3/3/2019

Water Resources: Why we need to

change the way we use water?

Are we running out of water?

Answer: Yes and No

No: Water Cycle/Hydrological Cycle

Water Cycle: Morphing water from vapour to

liquid to ice and back to water

Every drop of water which is consumed was

there 200 years ago, it will be there 200 years
from now

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Distribution of water?

Oceans
97.4%
Glaciers, Ground Lakes,
Snow & water swamps &
permafrost 1.05% rivers
1.525% 0.025%

The world’s water resources

Distribution of water: Lets put things into

some logical context!!

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Are we running out of clean water?

Answer: Yes

Yes: Changing the water quality

Change in quality: Utilization

Utilization of water

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Utilization of water

Lets sum up the use of water

3.6%: Drink, clean, cook

4.4%: Manufactured products we use

3.6 % + 4.4 % = 8%

Where does the rest 92 % vanish??

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Account for the 92 %

Solutions: Personal and Technology

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Water Resources: Bleak statistics in the Indian

context

4% of world’s renewable water resources

18% of world’s population

Primary source of fresh water: Annual

precipitation

Unfortunately the patter is erratic

Water Resources: Bleak statistics in the Indian

Context

Groundwater: 85%(rural), 50% (urban),

60%(irrigation)

Unchecked extraction

Floods and droughts: 33% drought prone and 12

% flood prone

Urban Areas – By 2050, half of urban population

will depend on imported water

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When will you get your water next?

Today, Tomorrow, Next week?

When will you get your water next?

Today, Tomorrow, Next week?

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Is it only a water scarcity problem?

Water-Energy Nexus!!

Energy crisis problem

Water : Pumped from

somewhere, pressure in the
pipes

Groundwater Depletion: Can Technology Provide a

Solution?

Can data, technology and expertise address the

issue of ground water depletion?

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Digital Aquifers

Data, technology and expertise if used creatively

in the proper context can prove to be a solution

Supply of water: As a service delivery

Digital aquifer: Connected ecosystem of things

and humans that runs on groundwater but
lives in the cloud

Digital Aquifers

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Digital Aquifiers

Potential of Digital Aquifers

Bank Account: Account Holders, Money

Deposited, Money Withdrawn

Water Account: Water Users, Water

Withdrawn, Water Deposited

Recreate the physical aquifers on the cloud

Merely a tool for quenching people’s thirst or a

business entity?

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Water Resources: Technology-Driven

Solutions for Freshwater

Recap

Are we running out of water? : Water Cycle

Water Cycle: Distribution

We are running out of freshwater

Utilization of water: Domestic Use (Food Wastage)

Bleak statistics of freshwater reserves

Freshwater-Energy Nexus

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Water Trade

Aquifers

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Aquifers: Quantity Determination

Aquifers

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Aquifers

Aquifer-Ground Interaction

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Aquifer

InSAR

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InSAR

Quality-InSAR

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Urbanisation: Is it Good or Bad?

Urbanisation: Is it Good or Bad?

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Urbanisation: Is it Good or Bad?

Urbanisation: Is it Good or Bad?

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Landscaping

Landscaping

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Landscaping

Landscaping

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Pollution of a River

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River Ecosystem: Estimation of Quality

of Water

Recap

Aquifer

Aquifer-Ground Interaction

Drawdown-Subsidence and Recharge-Uplift

Technology to map water availability - InSAR

Quality – Salinity, Electrical Resistivity and InSAR

Urbanisation (Introductory) - Landscaping

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River Ecosystem (Surface Water)

River Ecosystem – Interaction which living
organisms have with the environment
Components:

1. Flowing Water (unidirectional)

2. State of continuous physical change

3. Many different (and changing) microhabitats

4. Variability in flow rate

5. Plants and animals that have adapted

Self Purification of Rivers

Complex process: Physical, chemical and
biological process
Factors:

1. Dilution
2. Current

3. Temperature

4. Sunlight

5. ………………

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Self Purification of Rivers

If rivers have self-purification mechanism, then
why do we have such poor plight of our water
bodies?

Demand-Supply Gap

Quantifying factor?

DISSOLVED OXYGEN

Health of Rivers

DISSOLVED OXYGEN
4 to 5 mg/l – affects the aquatic life

Minimum of 2 mg/l

But why would DO reduce?

Pollution: Sewage, Industrial Wastes and

agricultural run-off

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Sources of Pollution
NONPOINT SOURCES

Rural homes

Urban streets Cropland

Animal feedlot

Suburban POINT
development SOURCES
Factory

Wastewater
treatment
plant

Health of Rivers

DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Organic matter serve as food for microorganism

Breakdown requires oxygen

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Oxygen Sag Curve

Health of Rivers

DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Oxygen Deficit – Saturated DO – Actual DO

Re-oxygenation Rate:

1. Depth of water
2. Velocity of Flow
3. Temperature (sewage disposal, industrial effluent)

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Wastewater Treatment: Is it really a waste?

The Story of Ganga: From Crystal Clear River to

Toxic Sludge

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The Story of Ganga: From Crystal Clear River to

Toxic Sludge

The Story of Ganga: From Crystal Clear River to

Toxic Sludge

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The Story of Ganga: From Crystal Clear River to

Toxic Sludge

The Story of Ganga: From Crystal Clear River to

Toxic Sludge

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The Story of Ganga: From Crystal Clear River to

Toxic Sludge

The Story of Ganga: From Crystal Clear River to

Toxic Sludge

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The Story of Ganga: From Crystal Clear River to

Toxic Sludge

Wastewater Treatment

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Wastewater Treatment: Considerations

Wastewater collection: Municipal administrators, home-owners,

business entities

Transportation system: Underground sewer pipes connecting to a

central treatment facility

Odour control: Dirty substances having foul odour (Chemical

Treatment)

Primary Treatment: Screening. Use of scrapers

Secondary Treatment: Activated Sludge Process

Wastewater Treatment: Considerations

Activated Sludge Process

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Wastewater Treatment: Considerations

Bio-solids handling – Solid matters from primary and secondary

Bio-solids handling – Digestors, anaerobic

Disposal into the waterbodies

Tertiary Treatment: Drinking Quality Water (Costly)

Wastewater and Water Supply

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Wastewater: Is it Really a Waste?

Wastewater: Constituents

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Wastewater: Constituents

Wastewater: Is it Really a Waste?

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Centralised vs De-Centralised

De-Centralised System

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Water Supply in Cities of the Future

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Country With No (Fresh)water

The Story of Qatar

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Desalination

Desalination

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Desalination

Desalination

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Desalination

Desalination

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Implementation: Desalination