IDC 624,042.2:624,954: 351.785: 003.62 Lastannahmen fir Bauten; Lasten in Silozellen 3.1 Influence quantities 3.1.1 Bulk material properties - 3.1.2 Shape and size of bin cross section 3.1.3 Coefficients of wall friction 3.2 Filling pressures 33 Discharging pressures. . 33.1 General. . 5 332 Uniform pressures. 33.3 Non-uniform pressures WUWEEEENNN WN 1. Field of application 1.1 General ‘This standard specified methods of determining pres- sures/loads, predominantly static, produced by the silo fill and acting on the silo structure. It does not cover pressures/loads due to dust explosions, the handling of bulk materials liable to cause such explo- sions being subject to separate specification. 1.2 Silo bins ‘This standard applies to silo bins with vertical walls and hoppers or shallow bottoms where the greatest height of the silo fil, k, is not less than 0,8 times the diameter, d, of the largest theoretical circle inscribed in the bin. The standard also applies to silos where h/d is less than 0,8 provided that more than half of the silo fil is located in the hopper and that the angle of inclination of the hopper wall is not less than 20 ‘This standard applies only where the ratio of vertical filling pressure to density of the silo fill, Py y, does not exceed 25 m. ‘This standard does not apply to silo bins of annular cross section (bins fitted one inside the other) nor does it DEUTSCHE NORM Design loads for buildings Loads in silo bins In keeping with current practice in standerds published by the International Organization for Standardization /SO). ‘a comma has been used throughout as the decimal marker. Contents awe Pooe 1 Field of application 13.4 Pressures acting on bin bottom .4 1.1 General 135 Hopper loads . 4 1.2 Silo bins - 1 38.1 General 4 123 Silo fills 14 352 Hopper filing pressures «=. 4 1.4 Flow patterns 1 1 38.3 Hopper overfill pressures «2... 4 155 Silo operation - 11 3.6 Switch pressures : 4 3.7 Pressures due to injection of compressed air... 5 ee 3.7.1 Injection of ar For drying granular bulk 3 Loads due to bulk mater material . 5 DIN 1055 Part Supersedes November 1964 edition, 3.7.2 Continuous injection of air as an aid to unload jing powdery bulk material . 3.7.3 Injection of air for homogenizing powdery bulk material 2.8 Pressures due to rapid filling and unloading 4 Pressures due to silage 5 Buckling and bulging loads . 6 Temperature effects ‘apply for an increase in pressure due to local changes in the cross section, to internal fittings or discharge aids. 13 Silo fills For the purposes of this standard, silo fills include bulk materials and silage, the granular and powdery sub stances listed in table 1 being regarded as bulk materials. ‘This standard does not apply to highly cohesive silo fills such as certain types of forage and coarse meal or 10 bulk materiais liable to swel 1.4. Flow patterns ‘The flow patterns to which this standard is applicable are funnel flow and mass flow, funnel flow being under- stood to be flow with temporarily stagnant zones during discharging and mass flow, flow where the whole bulk ‘material is steadily moving during discharging. 1.5 Silo operation ‘The operational conditions on which the structural design is to be based shall be agreed by the planning ‘engineer and the user® Continued on pages 2 to 6 DIN 1055 Part 6 Engl. Price group 5 May 1987 7Page 2 DIN 1055 Part 6 ‘Quantities and symbols A Effective surface Height of parallel section Height t wore ese Figure 1. Diagrammatic representation of a silo bin, with notation 3 Loads due to bulk material 3.1. Influence quantities 3.1.1 Bulk matarial properties Dimensions diameter of largest theoretical inscribed circle radius of largest theoretical inscribed circle cross-sectional area of parallel section internal perimeter eccentricity of discharge wall thickness depth from effective surface level to point in question local depth of overfill maximum depth of silo fill angle of inclination of hopper wall Pressures horizontal pressure vertical pressure pressure normal to inclined hopper wall wall friction pressure vertical pressure on bin bottom inlet aie pressure Subscripts associated with pressures/loads: filling discharging ‘Other quantities, coefficients and factors density of silo fil pressure ratio Py /Py coefficient of wall friction (D/P) angle of slope ‘material coefficient “thle 1 gives parameters and coetficients relevant for granular and powdery bulk materials, which are to be used in the 4sign calculation, For the sake of simplicity, they may be assumed to be constant over depth z sable 1, Coefficients for bulk materials Bulk mat Density, y, | Pressure Coetficients of wall frietion Materil inkN/m’ | “ratio, coefficient, a wl ow Hs Be 35 060 380 | a0 05 14 os a0 060 280 240 026 a) Barley 80 088 O50 038 026 1 os Flour 70 040 050 036 025 1 06 Sugar 95 60 | 055 250 086 12 oa [Crushed quartasand| 160 050 080 250 O40 ta Oa Rawr couse aporeane] 180 060 080 O50 oa 18 Oa Limestone powder_| 730 068 056 050 O40 12, 05 (Cement clinker | 180 050 080 O85 04s 12, a7 fement 160 | 088 050 OAs 280 12, 05 iuminia 120 088 050 os 240 12 05 [Fhomas phosshows_| 220 065 055 a0 040 3B a0CG 3.1.2 Shape and size of bin cross section ‘The shape and size of the bin cross section is introduced. into the calculation as the ratio A/ss, For rectangular bins, A/u shall be taken 3s B/2, with b as, in figure 2, and for star-shaped bins, a: d/4, with d as in figure 3. Figure 2. Rectangular bin (plan view) Figure 3, Star-shaped bin (plan view) 3.13 Coefficients of wall friction ‘As a function of the surface in contact with the bulk: materials, a distinction is made between three coeffi cients of wall friction (see table 1): 11 for rough walls, where friction mainly occurs in the body of the bulk material (e.g. in the case of hori- zontally stressed corrugated or folded sheet walls); ‘Ha, for walls of medium smoothness (e.g. walls made of concrete, plaster, wood, sheet steel with rivets and bolts); s_ for smooth walls (e.g. walls made of welded or rebated sheet steel or aluminium walls, plastic walls and coated walls). ‘Any smoothing of walls by grease, wax or oil from ‘organic bulk materials has been allowed for in table 1. 3.2 Filling pressures ‘The following pressures shall be taken into considera- tion when filling the silo bin: wall fiction pressures, pugte) = 2A. 2) (0 horizontal pressures, pute) = 2A. ey 2; vertical pressures, py(z) = = a oz) (3). ia In equations (1) to (3), the quotient gives the pressure at nnonspecified depth of the silo fill and 4) 6 allows for the increase in pressure as the depth of the silo fill increases. ‘The cumulative wall friction for 2 is given by: A putt) = 2S. 2-29-02 DIN 1055 Part 6 Page 3 33. Discharging pressures 3.3.1 General During the emptying process, uniform pressures as in subclause 3.3.2 and uniform pressures as in subclause 3.3.3 shall be assumed to act in the silo bin, However, if a slo is specifically designed for mass flow, non- uniform pressures as in subclause 3.3.3 need not be considered, whilst pressure peaks as in subclause 3.6 shall be allowed for. 3.3.2 Uniform pressures ‘The following uniform pressures may be assumed: wal fiction pressures, we = 1.1 Pat i”; horizontal pressures, he = €h Pat @); vertical pressures, Pye < py (9) ‘The factor 1,1 shall also apply for the cumulative wall friction pressure, Pye: ex shall be taken from table 1. In the case of silo bins with h/d greater than 5,0 -1., both factors shall be used in the calculation at their true value; for slo bins with hid less than 2,5 -u, they may be ‘assumed to be equal to 1,0. Intermediate values may be ‘obtained by linear interpolation, 33.3 Non-uniform pressures 33.31 General During the emptying process, bulk material ean produce non-uniform pressures which shall be taken into account, in adition to pressure Pug a follows. In the case of silos of circular eross section, a horizontal partial pressure asin subclause 3.3.3.2 shall be used. Where sitos are braced horizontally at top and bottom {and have wails which ensure adequate horizontal distri bution of the pressure, then, instead of the additional sumption ofa partial pressure, an increase inthe uniform horizontal pressure in accordance with subclauze 3.3.3.3 may be assumed. In the case of silos with a cross section having n comers, subclause 3.3.3.3 shall be observed. Where groups of silo bins are concerned, mutual inter- action between the bins need not be taken into account. 3.3.3.2 Assumption of a partial pressure For square surfaces, with a side length, , of 0,8 A/a, a parial pressure equal to B- Puy (with fas in subclause 3.3.34) shall be used, the load that maintains equilibr- um,p=5?-2 - Pye, being assumed to act diametrically, For calculation purposes, itis sufficient to take the par- tial pressure halfway up the bin and to assume the per- ‘centage increase in resulting stress to act over the whole silo height, It shall be assumed that the bulk material sivega6y_support tothe silo wall 3.3.33 {nerease in Ueitorm horizontal pressure If, by way of departure from the method described in subclause 3.3.3.2, a higher uniform horizontal pressure, X” Pia» May be OF has to be allowed for, the increment to be assumed shall be 2) for silos of circular grass section: X=1405:84+0,02-f-rit forr/t $70 (10) and x0143:B-VRI forr/t 2100 wn Where r/t is greater than 70 but less than 100, a linear interpolation is to be made between the values of x for Flt 70 and r/t = 100.