KPK fsc2 ch06 KM PDF

Chapter 6 Exercise 6.
1
 3   3    7   5 
2 2
PQ 
Chapter 6
Distance between any two given points
PQ 
PQ 
 3  3   7  5
 0    2 
2
2
2
 04
2
Let P1  x1 , y1  and P2  x2 , y2  be any two points then

PQ  4  2 units
d  d  P1 , P2   PP
1 2   x1  x2    y1  y2  P  4,3 Q  7, 2 
2 2
b).
Or d  d  P2 , P1   P2 P1   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2
Solution: We have P  4,3 Q  7, 2 
Division of line segment in given Ratio Since distance formula between the two points is
1. Divide internally PQ   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2
Putting the
Let P  x, y  be a point in the line segment.
coordinates of P and Q we get
And P1  x1 , y1  and P2  x2 , y2  are end PQ   x2  x1 
2
  y2  y1 
2
points of line segment and ratio m1 : m2

 7   4     2  3
2
PQ 
2
 m x  m2 x1 m1 y2  m2 y1 
Then P  x, y    1 2 ,  PQ   7  4
2
  1
2
 m1  m2 m1  m2 
2. Divide Externally PQ  11  1  121  1
2
If P  x, y  be a point P1  x1 , y1  and PQ  122  11.045 units

P2  x2 , y2  are end points of line segment c). P  5,5  Q  5, 6 
and ratio m1 : m2 Then Sol: Given P  5,5  Q  5, 6 
 m x  m2 x1 m1 y2  m2 y1 
P  x, y    1 2 , 
Since distance formula between the two points is
 m1  m2 m1  m2 
PQ   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2
Putting the
Midpoint of line segment
Let P  x, y  be a mid point of the line segment.
PQ   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2
P1  x1 , y1  and P2  x2 , y2  are end points of line segment
PQ   5  5   6  5
2 2
 x1  x2 y1  y2 
Then P  x, y    , 
 2 2  PQ   0    11
2 2
 0  121
Median of the triangle
PQ  121  11 units
Let A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2  and C  x1 , y1  be
the vertices of the triangle ABC d). P  0,0  Q  0,3
Let G  x, y  be the centroid of the triangle ABC Sol: Given P  0,0  Q  0,3
x x x y y y 
G  x, y    1 2 3 , 1 2 3 
 3 3  PQ   x2  x1 
2
  y2  y1  Putting the
2
In center of Triangle In Triangle ABC coordinates of P and Q we get

Let AB  c , BC  a and CA  b then PQ   0  0  3  0
2 2
 ax  bx2  cx3 ay1  by2  cy3 

I  1 , 
 abc a bc  PQ  02  32  0  9
Exercise 6.1 PQ  9  3 units
Q1. In each case, find the length of the line Q2. The three points are A  1,3 , B  2,1 and
segment PQ joining the two points
C  5, 1 show that AB  BC  AC
a). P  3, 5  , Q  3, 7 
A  1,3 , B  2,1 and C  5, 1
Solution: We have P  3, 5  , Q  3, 7 
Solution: Given points
 2   1   1  3
2
AB 
2
 x2  x1    y2  y1  AB   2  1   2 
2 2
PQ 
2 2
Putting
AB   3  4  9  4  13
2
Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 126
Chapter 6 Exercise 6.1
Hence sides of the square are
BC  5  2   1  1
2 2
AB  BC  CD  AD  3 2
BC   3   2 
2 2
And the diagonals are BD  AC  6
BC  9  4  13
Q4. Show that the points A 13, 1 , B  9,3 and
 5   1    1  3
2
AC  C  3, 9  are vertices of right angled triangle ABC
2
AC   5  1   4  A 13, 1 , B  9,3 & C  3, 9 

2 2
Solution: Given
AC   6  16  36  16
2
AB  13  9    1  3
2 2
AC  52  4 13
AB   22    4 
2 2
AC  2 13
AB  484  16
Therefore we can write
AB  500
AB  BC  AC
BC   9  3  3  9
2 2
13  13  2 13
BC   6   12 
2 2
2 13  2 13
Hence proved BC  36  144
Q3. Show that points A  0, 2  , B  3,1 , C  0, 4  BC  180
and D  3,1 are vertices of a square ABCD AC  13  3   1  9 
2 2
Sol: We have to show that the points A  0, 2  ,

AC  16   8
2 2
B  3,1 , C  0, 4  & D  3,1 are vertices of a square

AC  256  64  320
3  0  1   2  
2
AB 
2
Since Pythagoras theorem

 3  1  2   9   3 AB  BC  AC
2 2 2
AB 
2 2 2
     
2 2 2
AB  9  9  18  9  2 500 180 320
AB  3 2 500  180  320
BC   0  3
2
  4  1
2
500  500
Therefore Triangle ABC is a right angled triangle.
BC   3   3 Q5. Show that points A  21, 2  , B 15,10  , C  5, 0 
2 2
BC  9  9  18  9  2 and D 1, 12  are the vertices of rectangle ABCD

BC  3 2 Sol: A  21, 2  , B 15,10  , C  5, 0  and D 1, 12 
 3  0   1  4  15  21  10   2  

2
AB 
2
CD 
2 2
 3   3 AB   6   10  2 

2 2
CD 
2 2
AB  36  12   36  144
2
CD  9  9  18  9  2
CD  3 2 AB  180  36  5
AD   3  0 
2
 1   2  
2
AB  6 5
1   5    12  0 
2
CD 
2
AD   3  1  2   9   3
2 2 2
CD  1  5    12 
2 2
AD  9  9  18  9  2
CD   6  144  36  144
2
AD  3 2
CD  180  36  5  6 5
BD   3  3  1  1
2 2
BC   5  15   0  10 
2 2
BD   6    0  36  0
2 2
BC   20    10 
2 2
BD  36  6
AC   0  0
2
  4   2  
2
BC  400  100  500  10 5
1  21   12   2  
2
 0   4  2  AD 
2
AC  0  62
2 2
AC  0  36 
 20    12  2 
36
AD 
2 2
AC  6
AD  400  100  500  5 100
 x   4     y  3
2
BP 
2
AD  10 5
BP   x  4    y  3
2 2
 5  21   0   2  
2
AC 
2
BP   x  2  x  4    4    y   2  y  3   3
2 2 2 2
AC   26    2   676  4
2 2
BP  x 2  8 x  16  y 2  6 y  9
AC  680  4 170
BP  x 2  y 2  8 x  6 y  25
AC  2 170
 x   6     y  5
2
CP 
2
BD  1  15   12  10 
2 2
CP   x  6    y  5
2 2
BD   14    22 
2 2
CP   x  2  x  6    6    y   2  y  5    5 
2 2 2 2
BD  196  484  680

CP  x 2  12 x  36  y 2  10 y  25
BD  4 170  2 170
Therefore opposite sides of the rectangle are CP  x 2  y 2  12 x  10 y  61
AB  CD  6 5 and BC  AD  10 5 According to condition AP  BP  CP
And the diagonals are Take AP  BP
AC  BD  2 170 x 2  y 2  4 x  2 y  5  x 2  y 2  8 x  6 y  25
Q6. Show that the points A  4,3 , B  3,1 and Squaring both sides
   
2 2
C 1, 2  are the vertices of isosceles triangle ABC x2  y 2  4 x  2 y  5 x 2  y 2  8 x  6 y  25
x 2  y 2  4 x  2 y  5  x 2  y 2  8 x  6 y  25
Solution: We have to show that A  4,3 , B  3,1
x 2  x 2  y 2  y 2  4 x  8 x  2 y  6 y  5  25  0
and C 1, 2  are the vertices of isosceles triangle 12 x  4 y  20  0  by 4
3x  y  5  0.............................. 1
AB   3  4   1  3
2 2
Take AP  CP
AB   1   2   1 4
2 2
x 2  y 2  4 x  2 y  5  x 2  y 2  12 x  10 y  61
AB  5 Squaring both sides
   
2 2
BC  1  3   2  1 x2  y 2  4x  2 y  5 x 2  y 2  12 x  10 y  61
2 2
x 2  y 2  4 x  2 y  5  x 2  y 2  12 x  10 y  61
BC   2   1  4 1
2 2
x 2  x 2  y 2  y 2  4 x  12 x  2 y  10 y  5  61  0
BC  5 16 x  8 y  56  0  by 8
2 x  y  7  0.............................. 2
AC  1  4    2  3
2 2
Subtracting equation (2) from equation (1)

AC   3   1
2 2
 9 1 3x  y  5  0
2x y 7  0
AC  10
Hence ABC is an isosceles triangle with two sides are equal
x20
AB  BC  5 and the side is not equal  x  2 x2
Putting the value of x in equation (1) we get
AC  10 3  2   y  5  0
Q7. Find the points which is equidistant from the 6  y  5  0
points A  2,1 , B  4,3 and C  6,5  y  11
Hence P  2,11 is equidistant from points A,B & C
Solution: Let P  x, y  be the point which is
Q8. In each case, find midpoint of the line segment
equidistant from A  2,1 , B  4,3 & C  6,5  PQ joining two points P  x1 , y1  & Q  x2 , y2 
AP   x  2   y  1 P 10, 20  , Q  12, 8 
2 2
a).
AP   x
2
 2  x  2    2    y   2  y 1  1
2 2 2 Solution: We have P 10, 20  , Q  12, 8 
Let M is the mid-point of P and Q
AP  x2  4x  4  y 2  2 y  1
 10   12  20   8  
M  , 
AP  x  y  4 x  2 y  5
2 2
 2 2 
 10  12 20  8    3 6    2  3  3 2    2  4  
M  ,   x, y    , 
 2 2   3   2  3   2  
 2 12  18  6 6  8   24 2 
M  ,   x, y    ,  , 
 2 2   3 2 3 2   1 1 
M   1, 6   x, y    24, 2 
b). P  a, b  Q   a, b  c). P 1, 2  , Q  4,7  in the ratio 2 : 3
Solution: Given P  a, b  Q   a, b  Solution: Using the ratio formula
m x m x m y m y 
Let M is the mid-point of P and Q  x, y    1 2 2 1 , 1 2 2 1 
 a   a  b  b   m1  m2 m1  m2 
M  ,    2  4    31  2  7    3 2  
 2 2   x, y    , 
 2  3 2  3 
 a  a b  b 
M   8  3 14  6 
 x, y   
,
 2 2  , 
 1 1 
0 0
M   ,    0, 0   x, y    5, 20 
2 2
d). P  6,7  , Q  5, 4  in the ratio 2
:1
c). P  a  b, a  b  Q  a  b, a  b  7
Solution: Using the ratio formula
Solution: Given P  a  b, a  b  , Q  a  b, a  b  1
 x, y    m1 x2  m2 x1 , m1 y2  m2 y1 
Let M is the mid-point of P and Q m1  m2
M 
 a b a b a b a b    72   5   1 6   72   4   1 7  

, 

  
x , y  , 
7 1 7 1
2 2 2 2
 
 2a 2a 
M  ,   10  6 8  7   10  6. 7 8  7. 7 
 2 2   x, y    72 , 72    72 77 , 72 77 
 7  1 7  1   7  1. 7 7  1. 7 
M   a, a 
 10742   732 417  32 9 41 9
8 49
 1 2  3 4  x, y       9 , 9    7  7, 7  7
7
d). P ,
, , Q ,  2 7 27
 2 4  5 7  7 7  7 7
Sol: Given P  1 , 2  , 3 4
Q ,   x, y    732  79 , 417  79    932 , 419 
 2 4  5 7
Q10. In each case, find the coordinates of the end
Let M is the mid-point of P and Q
point P or Q of the line segment PQ, when the
 1  1 3  1  2 4  
M    ,    midpoint D and one end point of the line segment
 2  2 5  2  4 7  PQ are the following:
 1 5  6 1 14  16 
M  a). D  2, 1 , P  1, 3 Q?
, 
 2 10 2 28 
Solution: Let Q  x2 , y2  and using mid-point formula
 1 1 
M  ,   x  x2 y1  y2 
 20 28  D  x, y    1 , 
So
 2 2 
Q9. In each case, find coordinates of point R  x, y   1  x2 3  y2 
D  2, 1   , 
which divides line segment PQ joining the two points  2 2 
a). P 1, 2  , Q  3, 4  in the ratio 5 : 7 By Comparing Abscissa ordinate

1  x2 3  y2
Solution: Using the ratio formula 2  1
2 2
 m1 x2  m2 x1 m1 y2  m2 y1 
 x, y    ,  1  x2  2  2 3  y2   1 2 
 m  m m1  m2 
1 2
x2  4  1 y2  2  3
  5  3   7 1  5  4    7  2  
 x, y    ,  x2  5 y2  1
 57 57 
  Hence the other end point Q  5,1
 x, y    
15 7 20 14
, 
 12
D  3, 4  , Q  2, 4 
12 
b). P?
 x, y    ,    , 
22 34 11 17
 12 12   6 6  Solution: Let P  x1 , y1  and using mid-point formula
b). P  3, 4  , Q  6, 2  in the ratio 3: 2  x  x2 y1  y2 

D  x, y    1 , 
Solution: Using the ratio formula  2 2  so
 m1 x2  m2 x1 m1 y2  m2 y1   x  2 y1  4 
 x, y    ,  D  3, 4    1 , 
 m1  m2 m1  m2   2 2 
By Comparing Abscissa ordinate 60m2  80m1 16m1  12m2
x1  2 y1  4
2  3 2  4 60 m1
 
m1 3
 
m1 12 3
 
x1  2  3  2 y1  4  4  2 80 m2 m2 4 m2 16 4
Therefore the ratio m1 : m2  3: 4
x1  6  2 y1  8  4
x1  8 y1  12 b). P  1, 4  , Q  5, 2  , R 1, 2 
Hence the other end point P  8, 12  Solution: using ratio formula
 m x  m2 x1 m1 y2  m2 y1 
R  x, y    1 2
D 1, 2  , P  4,5  
,
c). Q?  m1  m2 m1  m2 
Sol: Let Q  x2 , y2  and using mid-point formula Putting the coordinates of P and Q
 5m  m2 2m1  4m2 
 x  x2 y1  y2  R 1, 2    1 , 
D  x, y    1 ,   m1  m2 m1  m2 
 2 2  so
Comparing abscissa Ordinate
 4  x2 5  y2  5m1  m2 2m1  4m2
D 1, 2    , 
 2 2  1 2
m1  m2 m1  m2
By Comparing Abscissa ordinate
4  x2 5  y2 m1  m2  5m1  m2 2m1  2m2  2m1  4m2
1 2
2 2 m2  m2  5m1  m1 2m1  2m1  4m2  2m2
4  x2  1 2 5  y2  2  2 2m2  4m1 4m1  2m2
x2  2  4 y2  4  5 2 m1 m1 2 1
  
x2  2 y 2  1 4 m2 m2 4 2
Hence the other end point Q  2, 1 Therefore the ratio m1 : m2  1: 2
On comparing ordinate we will get another result
d). D  3,5  , Q  3, 2  P? c). P  4, 4  , Q 10,16  , R  6,8 
Sol: Let P  x1 , y1  and using mid-point formula Solution: using ratio formula
 x  x2 y1  y2   m x  m2 x1 m1 y2  m2 y1 
D  x, y    1 ,  R  x, y    1 2 , 
 2 2   m1  m2 m1  m2 
 x1  3 y1  2  Putting the coordinates of P and Q
D  3, 5    , 
 2 2   10m1  4m2 16m1  4m2 
By Comparing Abscissa ordinate R  6,8    , 
 m1  m2 m1  m2 
x1  3 y1  2
 3 5 Comparing abscissa Comparing Ordinate
2 2 10m1  4m2
6 16m1  4m2
x1  3  3  2 y1  2  5  2 8
m1  m2 m m
x1  6  3 y1  10  2 1 2
6m1  6m2  10m1  4m2 8m1  8m2  16m1  4m2
x1  9 y1  8
6m2  4m2  10m1  6m1 8m2  4m2  16m1  8m1
Hence the other end point P  9,8  2m2  4m1 4m2  8m1
Q11. In each case, in what ratio is the line segment 1 m1 1 m1
 
PQ divided by the point R  x, y  2 m2 2 m2
 4 58  Therefore the ratio m1 : m2  1: 2
a). P  8,10  , Q  12, 6  , R  , 
 7 7 
Solution: using ratio formula d). P  1, 2  , Q  3, 2  , R  2,1
 m x  m2 x1 m1 y2  m2 y1  Solution: using ratio formula
R  x, y    1 2 , 
 m1  m2 m1  m2   m x  m2 x1 m1 y2  m2 y1 
R  x, y    1 2 , 
 m1  m2 m1  m2 
Putting the coordinates of P and Q
 4 58   12m1  8m2 6m1  10m2 
R ,  ,  Putting the coordinates of P and Q
 7 7   m1  m2 m1  m2 
 3m  m2 2m1  2m2 
Comparing abscissa Comparing ordinate R  2,1   1 , 
12m1  8m2 4

6m1  10m2 58
  m1  m2 m1  m2 
m1  m2 7 m1  m2 7 Comparing abscissa Comparing Ordinate
7  12m1  8m2   4  m1  m2  7  6m1  10m2   58  m1  m2  3m  m2 2m1  2m2
2 1 1
84m1  56m2  4m1  4m2 42m1  70m2  58m1  58m2 m1  m2 m1  m2
56m2  4m2  4m1  84m1 42m1  58m1  58m2  70m2 2m1  2m2  3m1  m2 m1  m2  2m1  2m2
2m2  m2  3m1  2m1 m2  2m2  2m1  m1
3m2  m1 3m2  m1 Slope of line when two points are given
3 m1 3 m1 Let P1  x1 , y1  & P2  x2 , y2  be any two points of a line
 
1 m2 1 m2 y2  y1 rise
tan   m  
Therefore the ratio m1 : m2  3:1 x2  x1 run
Q12. Find the centroid of the triangle ABC, whose Parallel and perpendicular lines
vertices are the following:
Let m1 & m2 are slope of the lines l1 and l2
a). A  4, 2  , B  2, 4  , C  5,5 
l1 l2  m1  m2
Solution: using centroid formula
 x  x2  x3 y1  y2  y3  l1  l2  m1.m2  1
G  x, y    1 , 
 3 3  Collinear points
Putting the coordinates of A,B and C Three points A,B,C are collinear if slope
 4   2   5 2  4  5  of AB= slope of BC
G  x, y    , 
 3 3  Equation of Line,General from
 4  2  5 2  9  If a, b, c  R then of line is ax  by  c  0
G  x, y    , 
 3 3  Slope intercept form
7 7 y  mx  b1 or from the general
G  x, y    , 
3 3 a c
equation y  x
b). A  3,5  , B  4,6  , C  3,5  wrong question b b
a c
Solution: using centroid formula Where m  and y intercept b1 
b b
 x  x  x3 y1  y2  y3 
G  x, y    1 2 ,  Note that
 3 3  1). The angle or the inclination of X-axis = 0
Putting the coordinates of A,B and C 2). The angle or the inclination of Y-axis = 90
 3 43 5 65  3). Slope of X-axis = 0
G  x, y    ,  1
 3 3  3). Slope of Y-axis =   or undefined
 10 16  0
G  x, y    ,  4). Any line parallel to Y-axis if b  0 
 3 3 ax  c  0 or x  ac
c). A 1,1 , B  2, 2  , C  4,5  5). If  ac  0 then the line above the Y-axis
Solution: using centroid formula 6). If  ac  0 then the line below the Y-axis
 x  x  x y  y2  y3 
G  x, y    1 2 3 , 1  7). If x  0 then the line parallel to Y-axis
 3 3  8). Any line parallel to X-axis if a  0 
Putting the coordinates of A,B and C by  c  0 or y   bc
 1   2   4 1   2   5 
G  x, y    ,  9). If  bc  0 then the line above the X-axis
 3 3  10). If  bc  0 then the line below the X-axis
 1 2  4 1 2  5  11). If y  0 then the line parallel to X-axis
G  x, y    , 
 3 3  12).If y  mx then the line passes through origin
3 4 13). The distance between any two points

G  x, y    ,  always positive
3 3 14). distance between any two points is Zero
 4 iff points are coincide or same or overlap
G  x, y   1, 
 3 Point intercept from y  y1  m  x  x1 
d). A 1, 4  , B  2,6  , C  3, 1 Two intercept from
x

y
1
Solution: using centroid formula  ac  bc
 x  x  x y  y2  y3  general equation of a line is ax  by  c  0
G  x, y    1 2 3 , 1 
 3 3  ax by x y
 1 or  c 1
Putting the coordinates of A,B and C c c a b
c
 1  2  3 4  6   1  where  ac and  bc are x and y intercepts

G  x, y    , 
 3 3  respectively
6 9 Direction cosine of Normal line
G  x, y    ,  ax by c
 3 3   0
G  x, y    2,3  a b  a b  a 2  b2
2 2 2 2
Direction cosine are coefficients of x and y Solution: We have from the figure
a b 1
i.e.   and   x-intercept a  
a b
2 2
a b
2 2
2
Symmetric from y-intercept b  1
x   c
a y0 Since two intercept from of equation of line
x y
a  b  a 2  b2   1 where a is x-intercept & b is y intercept
 a b
2 2
 a b
2 2 a b
Putting the values of intercepts
Normal or Perpendicular from
x y
x cos  y sin   p where p is perpendicular  1
1
distance from line to origin 2 1
2 x  y  1
Exercise 6.2 2 x  y  1  0
Q1. In each case, find the length of the line
segment PQ joining the two points
Solution: We have from the figure

Solution: We have from the figure x-intercept a  2
x-intercept a  -5 y-intercept b  1
y-intercept b  5 Since two intercept from of equation of line
Since two intercept from of equation of line
x y
x y   1 where a is x-intercept & b is y intercept
  1 where a is x-intercept & b is y intercept a b
a b Putting the values of intercepts
x y
x y  1 Multiply each term by 2
 1 Multiply each term by -5 2 1
5 5 x  2y  2
x  y  5
x  2y  2  0
x y5  0
Sol: We have from the figure  0, 0  and  6, 6 

Since we know that
x-intercept a  2 y  y1
y-intercept b  6 y  y1  2  x  x1 
x2  x1
60
x y
  1 where a is x-intercept & b is y intercept
y0   x  0
60
a b yx
x y
 1 Multiply each term by 6
2 6
3x  y  6
3x  y  6  0

x-intercept a  -4
y-intercept b  -3
x y
  1 where a is x-intercept & b is y intercept
a b
Putting the values of intercepts By comparing with the general from of straight line
x y i.e., ax  by  c  0 we get
  1 Multiply each term by -12
4 3 a  4 ,b  7 ,c  -1
3x  4 y  12 a
Since slope m1  putting the values of a & b
3x  4 y  12  0 b
Q2. Arrange these lines in order of stepness 4
2
m1 
a). y  x4 7
5
1 e). Parallel to 2 y  4 x  7
b). y  x 5
3 Solution: We have 2 y  4 x  7
c). y  x 3 4x  2 y  7  0
d). y  0.3x  6 By comparing with the general from of straight line
e). y  0.01x  200 i.e., ax  by  c  0 we get
Solution: We can write above equations in decimal form a  4 ,b  -2 ,c  7
a). 2
y  x  4  0.40 x  4 a
5 Since slope m1  putting the values of a & b
1
b
b). y  x  5  0.33x  5
3 m1  42  2
c). y  x  3  1.00 x  3 Parallel slope m1  m2  2
d). y  0.3x  6  0.30 x  6 f). Perpendicular to 6 x  y  3
e). y  0.01x  200 Solution: We have 6 x  y  3
Now Arrange these lines with respect to step-ness 6x  y  3  0
e). y  0.01x  200 By comparing with the general from of straight line
d). y  0.3x  6  0.30 x  6 i.e., ax  by  c  0 we get
b). y
1
x  5  0.33x  5 a  6 ,b  - 1 ,c  3
3
2 Since slope m1  a putting the values of a & b
a). y x  4  0.40 x  4 b
5 6
c). y  x  3  1.00 x  3 m1  6
1
Q3. In each case, find the slope, if it is defined
Perpendicular slope m1.m2  1
a).  5, 4  and  3,6  6 m2  1
Solution: We have  5, 4  and  3,6 

1
m2 
6
Since we know that Q4. What are the x-intercept and y-intercept for
rise y2  y1
Slope  m   the following lines?
run x2  x1 a). y  2x  6
64 2 2 1
m    Solution: We have y  2 x  6
3   5  3  5 8 4
For x-intercept put y  0
b).  2, 1 and  5, 6  0  2x  6
Solution: We have  2, 1 and  5, 6 
2 x  6  x  3
rise y2  y1 For y-intercept put x  0
Since we know that Slope  m  
run x2  x1 y  2 0  6
6   1 6  1 7 y  06
m    1
5  2 7 7 y6
c). Through the origin and  4, 6  Therefore x-intercept at  3, 0  & y-intercept at  0, 6 
Solution: We have  0,0  and  4,6  b). y  3x  9
Since we know that Solution: We have y  3x  9
rise y2  y1 For x-intercept put y  0
Slope  m  
run x2  x1 0  3x  9
60 6 3 3x  9  x3
m  
4  0 4 2 For y-intercept put x  0
d). 4x  7 y  1 y  3  0   9
Solution: We have 4 x  7 y  1 y  09
4x  7 y 1  0 y9
Therefore x-intercept at  3, 0  & y-intercept at  0,9  x cos 60o  y sin 60o  4
1 3
c). y  x2 x y4 multiply by 2
2 2
Solution: We have y  x  2
x  3y  8
0 x2 b). p  8,   900
x  2 Solution: We have p  8,   900
For y-intercept put x  0 Since x cos  y sin   p
y  02
Putting the values
y2
x cos 90o  y sin 90o  8
Therefore x-intercept at  2, 0  & y-intercept at  0, 2   0  x  1 y  8
d). y  2x  8
0 y 8  y 8
Solution: We have y  2 x  8
c). p  5,   300
0  2x  8 Solution: We have p  5,   300
8  2x Since x cos  y sin   p
2x  8 x4 Putting the values
For y-intercept put x  0 x cos 30o  y sin 30o  5
y  2  0  8
3 1
y  8 x y 5 multiply by 2
2 2
Therefore x-intercept at  4, 0  & y-intercept at  0, 8  3x  y  10
e). y  5x  10 d). p  2,   450
Solution: We have y  5x  10 Solution: We have p  2,   450
For x-intercept put y  0 Since x cos  y sin   p
0  5 x  10 Putting the values
10  5 x x cos 45o  y sin 45o  2
5 x  10 2
x
2
y2 multiply by 2
2 2
x 10
5 2x  2 y  4
x  2 Q6. In each case, find the equation of line if the x-
For y-intercept put x  0 intercept and y-intercept of the line are the following:
y  5  0   10 a). x :  4,0  , y :  0,6 
y  0  10 Solution: We have x :  4,0  , y :  0,6 
y  10 i.e., a  4 b 6
Therefore x-intercept at  2, 0  & y-intercept at  0,10  when x and y-intercepts are given then
x y
f). y  5x 10   1 putting the values
a b
Solution: We have y  5x 10 x y
For x-intercept put y  0  1 Multiply by 12
4 6
0  5 x  10 3 x  2 y  12
10  5 x
x2 b). x :  4, 0  , y :  0, 8 
For y-intercept put x  0 Solution: We have x :  4, 0  , y :  0, 8 
y  5  0   10
i.e., a  - 4 b -8
y  10 when x and y-intercepts are given then
Therefore x-intercept at  2, 0  & y-intercept at  0, 10  x y
  1 putting the values
a b
Q5. In each case, use the normal form to find out
x y
the equation of line for the following assumptions:  1 Multiply by  8
a). p  4,   600 4 8
2 x  y  8
Solution: We have p  4,   600
Since x cos  y sin   p c). x :  5,0  , y :  0,10 
Putting the values
Solution: We have x :  5,0  , y :  0,10 
i.e., a  5 b  10 d). M  3,1 , N  1, 3 
when x and y-intercepts are given then Solution: We have M  3,1 , N  1, 3
x y
  1 putting the values When two points are given then
a b
y  y1 y2  y1
x

y
1
 Putting the co-ordinates
5 10
Multiply by 10 x  x1 x2  x1
2 x  y  10 y 1 3 1

x  3 1  3
d). x :  1,0  , y :  0,5  y 1 2

Solution: We have x :  1,0  , y :  0,5  x  3 4
y  1 1
i.e., a  - 1 b 5 
x 3 2
when x and y-intercepts are given then
2  y  1  1 x  3
x y
  1 putting the values 2 y  2  x  3
a b x  2y  2 3  0
x y
 1 Multiply by  5 x  2y 5  0
1 5 Q8. In each case, find equation of line that passes
5 x  y  5
through the point A  x1 , y1  having slope m:
Q7. In each case, find the equation of line that
passes through the pair of points a). A 1, 2  , m4
a). O  0, 0  , A  2, 6  Solution: We have A 1, 2  , m4
Solution: We have O  0, 0  , A  2, 6  When one point and slope are given then
When two points are given then y  y1  m  x  x1  putting the values
y  y1 y2  y1 y  2  4  x  1
x  x1 x2  x1 y  2  4x  4
y 0 60 y  4x  4  2

x0 20 y  4x  2
y 6
 b). A  1, 2  , m 1
2
x 2
y Solution: We have A  1, 2  , m 1
3  y  3x 2
x When one point and slope are given then
b). E 1,0  , F  2,5  y  y1  m  x  x1  putting the values
Solution: We have E 1,0  , F  2,5  y   2   1
2  x   1 
When two points are given then y2 1
 x  1
y  y1 y2  y1
2
 Putting the co-ordinates 2  y  2     x  1
x  x1 x2  x1
y 0 50 2 y  4  x 1

x 1 2 1 x  2 y  4 1  0
y 5
 x  2y  5  0
x 1 1
y  5  x  1
c). A  3,5  , m  3
y  5x  5
I 1,1 , J  3,3 Solution: We have A  3,5  , m  3

c).
When one point and slope are given then
Sol: When two points are given then
y  y1 y2  y1 y  y1  m  x  x1  putting the values
x  x1 x2  x1 y  5  3  x   3  
y 1 3 1 y  5  3  x  3
 y  5  3 x  9
x 1 3 1
3x  y  5  9  0
y 1 2
 3x  y  4  0
x 1 2
y 1 d). A  7, 8  , m5
1
x 1
y 1  x 1 Solution: We have A  7, 8  , m5
y  x 1 1 When one point and slope are given then
yx
y  y1  m  x  x1  putting the values x1 y1 1
1
y   8  5  x  7  Area of ABC  x2 y2 1
2
y  8  5 x  35 x3 y3 1
*. if determinant is negative then take it absolute
y  5 x  35  8
*. If determinant is zero then the points
y  5 x  43 A,B,C are collinear or lie on same line
Q9. In each case, find the equation of line that Condition for Parallel and Perpendicular of two lines
exists the y-intercept c and slope m: Let m1 & m2 are slope of the lines l1 & l2
a). c  2, m  2
l1 l2  m1  m2
Solution: We have c  2, m  2
a1 a2
When y-intercept c and slope m are given then  
y  mx  c putting the values b1 b2
y  2x  2  a1b2  a2b1  0
b). c  4, m  8 l1  l2  m1.m2  1
Solution: We have c  4, m  8   a1    a2 
    1
When y-intercept c and slope m are given then  b1   b2 
y  mx  c putting the values  a1a2  b1b1  0
y  8x  4 Angle between two straight lines
c). c  4, m  12 Let m1 and m2 are slope of the lines l1
Solution: We have When y-intercept c and slope m m2  m1
and l2 respectively tan  
are given then y  mx  c putting the values 1  m2 .m1
y  12 x  4
For an acute angle tan   m2  m1
d). c  12 , m  3 1  m2 .m1
Solution: We have c  12 , m  3 Family of lines:

When y-intercept c and slope m are given then A line passes through point of intersection of lines
y  mx  c putting the values y  3x  12 Exercise 6.3
Position of a point with respect to line
Let ax  by  c  0 be given line and Q1. In each case, show that point P  x1 , y1  lies above
P  x1 , y1  is any point then or below the line ax  by  c  0 , Also show that the
ax1  by1  c  0 The point is above the line point P  x1 , y1  and the origin line on the same side or
ax1  by1  c  0 The point is below the line on the opposite side of the line ax  by  c  0
ax1  by1  c  0 The point is on the line a). P  4, 5  , 4 x  3 y  17  0
Distance between a point and a line Solution: P  4, 5  , 4 x  3 y  17  0
Let ax  by  c  0 be given line and Substituting the given point into the given equation
P  x1 , y1  is any point then 4 x  3 y  17  4  4   3  5   17
ax1  by1  c 4 x  3 y  17  16  15  17
d
a 2  b2 4 x  3 y  17  31  17
Distance between Two Parallel lines 4 x  3 y  17  14  0
Let l1  a1x  b1 y  c1  0 and Therefore the given point is lie above the line
l2  a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 be given lines Now to check Origin  0, 0 
First find any point from 4 x  3 y  17  4  0   3  0   17

l1  a1x  b1 y  c1  0 by putting x=0 or y=o 4 x  3 y  17  0  0  17
then find distance between the point and 4 x  3 y  17  17  0
the line l2  a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 Therefore the Origin is lie below the line
Area of triangular region when Hence the point and the origin lie the opposite side
vertices are given b). P  3,8  5x  7 y  9  0
Let A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2  and C  x3 , y3  are
Solution: We have P  3,8  5x  7 y  9  0
vertices of triangle ABC then
Substituting the given point into the given equation
5 x  7 y  9  5  3  7 8   9 2 x  3 y  10  2 1  3  2   10
5 x  7 y  9  15  56  9 2 x  3 y  10  2  6  10
5 x  7 y  9  15  65
2 x  3 y  10  2  0
5 x  7 y  9  50  0
Therefore the given point is lie below the line
Therefore the given point is lie above the line Hence both points P and Q lies the same side of line
Now to check Origin  0, 0 
c). P  3, 2  , Q  4,5  ; 3x  7 y  15  0
5x  7 y  9  5  0  7  0  9
Solution: P  3, 2  , Q  4,5  ;3x  7 y  15  0
5x  7 y  9  0  0  9
Substituting the point P into the given equation
5x  7 y  9  9  0
3 x  7 y  15  3  3  7  2   15
Therefore the Origin is lie above the line
Hence the point and the origin lie the opposite side 3 x  7 y  15  9  14  15
c). P  20, 15  6 x  9 y  13  0 3 x  7 y  15  10  0
Solution: P  20, 15  6 x  9 y  13  0 Substituting the point Q into the given equation
Substituting the given point into the given equation 3x  7 y  15  3  4   7  5   15
6 x  9 y  13  6  20   9  15   13 3x  7 y  15  12  35  15
6 x  9 y  13  120  135  13 3x  7 y  15  12  20  32  0
6 x  9 y  13  2  0 Therefore the given point is lie above the line
Therefore the given point is lie below the line Hence both points P and Q lies the opposite side of line
Now to check Origin  0, 0  Q3. In each case, find the perpendicular distance
6 x  9 y  13  6  0   9  0   13 from the line ax  by  c  0 to point P  x1 , y1 

6 x  9 y  13  0  0  13 a). P  3, 4  ; 4x  3y  6  0
6 x  9 y  13  13  0 Solution: We have P  3, 4  ; 4x  3y  6  0
Therefore the Origin is lie above the line
Hence the point and the origin lie the opposite side Distance between a P  x1 , y1  and a
Q2. In each case, show that the pint P  x1 , y1  and ax  by  c  0
Q  x2 , y2  lies on the same side or on the opposite ax1  by1  c
d Putting the coefficients of line & Point
side of the line ax  by  c  0 a 2  b2
a). P  4, 2  , Q 11, 3 : 5 x  14 y  11  0  4  3   3 4   6
d
Solution: P  4, 2  , Q 11, 3 , 5 x  14 y  11  0  4    3
2 2

12  12  6 30 30
5 x  14 y  11  5  4   14  2   11 d  
16  9 25 5
5 x  14 y  11  20  28  11 d  6 units
5x  14 y 11  3  0
b). P  5,8  ; 3x  2 y  7  0
Substituting the point Q into the given equation Solution: We have P  5,8  ; 3x  2 y  7  0
5 x  14 y  11  5 11  14  3   11
Distance between a P  x1 , y1  & a ax  by  c  0
5 x  14 y  11  55  42  11
ax1  by1  c
5 x  14 y  11  55  53  2  0 d Putting the coefficients of line & Point
Therefore given point is lie above the line a 2  b2
Hence both points P and Q lies the opposite side of line
d 
 3 5   2 8  7
b). P  3,5  , Q 1, 2  ; 2 x  3 y  10  0  3   2 
2 2
Solution: P  3,5  , Q 1, 2  ; 2 x  3 y  10  0 d 

15  16  7

6
units
94 13
2 x  3 y  10  2  3  3  5   10 c). P  3, 1 ; 5 x  12 y  16  0
2 x  3 y  10  6  15  10 Solution: P  3, 1 ; 5 x  12 y  16  0
2 x  3 y  10  1  0
Distance between a P  x1 , y1  & a ax  by  c  0
Substituting the point Q into the given equation ax1  by1  c Putting the coefficients of line & Point
d
a 2  b2
3 2
d
 5 3  12  1  16 tan  
1   3 2 
 5  12 
2 2
tan   116
15  12  16 13
d
5  144

169
 d  1 unit tan   17
d). P  54,71 ; 4 x  3 y  17  0   tan 1  17 

L1 : m1  3, L2 : m2  8
Solution: P  54,71 ; 4 x  3 y  17  0 c).
Solution: We have L1 : m1  3, L2 : m2  8
Distance between a P  x1 , y1  & a ax  by  c  0 Angle between two lines having slope
ax1  by1  c Putting the coefficients of line & Point m2  m1 putting the values
d tan  
1  m2 .m1
a 2  b2
8   3
tan  
d
 4  54    3 71  17 1   8   3
 4    3
2 2 83
tan  
1  24
216  213  17 20
d   d  4 units tan   11
23
16  9 25
e). P  60, 25  ; 3x  7 y  5  0   tan 1  1123 
Solution: We have P  60, 25  ; 3x  7 y  5  0   180o  tan 1  11

23 
P  x1 , y1  & a ax  by  c  0 d). L1 : m1  0, L2 : m2  3
Distance between a
Solution: We have L1 : m1  0, L2 : m2  2
ax1  by1  c Putting the coefficients of line & Point
d Angle between two lines having slope
a 2  b2 m2  m1 putting the values
tan  
1  m2 .m1
d
 3 60    7  25   5 20
tan  
 3   7  1   2  0 
2 2
180  175  5 0 tan  

2
d  1 0
9  49 58
tan   2    tan 1  2 
d 0
Therefore Point P line on the given line Q5. In each case, find the angle  from the line L1
Q4. In each case, find the angle  from the line L1 to the line L2 . Try to obtained acute angles
to the line L2 , if the slopes of the lines L1 and L2 a). L1 : joins 1, 2  and  7, 1
are the following:
a). 1 L2 : joins  3, 2  and  5, 6 
L1 : m1  , L2 : m2  3
2 Solution: First we find slope m1
Solution: We have L1 : m1 
1
L2 : m2  3
,
1  2
2
m1 
Angle between two lines having slope 7 1
m2  m1 putting the values 3 1
tan   m1  
1  m2 .m1
6 2
3  12
tan   And the slope m2
1   3  12  62 4
m2  
6 1 53 2
tan   2
m2  2
1 3
2
5 5 Now Angle between two lines having slope
tan   2
 2
m  m1
23 5 tan   2 putting the values
2 2
1  m2 .m1
tan   1 2  21
tan  
  tan 1
1 1   2   21 
 4 1
  45o tan   2
4 1 1
b). L1 : m1  2, L2 : m2  3 tan  
5
2
Solution: We have L1 : m1  2, L2 : m2  3 0
  tan 1   
Angle between two lines having slope 
m2  m1 putting the values    90o
tan   2
1  m2 .m1
b). L1 : joins  2, 7  and  7,10  b) L1 : 2 x  4 y10  0 L2 : 5x  3y1  0
Solution: L1 : 2x  4 y10  0, L2 : 5x  3y 1  0
L2 : joins 1,1 and  5,3 
Comparing the coefficients of L1 with standard
Solution: First we find slope m1
from of equation of line. i.e., ax  by  c  0
10  7
m1  a  2 b  4 c  - 10
72
Since slope m1  a putting the values
m1  3
5 b
2 1
And the slope m2 m1  
4 2
3 1
m2  Comparing the coefficients of L2 with standard
5  1
2 1
m2   a 5 b -3 c 1
6 3
Since slope m2  a putting the values
Now Angle between two lines having slope b
m  m1 5 5
tan   2 putting the values m2  
1  m2 .m1 3 3
Now Angle between two lines having slope
1
 3 59
m2  m1 putting the values
tan   3 5
 15
tan  
1  1
3  
3
5 1 1
5 1  m2 .m1
14 5
  21 
tan   3 tan   3
51 1   53   21 
5
10  3
14 4 14 5 tan   6
tan      65
6
3 5 3 4 13
  tan 1   76  tan   6
1
6
  180o  tan 1  76  13 1 13 6
tan     
Q6. In each case, find angle 
L1 to line L2
from line 6 6 6 1
a). L1 : x  2 y  3  0 L2 : 3x  y  7  0   tan 1 13
Solution: L1 : x  2 y  3  0, L2 : 3x  y  7  0 c). L1 : 2x  y  8  0 L2 : 3x  2 y  2  0
Comparing the coefficients of L1 with standard Solution: L1 : 2 x  y  8  0, L2 : 3x  2 y  2  0
from of equation of line. i.e., ax  by  c  0 Comparing the coefficients of L1 with standard

a  1 b  - 2 c 3 from of equation of line. i.e., ax  by  c  0
Since slope m1  a putting the values a 2 b  1 c-8
b
a
m1 
1 1
 Since slope m1  putting the values
2 2 b
Comparing the coefficients of L2 with standard m1  12  2
from of equation of line. i.e., ax  by  c  0 Comparing the coefficients of L2 with standard
a  3 b - 1 c 7 from of equation of line. i.e., ax  by  c  0
Since slope m2  a putting the values a 3 b 2 c -2
b
a 3
m2  3
1 3 Since slope m2  putting the values m2 
b 2
tan   m2  m1
1  m2 .m1 tan   putting the values
3  12 1  m2 .m1
tan  
1   3  12    2 
3
tan   2
tan  
6 1
2 1   23   2 
1 3
2 3 4
5 5 tan   2
tan   2
 2 1 3
23 5
1
2 2 1 1 1
tan   1 tan   2   4  
4 2 2 4
  tan 1 1
  tan  8 
1 1


4 d) L1 : 3x  5 y  22  0 L2 : 6 x  y  22  0
L1 :3x  5 y  22  0, L2 : 6x  y  22  0 m3  m2 putting the values
Solution: tan  
1  m3 .m2
Comparing the coefficients of L1 with standard 1

1 1 2
from of equation of line. i.e., ax  by  c  0 tan   6 3
 6
1  1
 
1
1 1
a  3 b  - 5 c  22 6 3 18
a
1
1 19
Since slope m1  putting the values tan   6
181
 
b 18 6 18
3 3 1 18 3
m1   tan    
5 5 6 19 19
Comparing the coefficients of L2 with standard   tan  19   8.97o
1 3

The angle between the line segment AC & AB
a  6 b  1 c  - 22 m3  m1
a tan   putting the values
Since slope m2  putting the values 1  m3 .m1
b 1
0 1
6 tan   3
 3
m2   6 1  1
3   0 1 0
1 1
Now Angle between two lines having slope tan   3
1
m  m1
tan   2 putting the values  1  1
  tan 1   or   180o  tan 1    161.56o
1  m2 .m1  3   3
6  53 b). A  3, 4  , B 1, 5  and C  2, 4 
tan  
1   6   53  Solution: A  3, 4  , B 1, 5  and C  2, 4 
30 3 33
tan   5
5 18
 5
13
Let m1 is the slope of line segment AB
5 5 5   4  5  4
m1  
33 13 33 5 1 3 2
tan     
5 5 5 13 9 9
m1  
  tan 1  13
33
 2 2
Let m2 is the slope of line segment BC
Q7. In each case, find the angles of the triangle ABC
whose vertices are the following: 4  5
m2 
a). A 1, 2  , B  4, 2  and C  2, 3  2 1
9
Solution: We have A 1, 2  , B  4, 2  and C  2,3  m2 
1
 9
Let m1 is the slope of line segment AB Let m3 is the slope of line segment AC
m1 
22 4   4  4  4
4 1 m3  
23 1
0
m1   0 0
3 m3  0
1
Now the angle between line segment AB & BC
3 2 m  m2
m2 
2  4 tan   1 putting the values
1  m1.m2
1 1
m2   9   29  18 9
6 6 tan    2
Let m3 is the slope of line segment AC 1   9   2  1  812

9
3 2 9
9 83 9 2
m3 
2  1 tan   2
2 81
   
1 1 2 2 2 2 83
m3  
3 3
 9 
Now the angle between line segment AB & BC   tan 1    6.188
o
 83 
tan   The angle between the line segment AC & BC
1  m1.m2
0   61  m2  m3
tan   
1
6 tan   putting the values
1   0   61  1  0 1  m2 .m3
9  0 9
tan   1 tan   
6
1   9  0  1  0
  tan 1
 16   9.46o tan   9
The angle between the line segment AC & BC   tan 1  9 
  180o  tan 1  9   180o  83.65o tan  
5
6 0

5
6
  96.34 1   56   0  1 0
5
The angle between the line segment AC & AB tan   6
m3  m1 1
tan   putting the values
1  m3 .m1   tan 1
 56   39.81o
0  29 9
A  1, 1 , B  1, 4  and C  2,0 
tan    2 d).
1   0   29  1  0
9
Solution: A  1, 1 , B  1, 4  and C  2,0 
tan   2
Let m1 is the slope of line segment AB
1
4   1
  tan 1  92   77.47o m1  
4 1
1   1 1  1
c). A  4,0  , B  2,0  and C  2,5  m1 
5
A  4,0  , B  2,0  and C  2,5 

0
Solution:
Let m1 is the slope of line segment AB 04 4
m2  
00 2   1 2  1
m1  4
2   4  m2 
3
0 0
m1   0 Let m3 is the slope of line segment AC
24 6 0   1
m3 
Let m2 is the slope of line segment BC 2   1
50 0 1 1
m2  m3  
22 2 1 3
5
m2  Now the angle between line segment AB & BC
0
m  m1 putting the values
Let m3 is the slope of line segment AC tan   2
1  m2 .m1
50 4
 0 4
 05 . 33
m3 
5
2   4  tan   3 0
 0 3
1  4
3
5
0  0
0 .1  200
5 5
m3   0 15
15 20 15 0
24 6 tan   0
   
0  20
0 0 0 0 20
Now the angle between line segment AB & BC
m  m1   tan 1 3
   36.87o
4
tan   2 putting the values
1  m2 .m1 The angle between the line segment AC & BC
0 5 0 m3  m2
tan  
5
tan   0
 0 putting the values
1   50   0  1 0 1  m3 .m2
0
1
 34 1 4
5
5 0 5 0 tan   3
 3
tan       1   13  34  1  94
0
0 0
0 0 0 0 0
5
5 5
5 tan   3
 
  tan    tan 1     90o
1 94
9 3 9
0 5 9
The angle between line segment AC & BC tan    3
3 5
tan     tan 1  3  71.57o
1  m2 .m3
5
 56 6 5
 56 00 The angle between the line segment AC & AB
tan   0
 6 0
1   50  56  1  25 m3  m1
0 tan   putting the values
30  0
30 25 1  m3 .m1
tan   0


0  25
0 0 5
1 3 5
10
0
tan   0 5 3 1  300 35 0
tan  
30 0
 
30 6

1   0  3  0 1 0
0 25 25 5 15  0
15 5 15 0
  tan 1  65   50.19o tan   0
05
   
0 0 0 0 5
The angle between the line segment AC & AB
  tan 1  3  71.57o
m  m1
tan   3 putting the values
1  m3 .m1
Q8. Find an equation of straight lines from the 4  3  5  
family of straight lines through point of 7  4    47
intersection of the lines Putting the value of  in equation (1) we get
a). 2x  3 y  4  0,3x  4 y  5  0 and is 7
perpendicular to the line 6x  7 y 18  0  3x  4 y  1   5 x  y  1  0
4
Solution: using 2 x  3 y  4  0,3x  4 y  5  0 to 4  3x  4 y  1  7  5 x  y  1  0
obtained the family of lines 12 x  16 y  4  35 x  7 y  7  0
2 x  3 y  4    3 x  4 y  5   0.................... 1 12 x  35 x  16 y  7 y  7  4  0
2 x  3 y  4  3 x  4 y  5  0 23x  23 y  11  0
2 x  3 x  4 y  3 y  4  5  0 23x  23 y  11  0
 2  3  x   4  3 y  4  5  0 c). x  2 y  a, x  3 y  2a and is parallel to
The slope of the family of lines the line 3x  4 y  0
a   2  3  Solution: using x  2 y  a, x  3 y  2a
m1  
b 4  3 Or x  2 y  a  0, x  3 y  2a  0
The slope of the line 6x  7 y 18  0 to obtained the family of lines
a 6 6 x  2 y  a    x  3 y  2a   0.................... 1
m2   
b 7 7 x  2 y  a   x  3 y  2 a  0
The family of lines is perpendicular to x   x  3 y  2 y  a  2 a  0
6x  7 y 18  0
1    x   3  2  y  a  2 a  0
Then m1.m2  1 putting the values
The slope of the family of lines
  2  3  6 a  1   
  1 m1  
4  3 7 b 3  2
6  2  3   7  4  3 The slope of the line 3x  4 y  0
12  18  28  21 a 3
m2  
28 18  21  12 b 4
10  33 The family of lines is parallel to 3x  4 y  0
 33
10
Then m1  m2 putting the values
Putting the value of  in equation (1) we get  1    3

 2 x  3 y  4   1033  3x  4 y  5  0 3  2 4
4 1     3  3  2 
10  2 x  3 y  4   33  3x  4 y  5   0
4  4  9  6
20 x  30 y  40  99 x  132 y  165  0 9  4  6  4
20 x  99 x  30 y  132 y  40  165  0
5  10  2
119 x  102 y  125  0 Putting the value of  in equation (1) we get
b). 3x  4 y  1  0,5x  y1  0 and cuts off x  2 y  a  2  x  3 y  2a   0
equal intercepts from the axes.
x  2 y  a  2 x  6 y  4a  0
Solution: using 3x  4 y  1  0,5x  y1  0 to
x  2 x  2 y  6 y  a  4a  0
obtained the family of lines
3 x  4 y  1    5 x  y  1  0........................ 1 3 x  4 y  5a  0
3 x  4 y  1  5 x   y    0
d). 2x  y  0,3x  2 y  0 and is
perpendicular to the line 3x  y  6  0
3 x  5 x   y  4 y    1
Solution: using 2x  y  0,3x  2 y  0 to
 3  5  x     4  y    1 obtained the family of lines
To make intercepts from we divide it by  1
2 x  y    3x  2 y   0........................... 1
 3  5  x     4  y  1
2 x  y  3 x  2 y  0
 1  1
x y 2 x  3 x  2 y  y  0
 1
 1
3 5 
 1
 4
 2  3  x   2  1 y  0
According to given condition equal intercepts The slope of the family of lines
 1  1 a   2  3 
 m1  
3  5   4 b 2  1
   1   4      1 3  5  The slope of the line 3x  y  6  0
  4  3  5
a 3 b). 2 x  3 y  4  0, 3x  y  5  0 that
m2    3
b 1 touches the point of intersection of
The family of lines is perpendicular to x  y  3  0 and x  5 y  1  0
3x  y  6  0 Solution: using 2 x  3 y  4  0, 3x  y  5  0
Then m1.m2  1 putting the values to obtained the family of lines
  2  3  2 x  3 y  4    3x  y  5   0....................1
  3  1
2  1 And the intersection of the lines
3  2  3   1 2  1
x  y  3  0..........................  2 
6  9  2  1
9  2  1  6 x  5 y  1  0...........................  3
11  5   5
11 Subtracting equation (3) and (2) we get
Putting the value of  in equation (1) we get x  y 3  0
2x  y 
5
 3x  2 y   0 x 5 y 1  0
11
11 2 x  y   5  3 x  2 y   0 6y  4  0
22 x  11 y  15 x  10 y  0 6y  4  y  64  2
3
22 x  15 x  11 y  10 y  0 Putting the value of y in equation (2)
7 x  21 y  0 2
x  3y  0 x 3  0
3
Q9. Find the equation of the straight line from the
2 92 7
family of straight lines through the point of x  3  
interception of the lines 3 3 3
a). 2x  y  1  0, 2x  3 y  5  0 that Therefore  3 , 3  is point of intersection of the lines
7 2
touches the point of intersection of Passes through family of lines i.e., put  73 , 23  in (1)
x  y  0 and x  y  0
2  73   3  32   4    3  73    32   5   0
Solution: using 2x  y  1  0, 2x  3 y  5  0
14 6 4  21 2 5 
to obtained the family of lines      0
 3 3 1
2 x  y  1    2 x  3 y  5   0.................... 1
3 3 1
14  6  12  21  2  15 
And the intersection of the lines  0
3  3 
x  y  0.......................... 2 4  38 
 0
x  y  0........................... 3 3  3 
38 4
Adding equation (2) and (3) we get 
3 3
x y 0 4 3 2
   
x  y  0 3 38 19
Putting the value of  in equation (1) we get
 2y  0 y 0
0
2 2 x  3 y  4  192  3 x  y  5   0
Putting the value of y in equation (2)
x0  0 19  2 x  3 y  4   2  3 x  y  5   0
x0 38 x  57 y  76  6 x  2 y  10  0
Therefore  0, 0  is point of intersection of lines 38x  6x  57 y  2 y  76  10  0
44 x  55 y  66  0
Passes through family of lines i.e., put  0, 0  in (1)
4x  5 y  6  0
2  0   0  1    2  0   3  0   5  0
Condition of Concurrency of Three lines
0  0  1    0  0  5  0 (Having common point)
1  5  0 Let l1  a1 x  b1 y  c1  0
5  1   1
5
l2  a2 x  b2 y  c2  0
Putting the value of  in equation (1) we get l3  a3 x  b3 y  c3  0
1
2 x  y  1   2 x  3 y  5  0 be given lines are having common point of
5 a1 b1 c1
5  2 x  y  1  1 2 x  3 y  5   0 intersection if
  a2 b2 c2  0
10 x  5 y  5  2 x  3 y  5  0 a3 b3 c3
10 x  2 x  5 y  3 y  5  5  0 Area of triangular region
8x  2 y  0 when vertices are given
4x  y  0
Let A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2  and C  x3 , y3  are 33x  88  x  83
Putting the value of x in equation (1)
vertices of triangle ABC then
x1 y1 1 3  83   5 y  22  0
Area of 1
ABC 
2
x2 y2 1 8  5 y  22  0
x3 y3 1
30  5 y  0
1.if determinant is negative then take it absolute
2.If determinant is zero then the points A,B,C are 5 y  30  y6
collinear or lie on same line Hence point of intersection of the given lines is  83 , 6 
Exercise 6.4 d). 8x  7 y  1  0; 10x 11y  35  0
Solution: 8x  7 y  1  0;10 x  11y  35  0
Q1. In each case, find the point of intersection
8 x  7 y  1  0.......................................... 1
P  x, y  of the pair of lines
10 x  11y  35  0....................................  2 
a). 2x  4 y 10  0; 5x  3 y  1  0
Multiply eq (1) by 11 and eq (2) by 7 then subtracting
Solution: We have
88 x  77 y  11  0
2 x  4 y 10  0,5x  3 y  1  0
70 x 77 y  245  0
2 x  4 y  10  0................................1
18 x  234  0
5 x  3 y  1  0................................... 2
18 x  234
Multiply eq (1) by 3 and eq (2) by 4 then adding
6 x  12 y  30  0 234
x  13
20 x  12 y  4  0 18
Putting the value of x in equation (1)
26 x  26  0
8 13  7 y  1  0
26 x  26  x 1
Putting the value of x in equation (1) 104  1  7 y
2 1  4 y  10  0 7 y  105  y  105
7  15
2  4 y  10  0
4y 8  0
Hence point of intersection of given lines is 13,15 
4y  8  y2 Q2. Show that the following lines are concurrent. If
Hence point of intersection of the given lines is 1, 2  the lines are concurrent, then find out the point at
which the given lines can make concurrency:
b). 2 x  y  8  0; 3x  2 y  2  0 a). x  y  2  0; 2 x  y  5  0; 11x  5 y  28  0
Solution: We have 2 x  y  8  0;3x  2 y  2  0 Solution: We have three equation of straight lines
x  y  2  0..................................1
2 x  y  8  0.................................... 1
2 x  y  5  0.................................. 2
3x  2 y  2  0...................................  2 
11x  5 y  28  0............................ 3
Multiply eq (1) by 2 subtract from eq (2)
3x  2 y  2  0 To find the concurrency of the lines using formula
a1 b2 c3
4 x  2 y 16  0
a2 b2 c2  0 Putting coefficients of eq 1,2 & 3
x  14  0 a3 b3 c3
x  14
1 1 2
Putting the value of x in equation (1) 1 5 2 5 2 1
2 1 5  1   1   2 
2 14   y  8  0 5 28 11 28 11 5
11 5 28
28  y  8  0
 1 28  25  1 56  55  2  10  11
y  20  0  y  20
 13  1 1  2 1
Hence point of intersection of given lines is 14, 20   3 1 2  0
c). 3x  5 y  22  0; 6 x  y  22  0 Therefore the given lines are concurrent
For point of concurrency subtract eq (2) from (1)
Solution: 3x  5 y  22  0;6 x  y  22  0
x y20
3x  5 y  22  0.................................... 1
2 x y 5  0
6 x  y  22  0......................................  2  x 3 0
Multiply eq (2) by 5 and add with eq (1)
x3
30 x  5 y  110  0
Putting the value of x in equation (1) we get
3 x  5 y  22  0 3 y  2  0
33 x  88  0 3 2  y  y 1
Therefore the common point of intersection of the To find the concurrency of the lines using formula
given three lines is  3,1 a1 b2 c3
b). x  2 y  3  0; 2 x  y  4  0; x  4 y  7  0 a2 b2 c2  0 Putting coefficients of eq 1,2 & 3
Solution: We have three equation of straight lines a3 b3 c3
x  2 y  3  0.................................. 1 1 2 5
2 x  y  4  0..................................  2  5 1 3 1 3 5
3 5 1 1   2 5
x  4 y  7  0.................................  3 7 6 4 6 4 7
4 7 6
To find the concurrency of the lines using formula
a1 b2 c3  130  7   2 18  4  5  21  20
Putting coefficients of eq 1,2 & 3
a2 b2 c2  0  1 23  2 14  5 1
a3 b3 c3
 23  28  5
1 2 3
1 4 2 4 2 1 0
2 1 4 1 2   3
4 7 1 7 1 4 Therefore the given lines are concurrent
1 4 7 For point of concurrency Multiply eq (1) by 3 abd
 1 7  16  2  14  4  3 8  1 subtract from eq (2) we get
 1 9  2  18  3 9 3x  5 y  1  0
 9  36  27 3x  6 y  15  0
0  y  14  0
Therefore the given lines are concurrent
 y  14
For point of concurrency subtract eq (3) from (1)
x  2y 3  0 y  14
x  4y 7  0 Putting the value of y in equation (1) we get
 2y  4  0 x  2  14   5  0
2 y   4 x  28  5  0
y 4
2 2 x  23  0
Putting the value of y in equation (1) we get x  23
x  2  2  3  0 Therefore the common point of intersection of the
x  43  0 given three lines is  23, 14 
x 1  0 Q3. If ABC is a triangle with vertices
x  1 A  0,0  , B  8,6  and C 12,0  , then show that
Therefore the common point of intersection of the
given three lines is  1, 2  a). right bisector of the triangle ABC are concurrent
Solution: We have vertices of triangle are
c). 3x  2 y 1  0; 2 x  3 y  4  0; x  y  2  0 A  0,0  , B  8,6  and C 12,0 
Solution: We have three equation of straight lines
Let D is the mid point of AB
3x  2 y  1  0..................................1
 08 06
2 x  3 y  4  0.................................. 2 D , 
 2 2 
x  y  2  0..................................... 3
8 6
To find the concurrency of the lines using formula D , 
2 2
a1 b2 c3 D   4, 3
a2 b2 c2  0 Putting coefficients of eq 1,2 & 3 Let E is the mid point of BC
a3 b3 c3  8  12 6  0 
E  , 
3 2 1  2 2 
3 4 2 4 2 3
2 3 4 3 2   1  20 6 
1 2 1 2 1 1 E  , 
1 1 2  2 2
 3  6  4  2  4  4  1 2  3 E  10, 3
 3  2  2  8  15 Let F is the mid point of AC
 6  16  5  17  0  0  12 0  0 
F  , 
Therefore the given lines are not concurrent  2 2 
d). x  2 y  5  0; 3x  5 y  1  0; 4 x  7 y  6  0  12 0 
F  , 
Solution: We have three equation of straight lines  2 2
x  2 y  5  0..................................1 F   6, 0 
3x  5 y  1  0.................................. 2 Let m1 is the slope of AB
4 x  7 y  6  0............................  3
60 6 3 Solution: We have vertices of triangle are
m1    m1 
80 8 4 A  0,0  , B  8,6  and C 12,0 
Let m2 is the slope of BC
Let m1 is the slope of AB
06 6
m2   60 6
12  8 4 m1  
80 8
3
m2  3
2 m1 
4
Let m3 is the slope of AC
Let m2 is the slope of BC
00 0
m3   06 6
12  0 12 m2  
m3  0 12  8 4
Since Right bisector is the line which perpendicular 3
m2 
to the line segment and passes through the mid 2
point of the line segment. Using formula for Let m3 is the slope of AC
perpendicular line having slope & a point 00 0
1 m3  
y  y1   x  x1  12  0 12
m
To get perpendicular line using slope m1 & midpoint D of AB m3  0
The altitude of the triangle is a line which is perpendicular the
1
y 3  3
 x  4 line segment and passes through opposite vertex
Using formula for perpendicular line having slope and a point
4
1
3
4  y  3  1 x  4  y  y1 
m
 x  x1 
3  y  3  4  x  4  Altitude from the vertex A to the line segment BC
1
3 y  9  4 x  16 y  0  3  x  0 
2
4 x  3 y  9  16  0 3
y  x
4 x  3 y  25  0................................... 1 2
3 y  2 x
To get perpendicular line using slope m2 & midpoint E of BC
1 2 x  3 y  0  0............................. 1
y 3  3
 x  10  Altitude from the vertex B to the line segment AC
 x  8
2
3
 y  3  1 x  10  y6  1
0
2
3  y  3  2  x  10  0  y  6   1 x  8 
3 y  9  2 x  20 0  x  8
2 x  3 y  9  20  0 x 8  0
2 x  3 y  11  0...................................  2 
x  0. y  8  0..............................  2 
To get perpendicular line using slope m3 and midpoint F of AC Altitude from the vertex C to the line segment AB
1 1
y 0   x  6 y0  3
 x  12 
0 4
0  y  0   1 x  6  3
 y  0   1 x  12 
4
0  x  6
3 y  4  x  12 
x6  0
3 y  4 x  48
x  0. y  6  0................................... 3
Concurrency of equation of lines (1), (2) & (3) we use 4 x  3 y  48  0.......................... 3
a1 b2 c3 Concurrency of equation of lines (1), (2) and (3) we use
a2 b2 c2  0 Putting coefficients of eq 1,2 & 3 a1 b2 c3
a3 b3 c3 a2 b2 c2  0 Putting coefficients of eq 1,2 & 3
4 3 25 a3 b3 c3
3 11 2 11 2 3
2 3 11  4 3   25  0 8 1 8 1 0
6
0 6 1 6 1 0 2   3 0
1 0 3 48 4 48 4 3
 4 18  0  3 12  11  25  0  3 2 3 0
 4 18  3  1  25 3 1 0 8  2  0  24  3  48  32  0 3  0
 72  3  75
4 3 48
0
Therefore right bisector of triangle ABC are concurrent  2  24  3  16  0
b). The altitude of the triangle ABC are concurrent  48  48  0
Therefore altitude of the triangle ABC are concurrent
c). The medians of the triangle ABC are concurrent Concurrency of equation of lines (1), (2) and (3) we use
Solution: We have vertices of triangle are a1 b2 c3
A  0,0  , B  8,6  and C 12,0  a2 b2 c2  0 Putting the coefficients of eq 1,2 & 3
Let D is the mid point of AB a3 b3 c3
 08 06 3 8 36
D ,  10 0 3 0 3 10
 2 2  3 10 0  3 8   36 
1 18 3 18 3 1
8 6 3 1 18
D , 
2 2  3 180  0  8  54  0   36  3  30 
D   4, 3
 3180  8  54  36  27
Let E is the mid point of BC
 540  432  972
 8  12 6  0 
E  ,  0
 2 2 
Therefore medians of the triangle ABC are concurrent
 20 6 
E  ,  Q4. Find the area of the triangular region whose
 2 2 vertices are the following;
E  10, 3 P1  0,0  , P2  2, 4  , P3  2, 2 
a).
Let F is the mid point of AC
 0  12 0  0  Solution: We have P1  0,0  , P2  2, 4  , P3  2, 2 
F  , 
 2 2  x1 y1 1
 12 0  Since Area of 1 putting
F  ,  ABC  x2 y2 1
2
 2 2 x3 y3 1
F   6, 0  the coordinates of the Points A,B and C
The Median of the triangle is a line which passes through 0 0 1
midpoint and opposite vertex of the line segment 1
Using formula for line passing two points
ABC  2 4 1
2
y  y1 2 2 1
y  y1  2  x  x1 
x2  x1 1 4 1 2 1 2 4
Line segment passing through the Midpoint D of ABC  0 0 1 
2 2 1 2 1 2 2
AB and the opposite vertex C
1
03
 x  4 ABC   0  0  14  8
y 3 
12  4 2
y 3  3
8  x  4 1
ABC  12  6 Square units
8  y  3  3  x  4  2
8 y  24  3 x  12 b). P1  1, 2  , P2  2,5  , P3  5, 2 
3x  8 y  24  12  0 P1  1, 2  , P2  2,5  , P3  5, 2 
Solution: We have
3x  8 y  36  0............................. 1 x1 y1 1
Line segment passing through the Midpoint E of BC Since Area of ABC  1 x y2 1
putting
2
and the opposite vertex A 2
x3 y3 1
y 3  0 3
 x  10 
0 10 the coordinates of the Points A,B and C
y  3  103  x  10  1
1 2 1
ABC  2 5 1
10  y  3  3  x  10  2
5 2 1
10 y  30  3x  30 1 5 1 2 1 2 5
ABC   1   2  1 
3 x  10 y  30  30  0 2 2 1 5 1 5 2
3 x  10 y  0  0.............................  2  ABC 
1
 15  2  2 2  5  14  25
2 
Line segment passing through the Midpoint F of AC
1
and the opposite vertex B ABC   13  2 3  121
2 
06
y6   x  8 1 1
ABC   3  6  21   30
68 2 2
6 ABC  15
y6   x  8
2 But area must be positive
 y  6   3  x  8 ABC  15 Squareunits
y  6  3 x  24 c). P1  4, 5  , P2  5, 6  , P3  3,1
3x  y  24  6  0
Solution: We have P1  4, 5  , P2  5, 6  , P3  3,1
3x  y  18  0.............................  3 
x1 y1 1 ABC  12  32  0  6 3  6  10  12
Since Area of ABC  1 x y2 1 putting
2
2
ABC  12  32  6 3  112
x3 y3 1
the coordinates of the Points A,B and C ABC  12  6  18  12
4 5 1 ABC  0
1
ABC  5 6 1 Therefore the points A,B,C are collinear
2
3 1 1
b). A  2, 4  , B  3, 6  , C 1, 2 
1  6 1 5 1 5 6 
ABC   4
2 1 1
  5 
3 1
1
3 1 
 Solution: We have A  2, 4  , B  3, 6  , C 1, 2 
1 x1 y1 1
ABC   4 6  1  5 5  3  15  18
2 Since Area of ABC  1 x
2 y2 1 putting
1
2
ABC   4 7  5 2  123 x3 y3 1
2 the coordinates of the Points A,B and C
1 5
ABC   28  10  23  2 4 1
2 2 1
ABC  3 6 1
ABC  2.5 Square units 2
1 2 1
Q5. Find area of region bounded by triangle ABC whose
1  6 1 3 6 
A  a, b  c  , B  a, b  c  C   a, c 
3 1
vertices are & ABC   2 4 1 
2  2 1 1 1 1 2 
x1 y1 1
Sol: Since Area of
ABC 
1
x2 y2 1 ABC  12  2 6  2  4 3  1  16  6
2
ABC  12  2 4  4 2  10
x3 y3 1
putting coordinates of the Points A,B and C
a bc 1 ABC  12 8  8  0
1
ABC  a b  c 1 ABC  0
2
a c 1 Therefore the points A,B,C are collinear
c). Are the points in part a and b are collinear?
1  bc 1 a 1 a bc 
ABC   a  b  c  1  Solution: Part a and b having points A,B,C are collinear
2 c 1 a 1 a c  Q7. Find two first degree straight lines in x and y,
1 when the second degree homogenous equation
ABC   a b  c  c   b  c a  a  1ac  ab  ac
2 are the following:
1
ABC   a b  2c   b  c 2a  1ac  ab  ac a). 3x2  2xy  5 y 2  0
2
Solution: We have 3x2  2 xy  5 y 2  0
1 3x 2  5 xy  3xy  5 y 2  0
ABC   ab  2ac  2ab  2ac  ac  ab  ac 
2 x  3x  5 y   y  3x  5 y   0
1
ABC   ab  2ab  ab  2ac  2ac  ac  ac  But  x  y  3x  5 y   0
2
1 Either or
ABC   4ac   2ac x y 0 3x  5 y  0
2
Hence two first degree straight lines are
area must be positive ABC  2ac square units
x  y  0 and 3x  5 y  0
Q6. Show that the area bounded by the triangle
ABC whose vertices are the following b). 4 x2  9 xy  5 y 2  0
a). A  3,6  , B  3, 2  , C  6,0  Solution: We have 4 x2  9 xy  5 y 2  0
Solution: We have A  3,6  , B  3, 2  , C  6,0  4 x 2  4 xy  5 xy  5 y 2  0

4x  x  y   5 y  x  y   0
x1 y1 1
Since Area of ABC 
1
x2 y2 1 putting  4 x  5 y  x  y   0
2 Either or
x3 y3 1
4x  5 y  0 x y 0
the coordinates of the Points A,B and C
3 6 1
1 4x  5 y  0 & x  y  0
ABC  3 2 1
2 c). x2  xy  y 2  0
6 0 1
Sol: We have x2  xy  y 2  0 Dividing it by x 2
1 2 1 3 1 3 2
ABC   3 6 1  x 2 xy y 2
2 0 1 6 1 6 0   0
x2 x2 x2
y y2
 1   3 5
2
1  0 2
x x2 Put u 
y tan  
x
then 3   5
y2 y
 1  0
x2 x 2 1  15 2 16
tan   
u  u 1  0
2
35 2
Comparing with quadratic equation to get coefficients
2 16
a  1, b  1, c  1 tan     16
2
1  1  4 11
2
u tan   4
2 1
1  1  4
  tan 1  4 
u
2 b). 4 x2  9 xy  5 y 2  0
1  3
u
2
Solution: We have 4 x2  9 xy  5 y 2  0
Putting the value of u Comparing with the general from of second degree
y 1  3 homogeneous equation ax2  2hxy  by 2  0
 a 4 2h  9 b 5
x 2
9
Either or h
2
y 1   3 y 1   3
  Since the angle between the two straight lines is
x 2 x 2
2 h 2  ab putting the values
 1   3   1   3  tan  
y    x y    x ab
 2   2 
 29    4 5
2
2
 1  3   1  3  tan  
y     x y    x 45
 2   2 
2 81
 20 2 81480
tan   4

 1  3   1  3  9 9
  x  y  0  x y 0
 2   2  2 4 1
2 2 
1
tan   
Hence two first degree straight lines are 9 9
1  1 
 1  3   1  3    tan  
  x  y  0 and   x  y  0 9
 2   2  c). x2  xy  y 2  0
d). x2  7 xy  6 y 2  0 Solution: We have x2  xy  y 2  0
Solution: We have x2  7 xy  6 y 2  0 Comparing with the general from of second degree
x 2  6 xy  xy  6 y 2  0 homogeneous equation ax2  2hxy  by 2  0
x x  6y  y  x  6y  0 a 1 2h  1 b 1
h  12
 x  y  x  6 y   0 Since the angle between the two straight lines is
Either or
2 h 2  ab
x  6y  0 x y 0 tan   putting the values
ab
 12   11
2
x  6 y  0 and x  y  0 tan  
2
Q8. Find the angle in between the lines 11
represented by the following second degree 2 1 1
1 4
homogeneous equations: tan   
4
2 4
a). 3x2  2xy  5 y 2  0 3 3
Solution: We have 3x  2 xy  5 y  0
2 2 tan   
4 2
Comparing with the general from of second degree  3 
homogeneous equation ax2  2hxy  by 2  0   tan 1  
 2 
a 3 2h  2 b -5
h  1 d). x2  7 xy  6 y 2  0
Since the angle between the two straight lines is Solution: We have x2  7 xy  6 y 2  0
2 h 2  ab Comparing with the general from of second degree
tan   putting the values
ab homogeneous equation ax2  2hxy  by 2  0
a 1 2h  7 b 6
h  27
Since the angle between the two straight lines is b). 2x2  xy  y 2  0
2 h2  ab Solution: We have 2 x2  xy  y 2  0
tan   putting the values
ab Comparing with the general from of second degree
2  
7 2
 1 6  homogeneous equation ax2  2hxy  by 2  0
tan  
2
1 6 a 2 2h  1 b -1
2 49
6 h  21
tan   4
7 For the second degree homogenous equation is

2 49  24
2 25 perpendicular a  b  0 putting the values
tan   4
 4
a  b  2   1
7 7
2  52  5 a  b  2 1
tan   
7 7 a b 1 0
  tan 1  75  For the second degree homogenous equation is
Q9. Show the two first degree straight lines in x coincident h2  ab  0 putting the values
and y are coincident, perpendicular or neither, h 2  ab   21    2  1
2
when they are represented by the following

second degree homogeneous equations: h 2  ab  14  2
a). x2  5xy  y 2  0 h 2  ab  94  0
Solution: We have x2  5xy  y 2  0 Thus lines are not coincident
Comparing with the general from of second degree Hence Homogeneous equation is neither
homogeneous equation ax2  2hxy  by 2  0 perpendicular nor coincident.
Now to find first degree straight lines, factorize
a 1 2h  5 b -1
2 x 2  xy  y 2  0
h 5
2
For the second degree homogenous equation is 2 x 2  2 xy  xy  y 2  0
perpendicular a  b  0 putting the values 2x  x  y   y  x  y   0
a  b  1   1
 2 x  y  x  y   0
ab  0 Either or
Therefore the given lines are perpendicular
2x  y  0 x y 0
Now to find first degree straight lines, factorization
These are first degree straight lines passing from origin
is not possible so dividing given equation by x 2
c). x2  3xy  9 y 2  0
x 2 5 xy y 2
  0 Solution: We have x2  3xy  9 y 2  0
x2 x2 x2
2 Comparing with the general from of second degree
 y  y y homogeneous equation ax2  2hxy  by 2  0
    5  1  0 let u
x  x x a 1 2h  3 b 9
u  5u  1  0
2
h 3
2
u 2  5u  1  0 For the second degree homogenous equation is

This is quadratic equation in u perpendicular a  b  0 putting the values
a  b  1 9
b  b2  4ac
u putting the values a  b  10  0
2a
Thus lines are not perpendicular
y   5    5  4 1 1
2
For the second degree homogenous equation is

x 2 1 coincident h2  ab  0 putting the values
h2  ab   32   1 9 
2
y 5  25  4
 9
x 2 h 2  ab  9
4
y 5  29 9  36
 h 2  ab 
x 2 4
 5  29  27
h  ab 
2
0
y    x 4
 2  Thus lines are not coincident. Hence Homogeneous
Either or equation is neither perpendicular nor coincident.
 5  29   5  29  Now to find first degree straight lines, factorization
y    x y    x is not possible so dividing given equation by x 2
 2   2 
x 2 3xy 9 y 2 y 4  16  32
  2 0 
x2 x2 x x 16
 y
2
 y y y 4  16
9    3    1  0 let u 
x x x x 16
 4  16 
9u  3u  1  0
2
y    x
This is quadratic equation in u  16 
b  b 2  4ac putting the values Either or
u
2a  4  16   4  16 
y    x y    x
y   3   3  4  9 1
2
  16   16 
x 2 9 These are first degree straight lines passing from origin
y 3  9  36 Q10. Find a joint equation of the straight line that
 passes through the origin and
x 18
a). Perpendicular to the lines represented by
y 3  27
 3x2  7 xy  2 y 2  0
x 18
 3  27  Solution: We have 3x2  7 xy  2 y 2  0
y    x
 18  3x 2  6 xy  xy  2 y 2  0
Either or 3x  x  2 y   y  x  2 y   0
 3  27   3  27 
y  
18
 x y  
18
 x  3x  y  x  2 y   0
   
Either or
x  2y  0
d). x2  4xy  8 y 2  0 3x  y  0
2y  x
Solution: We have x2  4 xy  8 y 2  0 y  3x
1
Comparing with the general from of second degree y x
2
homogeneous equation ax2  2hxy  by 2  0
Slope of the lines
a 1 2h  4 b 8 1
h  42  2 m1  3 m2 
2
For the second degree homogenous equation is Perpendicular line passing through origin  0, 0 
perpendicular a  b  0 putting the values
1 1
a  b  1 8 y  y1   x  x1  y  y1   x  x1 
m1 m2
ab  9  0
1 1
Thus lines are not perpendicular y0   x  0 y0  1
 x  0
For the second degree homogenous equation is 3 2
coincident h2  ab  0 putting the values 3y  x 1

y  x
h2  ab   2   18
2
x  3y  0 2
y  2 x
h2  ab  4  8 2x  y  0
h2  ab  4  0 Thus joint equation
Thus lines are not coincident. Hence Homogeneous  x  3 y  2 x  y   0
equation is neither perpendicular nor coincident.
Now to find first degree straight lines, factorization is 2 x 2  xy  6 xy  3 y 2  0
not possible so dividing given equation by x 2 we get 2 x 2  7 xy  3 y 2  0
2 2
x 4 xy 8 y b). Perpendicular to the lines represented by
  2 0
x2 x2 x x2  2 tan  xy  y 2  0
2
 y  y y Solution: We have x2  2 tan  xy  y 2  0
8    4    1  0 let u
x x x Factorization is not possible so dividing by x 2
8u  4u  1  0
2
x 2 2 tan  xy y 2
  0
x2 x2 x2
This is quadratic equation in u 2
 y  y y
b  b2  4ac     2 tan     1  0 let u
u putting the values x x x
2a
u 2  2 tan  u  1  0
y   4   4   4 81
2
 u 2  2 tan  u  1  0
x 2 8
y 2h  4  h  ab 
This is quadratic equation in u 2
 tan 2   1  sec 2 
b  b2  4ac x 2b
u putting the values
2a y 2h  2 h 2  ab

y   2 tan     2 tan    4 1 1
2
x 2b
 
x 2 1 y h  h 2  ab 
 2 
x  2b 
y 2 tan   4 tan 2   4  
  h  h  ab 
2
x 2 y  x
 
y 2 tan   4  tan   1
2  b 
 tan 2   1  sec2  Either or
x 2
 h  h2  ab   h  h2  ab 
y 2 tan   2 sec 2  y  x y  x
  b   b 
x 2    
y   tan   sec   Slope of the lines
 2 
x  2  h  h 2  ab h  h 2  ab
m1  m2 
y    tan   sec   x b b
Either or Perpendicular line passing through origin  0, 0 
y    tan   sec   x y    tan   sec   x 1 1
y  y1   x  x1  y  y1   x  x1 
Slope of the lines m2 m2
m1   tan   sec m2   tan   sec y 0 
1
 x  0 y 0 
1
 x  0
Perpendicular line passing through origin  0, 0 
 h  h 2  ab  h  h 2  ab
b b
y  y1 
1
 x  x1  y  y1 
1
 x  x1    y  x
 h  h2  ab
b   y  x
 h  h2  ab
b
x y0 x y0

m1 m2
 h  h2  ab  h  h 2  ab
1
y0   x  0 1
b b
 tan   sec  y0   x  0 Thus joint equation

 tan   sec 
  tan   sec  y   x
x    tan   sec   y  0
  tan   sec  y   x
x    tan   sec   y  0
x   h  h 2  ab
b  y x    h  h 2  ab
b  y  0
   h 2  h2  ab   2
x   sec   tan   y  0
  xy   
2
x   sec   tan   y  0
x  2  h  h2  ab  h  h 2  ab
xy    y  0
Thus joint equation
b b  b2
 
 x   sec  tan   y   x   sec  tan   y   0
x 2   sec   tan   xy   sec   tan   xy   sec2   tan 2   y 2  0 x2    h  h2  ab  h  h 2  ab
b  
h2  h 2  ab 
xy   b2  y 2  0

x 2    sec   tan   sec   tan   xy   tan 2   1  tan 2   y 2  0
x 2   2 tan   xy  y 2  0
x 2   b2 h  xy   y 0 h2  h 2  ab
b2
2
x2  2 tan  xy  y 2  0 x2  2   xy    y  0
h
b
 ab
b2
2
c). Perpendicular to the lines represented by x 2  2  bh  xy   ba  y 2  0  by " b "

ax  2hxy  by  0
2 2
b x 2  2hxy  ay 2  0
Solution: We have ax2  2hxy  by 2  0
Factorization is not possible so dividing by x 2
ax 2 2hxy by 2
 2  2 0
x2 x x
2
 y  y y
b    2h    a  0 let u
 
x x x
bu  2hu  a  0
2
bu 2  2hu  a  0
This is quadratic equation in u
 B  B 2  4 AC
u putting the values
2A
y   2h    2h   4  b  a 
2

x 2 b
y 2h  4h 2  4ba

x 2b

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Chapter 6 Exercise 6.

Let P1  x1 , y1  and P2  x2 , y2  be any two points then

points of line segment and ratio m1 : m2

If P  x, y  be a point P1  x1 , y1  and PQ  122  11.045 units

P1  x1 , y1  and P2  x2 , y2  are end points of line segment

In center of Triangle In Triangle ABC coordinates of P and Q we get

 ax  bx2  cx3 ay1  by2  cy3 

Exercise 6.1 PQ  9  3 units

AC   5  1   4  A 13, 1 , B  9,3 & C  3, 9 

Sol: We have to show that the points A  0, 2  ,

B  3,1 , C  0, 4  & D  3,1 are vertices of a square

Since Pythagoras theorem

BC  9  9  18  9  2 and D 1, 12  are the vertices of rectangle ABCD

 3  0   1  4  15  21  10   2  

 3   3 AB   6   10  2 

BD  196  484  680

C 1, 2  are the vertices of isosceles triangle ABC x2  y 2  4 x  2 y  5 x 2  y 2  8 x  6 y  25

Subtracting equation (2) from equation (1)

a). P 1, 2  , Q  3, 4  in the ratio 5 : 7 By Comparing Abscissa ordinate

b). P  3, 4  , Q  6, 2  in the ratio 3: 2  x  x2 y1  y2 

3 4 13). The distance between any two points

 1  2  3 4  6   1  where  ac and  bc are x and y intercepts

Solution: We have from the figure

Sol: We have from the figure  0, 0  and  6, 6 

Solution: We have from the figure

Solution: We have  5, 4  and  3,6 

I 1,1 , J  3,3 Solution: We have A  3,5  , m  3

Solution: We have c  12 , m  3 Family of lines:

First find any point from 4 x  3 y  17  4  0   3  0   17

6 x  9 y  13  6  0   9  0   13 from the line ax  by  c  0 to point P  x1 , y1 

Substituting the point P into the given equation

Solution: P  3,5  , Q 1, 2  ; 2 x  3 y  10  0 d 

d). P  54,71 ; 4 x  3 y  17  0   tan 1  17 

Solution: We have P  60, 25  ; 3x  7 y  5  0   180o  tan 1  11

180  175  5 0 tan  

from of equation of line. i.e., ax  by  c  0 Comparing the coefficients of L1 with standard

from of equation of line. i.e., ax  by  c  0

Let m3 is the slope of line segment AC 1   9   2  1  812

A  4,0  , B  2,0  and C  2,5 

Solution: We have A  3,6  , B  3, 2  , C  6,0  4 x 2  4 xy  5 xy  5 y 2  0

7 For the second degree homogenous equation is

when they are represented by the following

u 2  5u  1  0 For the second degree homogenous equation is

coincident h2  ab  0 putting the values 3y  x 1

x y0 x y0

 tan   sec  y0   x  0 Thus joint equation

c). Perpendicular to the lines represented by x 2  2  bh  xy   ba  y 2  0  by " b "

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