Institute of Hotel Management, catering and nutrition, Pusa

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Pradeep Singh Chauhan a student of B.Sc. in H&HA - Third Year has
completed and submitted the following Research Project “Hazardous effects of canned food” for
the Research presentation held on April 1, 2019 at this Institute for the partial fulfillment of the
course B.Sc. in H&HA for the academic year 2018-19.

Research guide Research coordinator

Internal examiner External Examiner Principal

 Institute of Hotel Management, catering and nutrition, Pusa
DECLARATION

I declare that the project title ‘Hazardous effects of canned food’ submitted by me for the degree
of Bachelor of Science in Hospitality and Hotel Administration program is the record of work
carried out by me under the guidance of . The information provided in
this research is not self made and has reference to it.

Pradeep Singh Chauhan

PLACE:

DATE:

Introduction
 Institute of Hotel Management, catering and nutrition, Pusa
Canning is a method used to preserve foods for long periods of time by packing them in
airtight containers.

Past Scenario - Canning starts in 1795 when Napoleon Bonaparte offers a reward for
anyone who could develop a safe reliable food preservation method for his army. Nicholas
Appert took the challenge and starts the canning revolution. By 1810, Peter Durand
introduced tin cans. The first commercial canning establishment in the US was started in
1912 by Thomas Kensett.
Present scenario - Canned foods are popular as they cost less than fresh product. From
raw fruits or vegetables to cooked beans are being sold nowadays. Canned products are
available all around the year and also race material used for canning is always picked at
peak freshness.

Importance - Although canning is a popular and time tested method of food preservation
however it has some cons too. As Canning involves high temperature heating water
soluble vitamins can be damaged. Canning may also contain Bisphenol A which is
associated with health problems like heart disease and type 2 diabetes. It is also
associated with botulism

Objectives
 To find level of awareness among in Delhi regarding BPA in canned food
 To find out expenditure on canned food in a family
 To find out level of satisfaction from canned food products

Review of literature
1).
Year - May 2010
Title of study - Effects of BPA on human beings
Results -BPA was detected in 46 of 50, or 92%, of the canned food samples. The highest
level of BPA—1,140 part per billion (ppb)On average, the products contained 77.36 ppb of
Bisphenol A.
Effects of BPA
Obesity
• Low sperm count
• Diabetes
• Miscarriage
 Institute of Hotel Management, catering and nutrition, Pusa
• Placental cell death
• Infertility
• Heart disease
2).
Year - National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)2003 - 2008
Topic - The consumption of canned foods and urinary BPA concentration
Method - They evaluated 7,669 NHANES 2003–2008 participants 6 years and older with
24-hour dietary recall information and urinary BPA concentrations available.
Results -
 9% of participants consumed one canned food in the past 24 hours and 2%
consumed two or more canned foods. The consumption of one canned food vs. none
was associated with 24% higher BPA concentration
 The consumption of two or more canned foods vs. none was associated with 54%
higher urinary BPA concentrations.
 Canned food, including some specific types such as canned vegetable and fruit,
canned pasta, and canned soup were associated with higher levels of urinary BPA
concentrations.
3).
Year - 2011, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Topic -Concentration of Bisphenol A in Highly Consumed Canned Foods on the U.S.
Market
Method -This study quantified BPA concentrations in 78 canned and two frozen
food products from the U.S.
Results -BPA was detected in 71 of the 78 canned food samples but was not detected
in either of the two frozen food samples. Detectable BPA concentrations across all
foods ranged from 2.6 to 730 ng/g
4).
Year - 1 October 1956,The Journal of Nutrition
Topic -The Nutritive Value of Canned Foods: Changes in the Vitamin Content of
Foods During Canning
Method -A total of eighty-nine different samplings of foods was subjected to vitamin
analysis. These samples were assayed by recognized methods of assay for two or
more of the following vitamins: ascorbic acid, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin and
niacin
Result -Ascorbic acid retention was found to be excellent in tomatoes and tomato
juice, good in cherries and carrots, fair in asparagus, corn and spinach, and poor in
beans and peas. Riboflavin retention was excellent in asparagus, tomatoes and
 Institute of Hotel Management, catering and nutrition, Pusa
tomato juice, fair in lima beans, corn, peas and spinach, and poor in snap beans.
Niacin retention was excellent in asparagus, spinach, tomatoes and tomato juice, fair
in carrots and corn, and poor in lima beans and peas.
5).
Year - 2011
Topic -Canned Fruits, Vegetables, Beans and Fish Provide Nutrients at a Lower cost
compared to fresh, dried and frozen
Method -Food samples were purchased at grocery, produce or specialty stores in
northern New Jersey between August and October 2011
Results - The canned foods contains more nutrients than fresh food items when it
compared on the basis of price.
6).
Year - 2015 Jan 30
Title - Exposure assessment of adult intake of Bisphenol A (BPA) with emphasis on
canned food dietary exposures
Method -Our previous study provided results from 105 sample. Samples were
collected from supermarkets in Dallas, Texas, in March 2010. These 88 original
samples included 84 samples from 28 specific food products sampled three times
(such as three cans of a particular brand of tuna fish) and four individual samples of
fresh meats and fish. Samples were initially stored in their original containers and
all except canned foods frozen at −80 °C and then shipped on dry ice to the analytic
laboratory.
Result - Of 105 samples in the second round of sampling, a total of 31, or 27%, were
measurable for BPA. Twenty-six of 37 canned samples, or 70%, were measurable,
while only five of 79 non-canned foods, or 6%, were measurable for BPA. Quantified
concentrations ranged from 0.24 ng/g ww in a fresh peach to 149.0 ng/g ww in
canned cut green beans. The second and third highest measurements were 121.0
ng/g ww in canned corn and 80.6 ng/g ww in canned mixed vegetables.
7).
Year - 2009
Topic -Risk Assessment of Bisphenol A from Canned Foods in Korea
Method -Sixty-one canned food items with different brands purchased from retail
outlets in markets were analyzed for BPA concentration by high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) coupled with fluorescence detection. Limits of detection
(LOD) were 3 μg/kg for solid and 2 μg/kg for liquid foods.
Result -BPA was detected from 7 groups of food items, such as tuna (n = 8), fish (n
= 11), fruits (n = 9), vegetables (n = 12), meats (n = 13), coffee (n = 5), and tea (n
 Institute of Hotel Management, catering and nutrition, Pusa
= 3) in the range from not detected (ND) to 136.14 μg/kg.it was found well below
on daily dietary intake of canned food items and concentrations of BPA, human
exposure level to BPA was estimated to be 1.509 μg/kg body weigh
8).
Year - 2010 sep 9
Title -Intake of Bisphenol A from canned beverages and foods on the Belgian market
Method - Different samples of canned foods and beverages were taken from
different convenience store of Belgian
Result - Bisphenol A (BPA), a contaminant which may be present in the coating of
cans, was determined in 45 canned beverages and 21 canned food items from the
Belgian market. Beverages had an average BPA concentration of 1.0 ng/ml, while
canned foods had a higher average concentration of 40.3 ng/g. The amount of BPA
present in food items was dependent on the type of can and sterilisation conditions
rather than the type of food.
9).
Year - 2007 Sep
Title - Bisphenol A in canned foods in New Zealand: An exposure assessment
Method - Eighty different canned foods purchased from retail outlets in
Christchurch, New Zealand, between November 2003 and February 2004 were
analysed for BPA concentration by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Result -BPA was detected in all foods analysed except for soft drinks. Concentrations
ranged from <10 to 29 µg kg−1, except for individual samples of tuna, corned beef
and coconut cream, which were 109, 98 and 191 µg kg−1, respectively. The limit of
quantitation was <10 µg kg−1 for foods of low fat content (<1%) and <20 µg kg−1
for foods containing >1% fat.
10.
Year - 2007 Sep 5
Title - Migration of Bisphenol A (BPA) from can coatings into a fatty-food simulant
and tuna fish
Method - Analyses of BPA were performed by RP-HPLC with fluorescence detection.
Four migration experiments, performed between 2000 and 2003, using cans with
organosol, epoxy and a combination of both types of coatings were performed under
different processing conditions and storage times.
Result -The migration levels of BPA found in this work are below the present
European Union migration limit, except the 646.5 µg kg−1 found after the
commercial heating process was applied to the simulant-filled cans coated with the
 Institute of Hotel Management, catering and nutrition, Pusa
organosol resin.

11).
Year - 2013
Title - De-tinning corrosion of cans filled with tomato products
Methods - Several variables have been studied in four factorial experiments in order
to determine their influence on the rate of de-tinning of cans containing tomato
products
Result - Nitrates and net weight (i.e. residual internal air) were found to be the
major factors influencing de-tinning; also, their effects were found to be
independent and additive. In 500 g cans stored at 20° C for 24 months, the increase
of dissolved tin is proportional to nitrates and the net weight according to the
estimated ratios.
12).
Year - 2008 Sep 6
Title - Association of urinary Bisphenol A concentration with medical disorders and
laboratory abnormalities in adults.
Method - Participants were 1455 adults aged 18 through 74 years with measured
urinary BPA and urine creatinine concentrations
Result -Higher urinary BPA concentrations were associated with cardiovascular
diagnoses in age-, sex-, and fully adjusted models (OR per 1-SD increase in BPA
concentration, 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-1.63; P = .001 with full
adjustment). Higher BPA concentrations were also associated with diabetes (OR per
1-SD increase in BPA concentration, 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-1.60; P
< .001) but not with other studied common diseases.

13).
Year - 1 Sep 2016
Author -Arion Felix Horațiu,efferencesca ,Gabriela Ofelia,Iulia Cristina
Title -Consumer Preferences for Canned Fruits and Vegetables
Method -The main purpose of the study was to determine the consumer buying
behaviour of canned fruits and vegetables. In order to achieve this goal, a research
was conducted among the population of Cluj-Napoca using a questionnaire. The
sample population consisted in 250 persons aged between 15 and 69 years.
Sampling method used is the quota sample. Consumption frequency is the first
element to be analyzed in order to determine the consumer behaviour.
 Institute of Hotel Management, catering and nutrition, Pusa
Result - Consumption frequency is the first element to be analyzed in order to
determine the consumer behaviour. Data indicate high level of consumption; given
the fact that 37.60 % of the respondents consume these products a few times
per week and 14.40% consume every day.
15).
Year - 2013 may
Title -Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences
Author - Cathy Kapica and Wendy Weiss
Location - Chicago
Method -This market-basket cost analysis study involved the purchase and
preparation of specific foods; the timing and recording of that preparation;
gathering nutritional data; and comparisons among all food items to assess any
differences.
Result -Dried beans were about 685% more costly for protein, fiber, potassium and
folate than canned beans. Fresh tomatoes had nearly 60% higher cost per gram of
fiber than canned tomatoes
16).
Year - 2016 Nov 26
Title -Corrosion Studies on Tinned Iron Plates from Infant Food Cans
Author -Anima Upadhyay and M. Chandrakala
Method -Square tinned iron (3cm× 3cm) metal plates were used as sample. Nestle
(Lactogen infant powder tinned iron cans were used preparation of the sample. A
small hole near the upper edge of the plate was made for hanging in test media.
Result -
The results obtained from the study suggest that the maximum weight loss was in
the sulphuric acid followed by hydrochloric acid and acetic acid. In ammonium
chloride the loss in weight was very little and almost none in sodium chloride. It is
suggested that keeping the processed and cooked food stuff in the tinned iron cans
is not a good option especially the baby food. If these materials are employed for
packaging the food, they should be kept with utter care and away from the corrosive
environment.
17).
Year - Sept 2013
Author -Harsha Kumar,fAnshu Kumar Jha, Khushboo K Taneja,nsrishan Kabra,
Hafeez M Sadiq
Title -A study of consumer awareness, safety perceptions & practice about food
preservatives and flavouring agents uses in canned foods from South India
 Institute of Hotel Management, catering and nutrition, Pusa
Method- This cross-sectional study was conducted in January 2012. Sample size of
126 was computed using the formula for infinite population. People who bought
packed food items in malls were approached and requested to fill a pre-tested semi
structured questionnaires.
Result -Totally 123 people (males- 48.8% and females-51.2%) participated
(response rate of 97.6%) in the study. Majority of the people were aware about
presence of ‘FPs’ (91.7%) and FA (84.9%) though their knowledge was inadequate.
Breakup of the study subjects according to level of awareness about FPs was as
follows (%): Good (37.4), Satisfactory (40.6), Poor(22) & FAs (%): Good (49.6),
Satisfactory (36) &Poor(14). D
18).
Year - 28-05-2018
Author - Dept. Of Health, Canada
Title - Survey of Bisphenol A in Canned Food Products from Canadian Markets
Method -This survey examined samples from 78 different canned food products
Result -The results of this survey confirm that exposure to BPA from canned food
products is very low and poses no health or safety concerns to the general
population.

19).
Year - 2008
Author - Dept. Of Health, Canada
Title -Survey of Bisphenol A in Canned Powdered Infant Formula Products
Method -The survey covered 38 canned powdered infant formula products
marketed under 11 brands by 6 different companies. The products were purchased
in June 2008 from local grocery stores in Ottawa.
Result -BPA was not detected in any of the 38 products for which the average MDL
= 0.13 ng/g*.
20).
Year - April 2007
Author - Dept. Of health , Canada
Title -Survey of Bisphenol A in Canned Drink Products
Method -In this survey, samples of 72 canned drink products were collected from
local stores in Ottawa in April 2007. All of these products were carbonated except
for 4 tea drink products.
Result -BPA was detected in samples of almost all drink products except for two
tonic water soda products and one energy drink product. Concentrations of BPA in
 Institute of Hotel Management, catering and nutrition, Pusa
most of the drink products were generally low; 75% of the products had BPA levels
less than 0.5 µg/L, 85% of the products had BPA levels less than 1 µg/L,and the
average BPA level in all products was 0.57 µg/L

METHODS
The Research Methods may be defined as those methods that are used for conducting the
research. A quantitative and qualitative study was carried out. 50 people were given some
questionnaires to fill and their response was recorded.
LOCALE
Following Metro stations were chosen for the study
a). Rajiv Chowk metro station
b).Dwarka sector 31 metro station
c). Sector 55 gurugram metro station
d). Vishwavidalya
e). Malviya Nagar station
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
 Institute of Hotel Management, catering and nutrition, Pusa
A Physical Survey was conducted; the people involved were given forms to fill and their
response was recorded. This study was conducted 50 people between the age group of
above 25 to 55 years.
Apart from the above mentioned tools the relevant secondary data for the research was
collected from journals, books and internet.

EXPECTED RESULTS
Seeing the growing awareness and self care attitude of the people, we are expected to see
a rise in the number of people who actually know about hazardous effects from
consuming canned food products. Also, as income level of people has increased
significantly in the past years, it is also expected to see a rise in the purchase of canned
food in Delhi households.