Informe N°1

Property of fluids

1. Objectives:

 Inform and determine the different physical properties of a fluid such as:
density, relative density, specific weight and viscosity. Considering the
atmospheric pressure and the ambient temperature.

2. Theoretical framework:

2.1.What is a fluid?

Substance that is constantly deformed when subjected to a shear stress (no

matter how small).

A fluid is a continuous material medium, deformable, devoid of rigidity,

capable of "flow", that is to suffer large variations of forces under the action
of forces.

2.2.Liquids and gases:

Liquids and gases have the capacity to flow due to the mobility of the particles
that constitute them (their molecules have little attraction force between
them), for this reason they are called fluids. Examples are oil, water or air.

Liquids and gases are more similar to each other, because, unlike solids, both
take the form of the container that contain them (they have no fixed form).

Of course, there are differences between liquids and gases. Gases are easily
compressed while liquids are almost incompressible. A liquid has a defined
size, but a gas expands to fill any closed container that contains it. However,
when analyzing the mechanical behavior of the fluids we use, liquids and
gases have the ability or property to flow. Therefore, the same basic laws
control the static and dynamic behavior of both liquids and gases.
 Figure 1: Some properties of liquids and gases.

2.3.Characteristics of fluids:

a) Dimensioned movement of molecules: They are infinitely deformable,

the displacements that a material point or molecule can reach within the
fluid are not determined (this contrasts with deformable solids, where the
displacements are much more limited). This is because their molecules do
not have an equilibrium position, as in solids where most molecules
execute small movements around their equilibrium positions.

b) Compressibility: All fluids are compressible to a certain degree.

However, liquids are highly incompressible unlike gases that are highly
compressible. However, compressibility does not differentiate fluids from
solids, since the compressibility of solids is similar to that of liquids.

c) Viscosity: The viscosity in gases is much lower than in liquids. The

viscosity means that the deformation speed can increase the tensions in the
bosom of the continuous medium. This property brings viscous fluids
closer to viscoelastic solids.

d) Large Molecular Distance: This is one of the characteristics of fluids in

which their molecules are separated at a great distance compared to solids
 and this allows them to change their velocity very easily due to external
forces and facilitates their compression.

e) Van der Waals forces: This force was discovered by the Dutch physicist
Johannes Van der Waals, the physicist found the importance of
considering the volume of molecules and intermolecular forces and the
distribution of positive and negative charges in the molecules establishing
the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature of the fluids.

f) Absence of shape memory: That is, take the shape of the container that
contains it, without there being elastic recovery forces as in solids. Due
to its molecular separation, the fluids do not have a defined shape,
therefore their volume or density can not be calculated with the naked
eye, for this the fluid is introduced into a container in which it takes its
form and we can calculate its volume and density, this facilitates their
study. This last property is the one that most clearly differentiates fluids
(liquids and gases) from deformable solids.

Graph N°. 2: Different

characteristics are observed, such as the ability to take the shape of the
container, the viscosity and how the molecules are found in the different
states of matter.

2.4.Properties of fluids:

a) Density:

It is the amount of mass per unit volume of a substance. The Greek letter
ρ [Rho] is used to designate it. Density means that the more mass a body
has in the same volume, the greater its density.

𝑚
𝜌=
𝑉

It´s units in the S.I are kg/m3.

b) Relative Density:

It is the relation between the density of a substance by the density of some

standard substance, at a specific temperature (usually, water at 4 ºC, for
which the density of water is 1000 Kg / m3). Relative density is a
dimensionless magnitude

𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 =
𝜌𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑

c) Specific volume:

It is the inverse of density and is defined as the volume occupied by the

unit mass of the fluid.
1
𝑉𝑠 =
𝜌

Its units in the S.I are m3/kg.

d) Specific weight:

It is the weight of a fluid per unit volume of the same substance.

𝑊 𝑚∗𝑔
𝛾= = = 𝜌∗𝑔
𝑉 𝑉

Its units in the S.I are N/m3.

e) Viscosity:

It is the opposite of fluency; it can be defined in a simplified way, as the

greater or less resistance offered by a liquid to flow freely. All liquids have
some viscosity.

In general terms, the viscosity of a liquid is independent of its density or

specific gravity, but it depends on the temperature at which it is found,
being inversely proportional to it.

The force with which a layer of fluid in motion carries with it the adjacent
layers of fluid determines its viscosity. Hence, high viscosity fluids present
resistance to flow, while low viscosity fluids flow more easily.

 Dynamic viscosity: Dynamic viscosity, also called absolute

viscosity, is the internal resistance between the molecules of a fluid
in motion and determines the forces that move and deform it.
 Isaac Newton (1643-1727) observes this behavior of the liquids when
placing it between two parallel plates. The static base plate and the
upper one with a constant movement of one centimeter per second. In
this way, it reaches Newton's Law of viscosity represented in the
following formula:

 Kinematic viscosity: Kinematic viscosity relates the dynamic

viscosity with the density of the liquid. Having the value of the
dynamic viscosity, the kinematic viscosity of a fluid can be calculated
with the following formula:

f) Compressibility

It is a property of matter to which it causes all the bodies to decrease the

volume when subjecting them to a certain pressure or compression,
keeping other parameters constant.

Its formula is expressed as: Volume variation per unit volume (ΔV / V),
divided by the pressure increase (Δp) that originated it.

∆𝑉
𝑘= −
𝑉 ∗ ∆𝑃

Where k is the coefficient of compressibility and the sign (-) is due to a

pressure increase corresponds a decrease in temperature.
2.4.1. Additional formulas used in laboratories:

a) Observed speed:

𝑦
𝑉𝑜 =
𝑡

Vo: Observed velocity of falling sphere (m/s).

y: Distance traveled by the sphere (m).
t: Time to walk (s).

b) Corrected speed:

9𝐷𝑒 (9𝐷𝑒)2
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 [1 + + ]
4𝐷𝑡 (4𝐷𝑡)2

V: Corrected speed (m/s).

De: Diameter of the sphere (m/s).
Dt: Diameter of the cube (m/s).

c) Absolute or dynamic viscosity:

(𝛾𝑒 − 𝛾𝑙 )
𝜇 = 𝐷𝑒 2
18𝑉

μ: Absolute or dynamic viscosity.

De: Diameter of the sphere.
γe: Specific weight of the sphere.
γl: Specific weight of liquid.
V: Corrected speed.

d) Kinematic viscosity:

𝜇
𝑣=
𝜌

v: Kinematic viscosity.
μ: Absolute or dynamic viscosity.
ρ: Body density.
 Graph N ° 3: Representation of the fall of the sphere to find
the speed and viscosity.

3. Materials and reagents:

a) Machines:

 Probeta.
 Electronic balance.
 Vernier.
 Ruler.
 Metallic sphere.
 Chronometer

b) Reactivos:

 Water.
 Alcohol. Graphic N°4: Lobaroty tools.
 Glycerin.
 Oil.

4. Experimental process:

4.1.Density of a fluid:

a) Weigh an empty test piece on the electronic scale. Aim the data obtained.
b) Then fill the test tube with water to a certain volume. Aim the determined
volume.
c) Weigh the test tube contained with water in the electronic balance. Aim
the data obtained.
d) We subtract the weight of the specimen plus water from that of the empty
specimen, thus obtaining the weight of the fluid.
 e) Do the respective calculations to determine the density.
f) Repeat the same steps for the other fluids (alcohol, glycerin, oil).

4.2.Viscosity of a fluid:

a) For this experiment use a test tube and measure its diameter using a
vernier. Aim the data obtained.
b) Measure the diameter of the sphere with the vernier. Aim the data
obtained.
c) Fill a test tube with water up to a certain height (it is recommended to
fill up to the level shown in figure N ° 4).
d) Take two levels of reference in the specimen, one will be the starting
point and another the point of arrival or end.
e) Measure the distance between the two levels that was considered. Aim
the data obtained.
f) From the surface of the specimen, release the sphere so that it is
inserted inside it.
g) Once the sphere is submerged in the fluid, take the time it takes to
travel from the two levels considered (from the point of departure to
the end point). Repeat this step 3 times to have greater accuracy in the
data. Aim the data obtained and draw an average.
h) Perform the respective calculations to obtain the viscosity.
i) Repeat the same steps for the other fluids (alcohol, oil).

Graph N ° 5: Illustrative image of how to perform the experiment to

determine the viscosity.
5. Experimental data and graphics:

5.1.Formulas used:

a) Density:

𝑚
𝜌=
𝑉

b) Observed speed:

𝑦
𝑉𝑜 =
𝑡

c) Corrected speed:

9𝐷𝑒 (9𝐷𝑒)2
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 [1 + + ]
4𝐷𝑡 (4𝐷𝑡)2

d) Absolute or dynamic viscosity:

(𝛾𝑒 − 𝛾𝑙 )
𝜇 = 𝐷𝑒 2
18𝑉

e) Kinematic viscosity:

𝜇
𝑣=
𝜌

For more information, refer to the theoretical framework of this report.

5.2. Graphics:

Graph N°6: The specimen uses the fluid to be analyzed contained within it (in
this case the oil).

Graph N°7: Some instruments and reagents used in the tests carried out.

Graph N°8: The realization of a step to determine the density of a fluid that
is: Weigh the test tube plus the study fluid (in this case, oil).
6. Tables and results obtained:

6.1.General data:

a) Sphere:

Weight of the sphere (kg) 0.0058642

Diameter of the sphere (m) 0.01680
Volume of the sphere (m3) 2.5*10-6
Density of the sphere (kg/m3) 2345.68
Specific gravity of the sphere (N/m3) 23011.1208
Table 1: Data of the sphere that helped us to find the viscosities of the
fluids.

b) Probeta:

Weight of the probeta (gr) 97.1791

Diameter of the probeta (m) 0.02240
Table 2: Specimen data that helped us calculate the densities and
viscosities of the fluids.

6.2.Results obtained:

a) Density

Fluid Weight of Weight of Fluid Density

the the fluid (gr) volume (ml) (gr/ml)
probeta +
fluid (gr)
Oil 124.3615 27.1824 30 0.90608
Water 134.1358 36.9567 40 0.9239
Alcohol 105.872 8.6929 11 0.7903
Glycerin 105.7465 8.5674 8 1.0709
Table N ° 3: The densities obtained from the different study fluids.

b) Viscosity:

Fluid Distance Time Observed Corrected Specific Dynamic Kinematic

(m) (s) speed speed weight viscosity viscosity(m2/s)
(m/s) (m/s) (N/m3) (kg*s/m2)
Oil 0.098 0.75 0.13 0.72 8888.6448 0.307 1.3088*10-4
Water 0.098 0.28 0.35 1.94 9063.459 0.114 4.86*10-5
Alcohol 0.098 0.27 0.36 1.99 7744.94 0.21 9.12*10-5
Table N ° 4: Different magnitudes or factors that we had to calculate in
order to find the viscosities of the different fluids
7. Conclusions:

 The viscosities and densities of a fluid are physical magnitudes that allow
us to determine different and analyze different phenomena such as: the
variation of velocities of a body in different fluids. At the same time, it
allows us to solve these questions.

8. Bibligraphy:

Turnero, Pablo (2015). “Propiedades de los fluidos”. Recuperado de:

https://www.monografias.com/trabajos104/propiedades-de-
fluidos/propiedades-de-fluidos.shtml

PortalInformativo, (2018). “Propiedades de los fluidos”. Equipo de redacción

profesional. Recuperado de: https://www.tutareaescolar.com/propiedades-de-
los-fluidos.html

Mataix, Claudio. “Mecánica de fluidos y máquinas hidráulicas”. s.l. : Ediciones

del Castillo S.A
Anónimo (2015). “Propiedades físicas de los fluidos”. Recuperado de:
http://propiedadesdelosfuidos.blogspot.es/1440983748/propiedades-de-los-
fluidos/

Anónimo (2018). “Viscosidad dinámica y cinemática”. Recuperado de:

https://www.significados.com/viscosidad-dinamica-y-cinematica/

Raffino, María (2018). “Viscosidad”. Última edición. Recuperado de:

https://concepto.de/viscosidad/
 National University Jorge Basadre Grohmann
School of Metallurgy and Materials

Physical properties of fluids

 Name: Joel Juan Valdez Quiñonez.

(2017- 103012)

 Course: Metallurgy Engineering.

 Teacher: Ing. Javier Atencio Llano.

 Horary: Monday from 2 to 4 pm.

 School: ESME.

 Year: 3°.