
cluster centroid. Gray stars define three populated sequences, from left close to the Galactic plane (b = 0.33◦ ), in a region of the sky with large
to right: the disk MS, the disk red clump [both spread along the line of interstellar extinction.
sight] and the bulge upper red giant branch, with a PGPUC isochrone
overplotted.
Table 1. Basic parameters for the newly discovered GC Gran 1, derived
from the present analysis. We emphasize that the metallicity, age and
distance for the cluster are very uncertain, as they were derived using
et al. (2017b), plus another 5 candidates presented in Camargo 76 stars by comparing the observed CMD with a PGPUC isochrone.
(2018), one of which is further analysed by Bica et al. (2018).
Parameter Value Unit
2.1. The new globular cluster Gran 1 ` −1.2320 deg
b −3.9776 deg
A new cluster, not present in the MWSC catalog, was initially RA (J2015.5) 17:58:36.61 hh:mm:ss
detected as a group of 24 stars within 0.731 arcmins from (`, b) Dec (J2015.5) −32:01:10.72 dd:mm:ss
=(−1.22◦ , −3.98◦ ) (RA=17:58:36.61 DEC=−32:01:10.72). As E(J − Ks ) ∼ 0.45 mag
we believe that this is the first detection of a cluster in this po- AKs ∼ 0.24 mag
sition, we name it Gran 1. The plots that triggered its discovery d ∼ 8.8 kpc
are shown in Fig. 3. The 24 clustered stars initially found by the µ` cos b −10.9426 mas yr−1
code were used to define a cluster center, both in the plane of the µb 3.0252 mas yr−1
sky and in the VPD. These positions were used to select all the
µα cos δ −8.0583 mas yr−1
stars included both within 2 arcmin in the sky and within 2 mas
yr−1 in the VPD, which yielded 95 stars, shown as filled orange µδ −8.0833 mas yr−1
circles in Fig. 3. The CMD in the right panel demonstrates that Age ∼ 8 − 12 Gyr
they are compatible with the RGB and horizontal branch (HB) [Fe/H] ∼ −1 dex
of a cluster with [Fe/H]=−1 dex, located at a distance of ≈ 8.8
kpc, or m−M+AKs = 15 mag, i.e., within the Galactic bulge. We
emphasize that the cluster metal content, distance, and age, can- It should be noted that this cluster would not have been dis-
not be constrained by the present data, as the turnoff cannot be covered as a high spatial concentration only, as it is an over-
identified in the CMD, future spectroscopic follow-up will de- density of only 3.4 sigma above the mean stellar density of the
rive more precise parameters of this cluster. As a reference, we field in this region. It is detected here because the selected clus-
show a 12 Gyr PGPUC isochrone overplotted to the data, us- ter member stars are, simultaneously, clustered in the plane of
ing the putative red clump and HB stars (J-Ks ∼ 0.25 mag, and the sky and they share a coherent motion with a median value
Ks ∼ 15 mag.) as an anchor to estimate a reddening of E(J−Ks ) of (µ` cos b, µb ) = (−11,+3) mas yr−1 , which is off-centered with
and, adopting the extinction law by Nishiyama et al. (2009), a respect to the mean proper motion of field stars. The integrated
total extinction of AKs . The age was assumed to be larger than magnitude of Gran 1, down to the limit magnitude of the VVV
10 Gyr, due to the presence of the two blue HB stars, whose na- catalogue, is Ks = 8.07, while that of Terzan 1, in the same
ture would need confirmation. If this two stars are proved to be range, is Ks = 5.24. Gran 1 is similar in luminosity to Whit-
field stars, the age of the candidate cluster could be lower than ing 1, AM 4 or Koposov 1 (Harris 2010). A JYZ color image of
the estimate we give in Table 1. the newly discovered cluster is shown in Fig. 4.
Article number, page 3 of 39

4
2
b arcmin
0 12
2
4
4 2 0 2 4 14
arcmin Ks, 0
10.0
7.5
5.0
1
2.5
mas yr
0.0
2.5
b
5.0
7.5
10.0
10 5 0 5 10
cosb mas yr 1 (J Ks)0
Fig. 3. The new GC Gran 1 as detected in the plane of the sky (up-
per left), in the VPD (lower left) and in the dereddened CMD (right).
All data are from VVV, using the dereddened PSF photometry by Surot
et al. (2019) and the PMs from Contreras Ramos et al. (2017). Small,
light grey dots are field stars within 5 arcmin from the cluster center
given in Table 1, while large orange dots are bona fide cluster mem-
bers. Blank stripes in the upper left panel denote the chip separations
where stars were rejected because the proper motion values were not
well constrained (Contreras Ramos et al. 2017).
3. Application to candidate globular clusters in the
literature
Hereafter we examine different sets of candidate clusters re-
cently published in the literature. Specifically, Minniti et al.
(2011) reported on the discovery of a low mass globular clus-
ter, named VVV GC001, at coordinates (l, b)=(5.25◦ , 0.78◦ ),
(RA=17:54:42.5, DEC=−24:00:53), that is, approximately 10
arcmins away from the known GC UKS 1. On the same year,
Moni Bidin et al. (2011) detected three new candidate clus-
ters tentatively named VVV GC002, GC003, and GC004. Upon
analysis of their CMD, the same authors concluded that they
were most likely a globular cluster, a stellar association, and an
overdensity whose nature could not be established, respectively.
In 2017, Minniti et al. compiled a catalog containing 84 GC
candidates based on overdensities of stars in the plane of the
sky (Minni 1 to Minni 21; Minniti et al. 2017c) and on the co-
incidence, in the plane of the sky, of a couple or more RRL
(Minni 22 to Minni 60; Minniti et al. 2017a) and/or Type II
Cepheids (Minni 61 to Minni 84; Minniti et al. 2017b) within
2 arcmins. In the latter two papers, they checked that at least two
of the variables within each group had magnitude consistent with
similar distances.
Finally, Camargo (2018) published a list of 5 clusters visu-
ally selected in multicolor images from the WISE satellite, and
then analysed using 2MASS photometry and Gaia DR2 PMs.
The algorithm developed here, applied to the Gaia PM cata-
log did not blindly detect any of the 93 cluster candidates men-
tioned above (4 VVV GCs, 84 Minnis, plus 5 Camargos) in the
Gaia DR2 catalogue. Because of the much higher stellar density
Article number, page 4 of 39
A&A proofs: manuscript no. bulge_gc_vr2
10
[Fe/H] = 1 dex
11
13
15
16
17
18
0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Fig. 4. JYZ Color image of the new GC Gran 1 from the VVV Data
Release 4.
close to the plane, a blind search across the VVV area within
|b| . 3◦ yielded a large number of overdensities, that will be
examined and validated in a forthcoming paper. For the present
purpose, in order to validate previously published candidate clus-
ters we only need to search in a very restricted area around their
nominal centers. Therefore, we have run the original code, this
time allowing for a lower minimum number of member stars (15
instead of 20) only in a region of 2 arcmins radius around the
candidate centers for stars brighter than G = 19 mag. This re-
stricted search was run for all the 93 clusters, on the Gaia cat-
alog, and for the 54 candidates (4 VVV GC, 46 Minnis, and 4
Camargos) within |b| . 3◦ on the VVV PM catalog.
As a result, only the candidate VVV GC001 and GC002
seem to be real clusters. Both of them lie relatively close to the
plane, and nothing is detected in the Gaia catalog. In VVV data,
however, the algorithm picks up an overdensity of stars whose
mean PM is offset with respect to the mean PM of field stars, and
who define a rather narrower RGB sequence, compared with that
of field stars within the same spatial region. This is illustrated in
Fig. 5 and Fig. 6.
For all the others, the algorithm either did not detect any
overdensity, or it did detect a broad peak, but it was centered,
in the VPD, at the same position of the median PM of field stars
and the CMD did not show anything different from the CMD of
field stars. The Appendix A shows the spatial selection of stars
within 1 arcmin from the candidate center, together with their
position in the VPD, compared to that of field stars within 10 ar-
cmins of the published center, and the CMD of both. For each
cluster, we show these diagrams from Gaia data on the left and,
if available, from VVV data on the right. We also include the two
confirmed candidates VVV GC001 and VVV GC002 in order to
demonstrate that we would have been able to confirm them even
without using the clustering algorithm. In fact, by selecting stars
within 1 arcmin from their center, in VVV data, the field contam-
ination is larger but a group of stars with mean PM offset from
that of field stars is visible in both of them. The offset is smaller
 Gran et al.: Gaia and VVV view of the last bulge Globular clusters candidates

for GC001, where the CMD is better defined, and it is larger in

GC002 where the CMD alone would be more ambiguous. On the
contrary, by means of these plots, we reject all the clusters were 4 11
nor the VPD nor the CMD allow seeing anything clearly differ- 2
ent from the dominant field population. With this argument, we
concluded that, by means of the present data, we cannot confirm 0

b
the cluster nature of any of the other 91 candidates. 12
A few considerations are in order. First, it is expected that, 2
by pure Poisson statistics applied to the VPD, one would ex- 4
pect larger fluctuations where the density of stars is higher. That
4 2 0 2 4 13
is, at the peak PM of field stars. In other words, we do expect

Ks
a large number of false positives whose mean PMs is identical
15
to that of the dominant population of field stars, either bulge or VVV GC 001 VVV
disk. Second, we used the catalogue of 150 GC PMs provided 10 Group 2
14
by Vasiliev (2019), together with the mean bulge PM from Reid 5
& Brunthaler (2004)1 to estimate what fraction of known clus-
0

b
ters are expected to have a mean PM centered at the mean value
for bulge stars. The result is that only 7 clusters have mean PM 5 15
within 1 mas yr−1 from the mean bulge PM. Of those, only 3 are
10
located within the area explored here, where there are in total 49
clusters. In other words, only 7% of the clusters located in the 15
10 5 0 5 10 1.0 1.5 2.0
bulge are expected to have the same mean PM as bulge stars. cosb J Ks
If the candidate clusters were massive enough, we would de-
tect them even if their PM would be identical to the peak of bulge Fig. 5. Diagnostic plots for the globular cluster GC001. Stars within
stars, as we do for Terzan 1. Therefore, we can safely exclude 2 arcmins from the nominal cluster center were used to perform the
that any of the 91 candidates that we do not confirm here is as clustering algorithm. The spatial distribution of stars (Group 2 defined
massive as Terzan 1. In order for them to be real, they must have by the code) that comprise the GC are showed in orange points (upper
a very low mass, and/or low central concentration and their PM left), plotted the VPD (bottom left) and in the CMD. Note that the dis-
must be identical to that of bulge stars. This is expected to be tribution of cluster stars is shifted with respect to the contours of the
true for at most 6 of them. total distribution of stars in the VPD.

4. Summary 11.0
4
We present a clustering algorithm that looks for overdensities
simultaneously in a five dimension space including the two co- 2 11.5
ordinates in the sky, the corresponding stellar PMs in each co- 0
b

ordinate, and one color. The algorithm was independently ap- 12.0
plied to the Gaia DR2 catalog of a region of the sky within 2
−10◦ ≤ (`, b) ≤ 10◦ , and to a VVV catalog including PSF pho-
4 12.5
tometry and PMs for stars within |b| < 3◦ , where Gaia is highly
incomplete, for bulge stars, due to large interstellar extinction. 4 2 0 2 4
13.0
Ks

With the adopted parameters, discussed in Sec. 2 the algo-

rithm is able to recover all the clusters known to be present in 15
VVV GC 002 VVV
this area, and to find several new young and old star clusters. We 10 Group 5 13.5
presented here the detection of one old cluster named Gran 1,
and deferred the discussion of the other new clusters to forth- 5
14.0
coming, dedicated paper. 0
b

The PMs of Gaia and VVV were then used to con- 5 14.5
firm/dismiss the cluster nature of 93 cluster candidates recently
presented in the literature. Based on the requirement that the pu- 10
tative cluster members must move coherently, we could confirm 15.0
15
2 of them (VVV GC001 and GC002) and discarded another 91. 10 5 0 5 10 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
The present result emphasizes that statistical fluctuations of
cosb J Ks
the projected stellar density, in the plane of the sky, or chance
alignment of a few variable stars can be relatively frequent, in Fig. 6. Same as Fig. 5 for the globular cluster VVV GC002.
a huge survey as Gaia and VVV. They can be easily mistaken
for a star cluster, because: i) the stellar population of the Galac-
makes its RGB only slightly wider than that of a globular cluster;
tic bulge has a (relatively low) spread in metallicity and age that
and ii) when selecting stars in a small region of the sky, that is
1
The authors quote (µ` cos b,µb )=(−6.379, −0.202) mas yr−1 as the within a few arcmins from a spatial overdensity peak, the CMD
absolute PM of Sagittarius A, which must coincide with the mean ab- sequences appear always narrower than those of a wider region,
solute PM of bulge stars. Converted to equatorial coordinates, it gives because they are affected by a lower differential extinction. For
(µα cos δ,µδ )=(−3.15, −5.55) mas yr−1 , that we subtract from the values this reason, the list of candidate new star clusters published in
in Table B1 from Vasiliev (2019). the last few years has increased enormously. Only stellar mo-
Article number, page 5 of 39
 A&A proofs: manuscript no. bulge_gc_vr2

tions, however, can confirm the real cluster nature of a detected
overdensity and they have proven to dismiss the large majority of
candidates. Given the present availability of Gaia PMs across al-
most the whole sky, claimed detection of new candidate clusters
should always be supported by the kinematics analysis, proving
that the cluster member stars move coherently in space.
By means of the present data, we cannot exclude that a few
of the candidates are extremely low mass clusters that happen to
have zero PM with respect to bulge stars, are located at a distance
very close to 8 kpc and present relatively broad CMD sequences,
possibly due to differential extinction. We can only state that,
because of these characteristics, they would be invisible to both
Gaia and VVV. It is important to keep this in mind, however,
when deciding whether to allocate telescope time to followup
studies of such candidates.
Acknowledgements. This work is part of the Ph.D. thesis of F.G., funded by grant
CONICYT-PCHA Doctorado Nacional 2017-21171485. F.G. also acknowledge
CONICYT-Pasantía Doctoral en el Extranjero 2019-75190166 and ESO SSDF
19/20 (ST) GAR funding. We acknowledge support from the Ministry for the
Economy, Development, and Tourism’s Programa Iniciativa Científica Milenio
through grant IC120009, awarded to Millenium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS),
the BASAL CATA Center for Astrophysics and Associated Technologies through
grant AFB-170002, and from FONDECYT Regular 1150345. JAC-B acknowl-
edges financial support to CAS-CONICYT 17003.
Based on observations taken within the ESO VISTA Public Survey VVV, Pro-
gram ID 179.B-2002. This work has made use of data from the European Space
Agency (ESA) mission Gaia (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), pro-
cessed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https:
//www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the
DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions
participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement.
This research made use of: TOPCAT (Taylor 2005), GitHub, IPython (Pérez &
Granger 2007), numpy (van der Walt & Varoquaux 2011), matplotlib (Hunter
2007), Astropy, a community-developed core Python package for Astronomy
(Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013), scikit-leran Pedregosa et al. (2011), galpy:
A Python Library for Galactic Dynamics Bovy (2015), and "Aladin sky atlas"
developed at CDS, Strasbourg Observatory, France (Bonnarel et al. 2000; Boch
& Fernique 2014). This research has made use of NASA’s Astrophysics Data
System.
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Article number, page 6 of 39

 Gran et al.: Gaia and VVV view of the last bulge Globular clusters candidates

Appendix A: Appendix
Diagnostic plots of the candidate globular clusters found in Gaia
(left side) and VVV (right side). Each panel contains the sky
position (upper left), VPD (lower left) and CMD (right) for the
inner 1 arcmin (highlighted in orange) and the field stars within
10 arcmins from the nominal cluster center up to G = 19 mag.
All the 93 candidate clusters but one (Minni 02) were located
in the Gaia DR2 catalog and 53 in our VVV catalog. We recall
that PMs are available from VVV only within latitudes |b| < 3◦ ,
plus a few fields where they were calculated specifically for other
projects.

Article number, page 7 of 39

 A&A proofs: manuscript no. bulge_gc_vr2

16.0 11
4 4

2 2
16.5
0 0
b

b
12

2 2
17.0
4 4
13
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4
17.5

Ks
G
10.0 15
7.5
VVV GC 001 Gaia VVV GC 001 VVV
10 14
5.0 18.0
2.5 5
0.0 0
b

b
2.5 18.5
5 15
5.0
7.5 10
10.0 19.0 15
5 0 5 10 15 2 3 4 5 10 5 0 5 10 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 4 11.0
15.0
2 2 11.5
15.5
0 0
b

12.0
2 16.0 2
12.5
4 4
16.5
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4
13.0
Ks
G

17.0
10.0 15
7.5
VVV GC 002 Gaia VVV GC 002 VVV 13.5
17.5 10
5.0
2.5 5 14.0
18.0
0.0 0
b

2.5 14.5
18.5 5
5.0
7.5 10 15.0
10.0 19.0 15
5 0 5 10 15 2 3 4 5 10 5 0 5 10 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 4
14 11
2 2

0 0
b

15 12
2 2

4 4
4 2 0 2 4 16 4 2 0 2 4
13
Ks
G

10.0 15
7.5
VVV GC 003 Gaia VVV GC 003 VVV
17 10
5.0
2.5 5 14
0.0 0
b

18
2.5 5
5.0
7.5 10 15
10.0 19 15
5 0 5 10 15 1 2 3 4 5 10 5 0 5 10 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

Article number, page 8 of 39

 Gran et al.: Gaia and VVV view of the last bulge Globular clusters candidates

4 4
14
2 2

0 0 12
b

b
15
2 2

4 4
16 13
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4

Ks
G
10.0 15
7.5
VVV GC 004 Gaia VVV GC 004 VVV
17 10
5.0 14
2.5 5
0.0 0
b

b
18
2.5 5
5.0 15
7.5 10
10.0 19 15
5 0 5 10 15 2 3 4 5 10 5 0 5 10 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 4
14
12
2 2

0 0
b

15
2 2 13

4 4
16
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4
14
Ks
G

15 10.0
Minni 01 Gaia 17 7.5
Minni 01 VVV
10
5.0 15
5 2.5
0 0.0
b

18
5 2.5
5.0 16
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.4 0.6 0.8
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

2 12

0
b

2 13
4
4 2 0 2 4
14
Ks

10.0
7.5
Minni 02 VVV
5.0
15
2.5
0.0
b

2.5
5.0 16
7.5
10.0
15 10 5 0 5 10 0.4 0.6 0.8
cosb J Ks

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 A&A proofs: manuscript no. bulge_gc_vr2

4
14
2

0
b

15
2

4
4 2 0 2 4 16
G
15
Minni 03 Gaia
10 17
5
0
b

18
5
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
cosb BP RP

4 13

2
14
0
b

2
15
4
4 2 0 2 4
16
G

15
Minni 04 Gaia
10
17
5
0
b

18
5
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5
cosb BP RP

4 10

0
b

12
2

4
4 2 0 2 4 14
G

15
Minni 05 Gaia
10
16
5
0
b

5
18
10
15
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4
cosb BP RP

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 Gran et al.: Gaia and VVV view of the last bulge Globular clusters candidates

4
13
2

0
b

14
2

4 15
4 2 0 2 4
G
15 16
Minni 06 Gaia
10
5 17

0
b

5 18

10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4
cosb BP RP

4
13
2

0
b

14

2
15
4
4 2 0 2 4
G

16
15
Minni 07 Gaia
10
17
5
0
b

18
5
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3
cosb BP RP

12
4

2
13
0
b

2 14

4
15
4 2 0 2 4
G

15 16
Minni 08 Gaia
10
5 17
0
b

5 18

10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 0 1 2 3
cosb BP RP

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 A&A proofs: manuscript no. bulge_gc_vr2

4 14

0
b

15
2

4
16
4 2 0 2 4
G
15
Minni 09 Gaia 17
10
5
0
b

18
5
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
cosb BP RP

2 16.0

0
b

16.5
2

4 17.0
4 2 0 2 4
G

15 17.5
Minni 10 Gaia
10
5 18.0

0
b

18.5
5
10
19.0
15
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
cosb BP RP

2
15
0
b

4 16

4 2 0 2 4
G

15
Minni 11 Gaia 17
10
5
0 18
b

5
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4
cosb BP RP

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4 4
11.5
2 2
15
0 0 12.0
b

b
2 2 12.5
16
4 4
13.0
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4

Ks
G
15 10.0 13.5
17
Minni 12 Gaia 7.5
Minni 12 VVV
10
5.0 14.0
5 2.5
0 18 0.0 14.5
b

b
5 2.5
5.0 15.0
10 7.5
15 19 10.0 15.5
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

11
4 4
15
2 2

0 0 12
b

2 16 2

4 4
13
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4

Ks
G

15 17 10.0
Minni 13 Gaia 7.5
Minni 13 VVV
10 14
5.0
5 2.5
0 18 0.0
b

5 2.5 15
5.0
10 7.5
19
15 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5 6 15 10 5 0 5 10 1.0 1.5
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 16.0 4

2 2 12
0 16.5 0
b

2 2
17.0 13
4 4
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4
Ks
G

17.5
15 10.0
Minni 14 Gaia 7.5
Minni 14 VVV 14
10
5.0
5 18.0
2.5
0 0.0
b

15
5 18.5 2.5
5.0
10 7.5
15 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 1 2 3 4
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

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 A&A proofs: manuscript no. bulge_gc_vr2

4 14 4
11.5
2 2
12.0
0 0
b

b
15
2 2 12.5

4 4
16 13.0
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4

Ks
G
15 10.0 13.5
Minni 15 Gaia 17 7.5
Minni 15 VVV
10
5.0 14.0
5 2.5
0 0.0 14.5
b

b
18
5 2.5
5.0 15.0
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 15 10 5 0 5 10 1.0 1.5 2.0
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 4
15.5 11.5
2 2

0 16.0 0 12.0
b

2 2 12.5
16.5
4 4
13.0
4 2 0 2 4 17.0 4 2 0 2 4

Ks
G

15 10.0 13.5
Minni 16 Gaia 17.5 7.5
Minni 16 VVV
10
5.0 14.0
5 2.5
18.0
0 0.0 14.5
b

5 18.5 2.5
5.0 15.0
10 7.5
19.0 15.5
15 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 1.0 1.5 2.0
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 13
2

0 14
b

2
15
4
4 2 0 2 4
G

16
15
Minni 17 Gaia
10
17
5
0
b

18
5
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3
cosb BP RP

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4 15.5

2
16.0
0
b

2 16.5

4
17.0
4 2 0 2 4
G
15 17.5
Minni 18 Gaia
10
5 18.0
0
b

5 18.5

10
19.0
15
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5
cosb BP RP

14
4 4

2 2

0 15 0 12
b

2 2

4 16 4
13
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4

Ks
G

15 10.0
Minni 19 Gaia 17
7.5
Minni 19 VVV
10 14
5.0
5 2.5
0 18 0.0
b

5 2.5
15
5.0
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 4 11
14
2 2

0 0
b

15 12
2 2

4 4
16 13
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4
Ks
G

15 10.0
Minni 20 Gaia 7.5
Minni 20 VVV
10 17 14
5.0
5 2.5
0 0.0
b

18
2.5 15
5
5.0
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

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4 14
2

0
b

15
2

4
16
4 2 0 2 4
G
15
Minni 21 Gaia 17
10
5
0
b

18
5
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5
cosb BP RP

4 13
2

0 14
b

2
15
4
4 2 0 2 4
G

16
15
Minni 22 Gaia
10
17
5
0
b

18
5
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5
cosb BP RP

4 13

2
14
0
b

2
15
4
4 2 0 2 4
16
G

15
Minni 23 Gaia
10
17
5
0
b

18
5
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3
cosb BP RP

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13
4

2
14
0
b

2
15
4
4 2 0 2 4
G 16
15
Minni 24 Gaia
10
17
5
0
b

18
5
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4
cosb BP RP

4 4 11

2 13 2

0 0
b

14 12
2 2

4 15 4
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4 13

Ks
G

15 16 10.0
Minni 25 Gaia 7.5
Minni 25 VVV
10
5.0 14
5 17
2.5
0 0.0
b

5 18 2.5
15
5.0
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4
15
2

0
b

2 16

4
4 2 0 2 4
G

17
15
Minni 26 Gaia
10
5
18
0
b

5
10
19
15
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4
cosb BP RP

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4
11
2

0 12
b

2 13

4
14
4 2 0 2 4
G
15 15
Minni 27 Gaia
10
16
5
0 17
b

5
18
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4
cosb BP RP

4 12

2
13
0
b

2 14

4
15
4 2 0 2 4
G

15 16
Minni 28 Gaia
10
5 17
0
b

5 18
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
cosb BP RP

12
4

2 13
0
b

14
2

4
15
4 2 0 2 4
G

15 16
Minni 29 Gaia
10
5 17
0
b

5 18

10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5
cosb BP RP

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 Gran et al.: Gaia and VVV view of the last bulge Globular clusters candidates

2 14
0
b

2 15

4
4 2 0 2 4 16
G
15
Minni 30 Gaia
10 17
5
0
b

18
5
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5
cosb BP RP

11
4 4
12
2 2
12
0 13 0
b

2 2
14
13
4 4
4 2 0 2 4 15 4 2 0 2 4

Ks
G

14
15 10.0
Minni 31 Gaia 16
7.5
Minni 31 VVV
10
5.0
5 2.5 15
17
0 0.0
b

5 2.5
18
5.0 16
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 13

2
14
0
b

2
15
4
4 2 0 2 4
16
G

15
Minni 32 Gaia
10
17
5
0
b

18
5
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4
cosb BP RP

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 A&A proofs: manuscript no. bulge_gc_vr2

4 4
11
13
2 2

0 0
b

b
14
12
2 2

4 15 4
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4
13

Ks
G
15 16 10.0
Minni 33 Gaia 7.5
Minni 33 VVV
10
5.0
5 17 14
2.5
0 0.0
b

b
5 18 2.5
5.0
10 15
7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 1.0 1.5
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 4
11
14
2 2

0 0
b

15 12
2 2

4 4
4 2 0 2 4 16 4 2 0 2 4 13

Ks
G

15 10.0
Minni 34 Gaia 7.5
Minni 34 VVV
10 17
5.0 14
5 2.5
0 0.0
b

18
5 2.5
5.0 15
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.5 1.0 1.5
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 4 11
14
2 2

0 0
b

12
15
2 2

4 4
16 13
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4
Ks
G

15 10.0
Minni 35 Gaia 7.5
Minni 35 VVV
10 17
14
5.0
5 2.5
0 0.0
b

18
5 2.5
15
5.0
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

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4 4
13 11
2 2

0 0
b

b
14
12
2 2

4 15 4
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4
13

Ks
G
16
15 10.0
Minni 36 Gaia 7.5
Minni 36 VVV
10
17 5.0
5 14
2.5
0 0.0
b

b
5 18 2.5
5.0 15
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 4 11
12
2 2

0 13 0
b

12
2 2
14
4 4
4 2 0 2 4 15 4 2 0 2 4 13

Ks
G

15 10.0
Minni 37 Gaia 16 7.5
Minni 37 VVV
10
5.0 14
5 2.5
17
0 0.0
b

5 2.5
18
5.0 15
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 4 11
14
2 2

0 0
b

12
2 15 2

4 4
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4 13
16
Ks
G

15 10.0
Minni 38 Gaia 7.5
Minni 38 VVV
10
5.0 14
5 17
2.5
0 0.0
b

5 2.5
18 5.0 15
10 7.5
15 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

Article number, page 21 of 39

 A&A proofs: manuscript no. bulge_gc_vr2

4 4
11
2 13 2

0 0
b

b
14 12
2 2

4 15 4
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4 13

Ks
G
15 16 10.0
Minni 39 Gaia 7.5
Minni 39 VVV
10
5.0 14
5 17
2.5
0 0.0
b

b
5 18 2.5
5.0 15
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.5 1.0 1.5
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 4
11
2 14 2

0 0
b

15 12
2 2

4 4
4 2 0 2 4 16 4 2 0 2 4 13

Ks
G

15 10.0
Minni 40 Gaia 7.5
Minni 40 VVV
10 17
5.0 14
5 2.5
0 0.0
b

18
5 2.5 15
5.0
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 1.0 1.5
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

Article number, page 22 of 39

 Gran et al.: Gaia and VVV view of the last bulge Globular clusters candidates

4
13
2

0
b

14
2

4 15
4 2 0 2 4
G
15 16
Minni 41 Gaia
10
5 17

0
b

5 18

10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5
cosb BP RP

4 4
11
2 2
15
0 0
b

2 2 12
16
4 4
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4

Ks
13
G

15 17 10.0
Minni 42 Gaia 7.5
Minni 42 VVV
10
5.0
5 2.5 14
0 18 0.0
b

5 2.5
5.0
10 7.5 15
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5 6 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4
14
2

0
b

15
2

4
16
4 2 0 2 4
G

15
Minni 43 Gaia
10 17

5
0
b

18
5
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5
cosb BP RP

Article number, page 23 of 39

 A&A proofs: manuscript no. bulge_gc_vr2

4 15.0
2
15.5
0
b

2 16.0

4 16.5
4 2 0 2 4
G
17.0
15
Minni 44 Gaia
10 17.5
5
18.0
0
b

5 18.5
10
19.0
15
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5 6
cosb BP RP

13
4

2
14
0
b

2
15
4
4 2 0 2 4
16
G

15
Minni 45 Gaia
10
17
5
0
b

18
5
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5
cosb BP RP

4 4 11.5

2 2
15 12.0
0 0
b

2 2 12.5

4 16 4 13.0
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4
Ks
G

13.5
15 10.0
Minni 46 Gaia 17
7.5
Minni 46 VVV
10
5.0 14.0
5 2.5
0 18 0.0 14.5
b

5 2.5
5.0 15.0
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 1.0 1.5 2.0
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

Article number, page 24 of 39

 Gran et al.: Gaia and VVV view of the last bulge Globular clusters candidates

4 4
11
2 2
15
0 0
b

b
12
2 2

4 16 4
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4
13

Ks
G
15 10.0
Minni 47 Gaia 17
7.5
Minni 47 VVV
10
5.0
5 14
2.5
0 18 0.0
b

b
5 2.5
5.0
10 15
7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 4 11.5
14
2 2
12.0
0 0
b

15
2 2 12.5

4 4
13.0
4 2 0 2 4 16 4 2 0 2 4

Ks
G

15 10.0 13.5
Minni 48 Gaia 7.5
Minni 48 VVV
10 17
5.0 14.0
5 2.5
0 0.0
b

14.5
18
5 2.5
5.0
10 15.0
7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 14 4 11.5
2 2
12.0
0 0
b

15
12.5
2 2

4 4 13.0
16
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4
Ks
G

13.5
15 10.0
Minni 49 Gaia 17 7.5
Minni 49 VVV
10 14.0
5.0
5 2.5 14.5
0 0.0
b

18
5 2.5
15.0
5.0
10 7.5
15.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

Article number, page 25 of 39

 A&A proofs: manuscript no. bulge_gc_vr2

4 4
11
2 14 2

0 0
b

b
12
2 15 2

4 4
4 2 0 2 4 16 4 2 0 2 4 13

Ks
G
15 10.0
Minni 50 Gaia 7.5
Minni 50 VVV
10 17
5.0 14
5 2.5
0 0.0
b

b
18 2.5
5
5.0 15
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

11
4 4 11

2 12 2

0 0 12
b

13
2 2
14 13
4 4
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4
15
Ks
G

15 10.0 14
Minni 51 Gaia 16 7.5
Minni 51 VVV
10
5.0
5 2.5
17 15
0 0.0
b

5 2.5
18
5.0
10 16
7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 11 4 11
2 12 2

0 0
b

12
13
2 2

4 14 4 13
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4
Ks

15
G

15 10.0 14
Minni 52 Gaia 7.5
Minni 52 VVV
10 16
5.0
5 2.5
17 15
0 0.0
b

5 2.5
18 5.0
10 16
7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

Article number, page 26 of 39

 Gran et al.: Gaia and VVV view of the last bulge Globular clusters candidates

11 11
4 4

2 12 2

0 0
b

b
12
13
2 2

4 14 4
13
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4
15

Ks
G
15 10.0
Minni 53 Gaia 7.5
Minni 53 VVV
10 16
5.0 14
5 2.5
17
0 0.0
b

b
5 2.5
18 15
5.0
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

10
4 4 11

2 2

0 0
b

12
12
2 2

4 4
14
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4 13

Ks
G

15 10.0
Minni 54 Gaia 7.5
Minni 54 VVV
10
16 5.0
5 14
2.5
0 0.0
b

5 2.5
18 5.0
10 15
7.5
15 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

11 11
4 4

2 12 2

0 0
b

13 12
2 2

4 14 4
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4 13
15
Ks
G

15 10.0
Minni 55 Gaia 7.5
Minni 55 VVV
10 16
5.0 14
5 2.5
17
0 0.0
b

5 2.5
18 15
5.0
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5 6 15 10 5 0 5 10 1.0 1.5 2.0
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

Article number, page 27 of 39

 A&A proofs: manuscript no. bulge_gc_vr2

4 12 4
11
2 2
13
0 0
b

b
14 12
2 2

4 4
15
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4 13

Ks
G
15 16 10.0
Minni 56 Gaia 7.5
Minni 56 VVV
10
5.0 14
5 17 2.5
0 0.0
b

b
5 18 2.5 15
5.0
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 1.0 1.5
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 4 11.5
2 14 2
12.0
0 0
b

12.5
2 15 2

4 4 13.0
4 2 0 2 4 16 4 2 0 2 4

Ks
13.5
G

15 10.0
Minni 57 Gaia 7.5
Minni 57 VVV
10 14.0
17
5.0
5 2.5 14.5
0 0.0
b

18 2.5
5 15.0
5.0
10 7.5 15.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 1 2 3 4 5
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

12
4 4
11
2 2
13
0 0
b

2 14 2 12

4 4
15
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4
13
Ks
G

15 16 10.0
Minni 58 Gaia 7.5
Minni 58 VVV
10
5.0
5 17 2.5 14
0 0.0
b

5 2.5
18
5.0 15
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 15 10 5 0 5 10 1 2 3 4
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

Article number, page 28 of 39

 Gran et al.: Gaia and VVV view of the last bulge Globular clusters candidates

4 14 4
11
2 2

0 0
b

b
15
12
2 2

4 4
16
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4 13

Ks
G
15 10.0
Minni 59 Gaia 17 7.5
Minni 59 VVV
10 14
5.0
5 2.5
0 0.0
b

b
18
2.5 15
5
5.0
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 4
11.5
2 2
15
0 0 12.0
b

2 2 12.5
4 16 4
13.0
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4

Ks
G

15 10.0 13.5
Minni 60 Gaia 17
7.5
Minni 60 VVV
10
5.0 14.0
5 2.5
0 18 0.0 14.5
b

5 2.5
5.0 15.0
10 7.5
15 19 10.0 15.5
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5 6 15 10 5 0 5 10 1.0 1.5 2.0
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

2 13

0
b

14
2

4
15
4 2 0 2 4
G

15 16
Minni 61 Gaia
10
5 17
0
b

5 18

10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4
cosb BP RP

Article number, page 29 of 39

 A&A proofs: manuscript no. bulge_gc_vr2

4 13

2
14
0
b

2
15
4
4 2 0 2 4
G 16
15
Minni 62 Gaia
10
17
5
0
b

18
5
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5
cosb BP RP

4 4 11
13
2 2

0 0
b

14 12
2 2

4 15 4
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4 13

Ks
G

16
15 10.0
Minni 63 Gaia 7.5
Minni 63 VVV
10
17 5.0 14
5 2.5
0 0.0
b

5 18 2.5
5.0 15
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 1.0 1.5 2.0
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 4
11.5
2 15 2

0 0 12.0
b

2 2 12.5
16
4 4
13.0
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4
Ks
G

15 17 10.0 13.5
Minni 64 Gaia 7.5
Minni 64 VVV
10
5.0 14.0
5 2.5
0 18 0.0 14.5
b

5 2.5
5.0 15.0
10 7.5
15 19 10.0 15.5
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 15 10 5 0 5 10 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

Article number, page 30 of 39

 Gran et al.: Gaia and VVV view of the last bulge Globular clusters candidates

14
4

0 15
b

4 16
4 2 0 2 4
G
15
Minni 65 Gaia 17
10
5
0
b

18
5
10
15
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
cosb BP RP

2 13

0
b

14
2

4 15
4 2 0 2 4
G

15 16
Minni 66 Gaia
10
5 17

0
b

5 18

10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3
cosb BP RP

15.0 11
4 4

2 15.5 2

0 0 12
b

16.0
2 2

4 16.5 4
13
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4
17.0
Ks
G

15 10.0
Minni 67 Gaia 7.5
Minni 67 VVV
10 17.5 14
5.0
5 2.5
18.0
0 0.0
b

2.5 15
5 18.5
5.0
10 7.5
19.0
15 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 15 10 5 0 5 10 1.0 1.5 2.0
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

Article number, page 31 of 39

 A&A proofs: manuscript no. bulge_gc_vr2

14 11
4 4

2 2
15
0 0
b

b
12

2 2

4 16 4
13
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4

Ks
G
15 10.0
Minni 68 Gaia 17
7.5
Minni 68 VVV
10
5.0 14
5 2.5
0 18 0.0
b

b
5 2.5
15
5.0
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 13

2
14
0
b

2
15
4
4 2 0 2 4
G

16
15
Minni 69 Gaia
10
17
5
0
b

18
5
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
cosb BP RP

2
14
0
b

2 15

4
4 2 0 2 4 16
G

15
Minni 70 Gaia
10 17
5
0
b

18
5
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
cosb BP RP

Article number, page 32 of 39

 Gran et al.: Gaia and VVV view of the last bulge Globular clusters candidates

11
4 4

2 15 2

0 0 12
b

b
2 2
16
4 4
13
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4

Ks
G
15 17 10.0
Minni 71 Gaia 7.5
Minni 71 VVV
10 14
5.0
5 2.5
0 18 0.0
b

b
5 2.5
15
5.0
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

14
4 4 11

2 2

0 15 0
b

12
2 2

4 16 4
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4 13

Ks
G

15 10.0
Minni 72 Gaia 17 7.5
Minni 72 VVV
10
5.0 14
5 2.5
0 0.0
b

18
5 2.5
5.0 15
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

14
4

0 15
b

4 16
4 2 0 2 4
G

15
Minni 73 Gaia 17
10
5
0
b

18
5
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
cosb BP RP

Article number, page 33 of 39

 A&A proofs: manuscript no. bulge_gc_vr2

4 4 11
15.0
2 2
15.5
0 0
b

b
12
2 16.0 2

4 4
16.5
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4 13

Ks
G
17.0
15 10.0
Minni 74 Gaia 7.5
Minni 74 VVV
10 17.5
5.0 14
5 2.5
18.0
0 0.0
b

b
5 2.5
18.5
5.0 15
10 7.5
19.0
15 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5 6 15 10 5 0 5 10 1.0 1.5 2.0
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4
11
2
12
0
b

2 13

4 14
4 2 0 2 4
G

15
15
Minni 75 Gaia
10 16
5
0 17
b

5
18
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
cosb BP RP

4 15.0 4 11
2 15.5 2

0 0
b

16.0 12
2 2

4 16.5 4
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4 13
17.0
Ks
G

15 10.0
Minni 76 Gaia 17.5 7.5
Minni 76 VVV
10
5.0
5 14
18.0 2.5
0 0.0
b

5 2.5
18.5
5.0 15
10 7.5
19.0
15 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

Article number, page 34 of 39

 Gran et al.: Gaia and VVV view of the last bulge Globular clusters candidates

2 13

0
b

14
2

4
15
4 2 0 2 4
G
15 16
Minni 77 Gaia
10
5 17
0
b

5 18

10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
cosb BP RP

4 14 4

2 2

0 15 0 12
b

2 2

4 16 4
13
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4

Ks
G

15 10.0
Minni 78 Gaia 17 7.5
Minni 78 VVV
10 14
5.0
5 2.5
0 0.0
b

18
5 2.5 15
5.0
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 1 2 3
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

2 13

0
b

14
2

4 15
4 2 0 2 4
G

15 16
Minni 79 Gaia
10
5 17

0
b

5 18

10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
cosb BP RP

Article number, page 35 of 39

 A&A proofs: manuscript no. bulge_gc_vr2

2 15

0
b

2
16
4
4 2 0 2 4
G
15 17
Minni 80 Gaia
10
5
0 18
b

5
10
19
15
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5 6
cosb BP RP

2 15

0
b

2
16
4
4 2 0 2 4
G

15 17
Minni 81 Gaia
10
5
0 18
b

5
10
19
15
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5
cosb BP RP

4 13

0 14
b

2
15
4
4 2 0 2 4
G

16
15
Minni 82 Gaia
10
17
5
0
b

18
5
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
cosb BP RP

Article number, page 36 of 39

 Gran et al.: Gaia and VVV view of the last bulge Globular clusters candidates

2
14
0
b

2 15
4
4 2 0 2 4
G 16
15
Minni 83 Gaia
10
17
5
0
b

18
5
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
cosb BP RP

4
12
2

0
b

13

2
14
4
4 2 0 2 4 15
G

15
Minni 84 Gaia 16
10
5
17
0
b

5 18
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
cosb BP RP

4 12

2
13
0
b

2 14

4
15
4 2 0 2 4
G

15
Cmg 1102 16
10
5 17
0
b

5 18
10
15 19
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4
cosb BP RP

Article number, page 37 of 39

 A&A proofs: manuscript no. bulge_gc_vr2

11
4 4

2 12 2
12
0 0
b

b
13
2 2
13
4 14 4
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4
15

Ks
G 14
15 10.0
Cmg 1103 Cmg1103
10 16 7.5
5.0
5 15
2.5
17
0 0.0
b

b
5 2.5
18 16
5.0
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 13 4

2 2
12
14
0 0
b

2 2
15 13
4 4
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4

Ks
G

16 14
15 10.0
Cmg 1104 Cmg1104
10 7.5
17 5.0
5 15
2.5
0 0.0
b

18 2.5
5
5.0 16
10 7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 15 10 5 0 5 10 1.0 1.5 2.0
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

4 4 11.0
13
2 2 11.5

0 0
b

14 12.0
2 2
12.5
4 15 4
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4 13.0
Ks
G

16
15 10.0
Cmg 1105 Cmg1105 13.5
10 7.5
17 5.0
5 14.0
2.5
0 0.0
b

14.5
5 18 2.5
5.0
10 7.5 15.0
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 2 3 4 5 6 15 10 5 0 5 10 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

Article number, page 38 of 39

 Gran et al.: Gaia and VVV view of the last bulge Globular clusters candidates

12
4 4
11
2 13 2

0 0
b

b
14 12
2 2

4 4
15
4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4
13

Ks
G
15 16 10.0
Cmg 1106 Cmg1106
10 7.5
5.0
5 17 2.5 14
0 0.0
b

b
5 18 2.5
5.0
10 15
7.5
15 19 10.0
10 5 0 5 10 15 20 1 2 3 4 5 15 10 5 0 5 10 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
cosb BP RP cosb J Ks

Article number, page 39 of 39