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390 MCQs of

BIOCHEMISTRY
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1. Biochemistry deals with chemical or metabolic processes which take place in tissue cells.
2. Metabolic processes take place in the material called protoplasm
3. Biochemistry is used to learn about the biological processes which take place in cells and organisms.
4. Biochemists can help cells to produce new products.
5. Gene therapy is within the realm of biochemistry.
6. The development of biological machinery falls within the realm of biochemistry.
7. Biochemistry has been explaining the mechanisms of many physiological processes which were unknown
in mystery.
8. Water is most abundant substance in human body making up to 65% to 70% body mass
9. Pure water is very slightly dissociated therefore called weak electrolyte.
10. At 25c only one of every molecule in pure water is ionized at any instant.
11. pH is a unit of measure which describes the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
12. pH is measured on a scale of 0 to 14.
13. The formal definition of pH is the negative logarithm (or negative log) of the Hydrogen ion activity.
14. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or
alkaline.
15. Pure water has a pH very close to 7 and blood has a pH 7.35.
16. Buffer is the compound or mixture of compounds that resist to changing pH of any solution on slight
addition of acidic or basics solution or compound.
17. The word colloid means glutinous or resembling glue
18. A crystallizable substance that dissolve in liquid and passes easily through membrane is called
crystalloids.
19. Colligative properties are those which depend on the number of solute particles.
20. The process by which molecules of a substance such as gas or liquid collect on the surface of another
substance such as solid is called adsorption.
21. The condensation or adhesion of a gas, vapor, liquid or dissolved substances on the surface of a solid or
liquid is called adsorption.
22. Ion exchange resins substances are insoluble synthetic polymers of two types, cation and anion
23. Diffusion is the process in which ions or molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region
of lower concentration.
24. Passive transport is the transport of ions or molecules across a cell membrane by diffusion.
25. Active transport is the transport of ions or molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower
concentration to one of higher concentration assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.
26. Osmosis is the process by which a solvent passes from a solution of lower solute concentration to a
solution of higher solute concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
27. Semi permeable membrane is a membrane, which is permeable to the solvent but not to the solute
particles e.g. natural membranes.
28. Osmotic pressure of a solution is defined as the equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure which is produced
when the solution is separated from a solvent by a semi-permeable membrane.
29. Surface tension is a contractive tendency of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force.
30. The cohesive forces among liquid molecules are responsible for the phenomenon of surface tension.
31. Viscosity can be described as it is the internal resistance of the molecules of any liquid to flow called
viscosity.
32. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or their complex substances which on hydrolysis
give polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones.
33. A carbohydrate is a large biological molecule, or macromolecule, consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H),
and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen, oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water.
34. The carbohydrates are the organic compounds. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. The
literally meanings of carbohydrates are the hydrated carbons. Carbohydrates also called sugar.
35. Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple (two or more) hydroxyl groups.
36. Breakdown of water molecule in any compound is called hydrolysis
37. Thus the general formula is given as Cn (H2O)n. here “n” is the whole number.
38. all the compounds having formula Cn(H2O)n may not be carbohydrates formic acetic and lactic acids are
some examples of such compounds.
39. Carbohydrates are white solids, sparingly soluble in organic liquids but except for certain polysaccharides
are soluble in water.
40. Many carbohydrates of low molecular weight have a sweet taste.
41. CHO it is on the first carbon the carbohydrate with aldehyde group is called aldoses (aldose sugar).
42. Carbohydrates are the natural compounds and their basic source is plants.
43. The chief source of carbohydrates is the cereals
44. Starch is the abundant in the cereals.
45. Carbohydrates are the 2nd most occurring substance in nature after water.
46. Cell wall of all plants made up of cellulose 50-80% of dry weight of plants is due to cellulose.
47. The carbohydrates are prepared by the plants by the process of photosynthesis.
48. Carbohydrates are the macronutrients as 55% of our daily calories come from carbohydrates.
49. 1g of carbohydrates provides 4 cal.
50. The process of oxidation of carbohydrates (also all other nutrients) is called respiration.
51. The simple sugars are absorbed directly by the small intestine into blood stream.
52. Disaccharide and polysaccharide do not absorbed in blood directly first convert into monosaccharide.
53. Glucose stored in muscles & liver in the form of glycogen
54. Carbohydrates are mainly utilized by the body for fulfilling the major part of the energy needs
55. The main function of carbohydrate is to supply energy for the body processes.
56. Construction of body organs.
57. Carbohydrates assist body in absorption of calcium.
58. Carbohydrates help in lowering cholesterol level.
59. Carbohydrates provides nutrients to the friendly bacteria in digestive track that help in digestion.
60. Carbohydrates balance water mineral balance.
61. Oligosaccharides are present in the molecule of integral protein of al cell membranes.
62. Carbohydrates that has lower molecular mass are sweet in taste.
63. Monosaccharide are simple sugars which cannot be further hydrolyzed and have empirical formula
(CH2O)n, where n=3 or larger number.
64. Monosaccharide is the most basic units of carbohydrates.
65. Monosaccharide is the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids.
66. Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste.
67. Mono=one
68. Saccharide=sugar
69. Monosaccharides are either aldoses (containing aldehyde group) or ketoses (containing ketone group).
70. Two joined monosaccharides are called a disaccharide. Or we can say disaccharides give two
monosaccharide on hydrolysis.
71. Disaccharides give two monosaccharides on hydrolysis
72. Disaccharides occur naturally
73. Disaccharides are less sweet than monosaccharide
74. Disaccharides are soluble in (H2O) water
75. Disaccharides molecular have mass greater than monosaccharide
76. Homogeneous Disaccharides and Heterogeneous Disaccharides are Classification of Disaccharides
77. If all sugar molecules in disaccharides are same it is called homogeneous disaccharides e.g. maltose.
78. If all sugar molecules are different in disaccharides then it is called heterogeneous e.g. sucrose.
79. Sucrose (table sugar): (glucose + fructose)
80. Lactose (milk sugar): (glucose + galactose)
81. Maltose (fruit sugar): (glucose + glucose)
82. Carbohydrates which Have more than ten sugar molecules and give disaccharides on hydrolysis and on
further hydrolysis the monosaccharide are called polysaccharides.
83. Many saccharides join to form polysaccharides
84. polysaccharides are tasteless and not optically active
85. Polysaccharide serves as stores of fuel and also forms structural elements of cells
86. polysaccharides molecular mass is greater than monosaccharide or disaccharide
87. Homopolysaccharides and Heteropolysaccharides are two types of polysaccharide
88. The polysaccharides which yield one type of monosaccharide on hydrolysis is called
homopolysaccharides e.g. starch, Glycogen
89. The polysaccharides which yield different types of monosaccharide on hydrolysis called
heteropolysaccharides e.g. Mucilage’s, Hemi cellulose
90. Cellulose: most abundant on earth present in cell wall of plants.
91. Starch: it is stored food material in plants in corns, grains etc.
92. Glycogen: it mainly occurs in animal muscles and liver.
93. Starch: it occurs in grains seeds and tubers
94. The lipids are organic substances occurring in plant and animal tissues belong to a very heterogeneous
group of substances.
95. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, steroids & defined as substances having the following properties.
96. Lipids are insoluble in water (hydrophobic) but soluble in non-polar solvents (ether, chloroform, benzene)
97. Their primary building blocks of Lipids are fatty acids, glycerol
98. In most cases Lipids can be utilized by the living organisms
99. Most common lipid is fat in animals & plants
100. Fatty acid = an organic acid with a long straight hydrocarbon chain and even number of carbon atoms
e.g. oleic acid, stearic acid, butyric acid
101. Glycerol = a sweet colorless or yellowish syrupy alcohol
102. Naturally occurring oils, fats and waxes are collectively known as “simple lipids".
103. Simple lipids are the esters of long chain fatty acids with alcohols.
104. Simple lipids are esters of fatty acids with various alcohols. They contain mainly fatty acids and
alcohols alone.
105. Ester is a chemical compound formed by the interaction of acid and alcohol
106. Fats and Oils are esters of fatty acids with glycerol (Trihydroxy alcohol).
107. Fat is also called triglyceride
108. A fat in liquid state called oil
109. Waxes are esters of fatty acids with long chain monohydric alcohols.
110. Compound or Complex Lipids are the esters of glycerol with two saturated or unsaturated fatty acids
and some other compound such as carbohydrate, amino acid, phosphoric acid or protein etc.
111. Fatty acid = an organic acid with a long straight hydrocarbon chain and even number of carbon atoms
e.g. oleic acid, stearic acid, butyric acid
112. Glycolipids also called Glycosphingolipids, These contain sphingosine, fatty acid, and a
monosaccharide or an oligosaccharide unit.
113. Sulfolipids contain sphingosine, fatty acids, sugar and a sulfate group.
114. Phospholipids contain phosphoric acid, fatty acid, nitrogenous base and alcohol.
115. Lipoproteins are the macromolecular complexes of lipids with proteins.
116. Derived Lipids are obtained on hydrolysis of simple and complex lipids.
117. Derived Lipids contain glycerol and other alcohols.
118. Derived Lipids includes steroid hormones, ketone bodies, hydrocarbons, fatty acids, fatty alcohols
etc.
119. Lipids are good source of energy.
120. Lipids are essential for the absorption of fat soluble vitamins like vitamin A, D, E and K.
121. The dietary lipids decrease gastric motility and have a high satiety (a feeling or condition of being full
after eating food) value.
122. Body fat gives anatomical stability to organs.
123. Fats are good reservoir in the body. Adipose tissue is best suited for this purpose due to its very little
water content.
124. Lipids exert an insulating effect on the nervous tissue.
125. Lipids are integral part of cell protoplasm and cell membranes.
126. Some lipids act as precursors of very important physiological compounds e.g. cholesterol is precursor
of steroid hormones.
127. The proteins are extremely complicated molecules and are nitrogenous compound made up of a
variable number of amino acids joined to each other by specific type of covalent bond called peptide bond
or peptide linkage.
128. Peptide Bond = A molecule consisting of two or more amino acid linked by bond between the amino
group (-NH) and carboxyl group (-CO) this bond is known as a peptide bound
129. Proteins are polymers of amino acids
130. Polymer = a natural or artificial substance made from many small molecules
131. Protein is termed the building block of the body. It is called this because protein is vital in the
maintenance of body tissue, including development and repair.
132. Protein is a major source of energy.
133. Protein is involved in the creation of some hormones.
134. Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions in the body.
135. Protein is a major element in transportation of certain molecules.
136. hemoglobin is a protein that transports oxygen throughout the body.
137. Protein is also sometimes used to store certain molecules.
138. Protein forms antibodies that help prevent infection, illness and disease.
139. Many of the hormones which regulate the chemicals and other process of the body are also protein in
nature.
140. Plasma proteins take part in blood coagulation and transport of substances such as hormones, drugs,
metal like iron and copper.
141. Protein performs hereditary transmission by nucleoproteins of the cell nucleus.
142. Polypeptide = A molecule consisting of three or more amino acids linked together by peptide bond is
called polypeptide or polypeptide chain
143. Peptide Bond = A molecule consisting of two or more amino acid linked by bond between the amino
group (-NH) and carboxyl group (-CO) this bond is known as a peptide bond
144. Linear sequence of Amino acids is called primary structure protein, in it, amino group (NH2) is on left
side and carboxylic group (COOH) is on right side
145. The folding of the polypeptide chain into a specific coiled structure held together by Hydrogen bond is
called secondary structure protine
146. The tertiary structure of a protein means it’s over all three dimensional shape (3D).
147. Proteins are divided into three main classes
148. Simple Proteins, On hydrolysis these proteins yield only amino acids or their derivatives.
149. Conjugated proteins are composed of simple proteins combined with a non-proteinous substance.
The non-proteinous substance is called prosthetic group or cofactor.
150. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
151. Amino acids form protein by a biochemical bond called peptide bond or peptide linkage.
152. Various number of amino acid joins to one another with peptide bond to form “protein”.
153. There are twenty different kinds of amino acids but with different combination they form different kinds
of protein.
154. Amino acids can be used to produce energy, but their primary job is building proteins.
155. Some amino acids also fill non-protein-building roles, such as forming neurotransmitters and
hormones.
156. Amino acid contains a central alpha carbon
157. The carbon attached with the functional Group is called alpha carbon
158. The R group may vary to produce different types of Amino acids.
159. Twenty amino acids take part in the formation of all types of proteins plant as well as animal in origin.
160. The non-standard amino acids are those amino acids which do not take part in protein synthesis
161. Essential amino acids are those amino acids which are not produced by our body and must be taken
in diet.
162. Non-essential amino acids are those amino acids that can be synthesized by our body.
163. Nucleic acids are large biological molecules, essential for all known forms of life.
164. Nucleic acids, which include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are made from
monomers known as nucleotides.
165. Two types of nucleic acids are DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid and RNA or Ribonucleic Acid
166. Nucleotides are the building blocks of all nucleic acids.
167. Each nucleotide has three components, 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
168. Purines and pyrimidines are the two categories of nitrogenous bases.
169. Adenine and guanine are purines.
170. Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines.
171. In DNA, the bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
172. In RNA, the bases are adenine, thymine, uracil, and cytosine,
173. Purines include adenine and guanine which are abbreviated as A and G respectively.
174. Pyrimidines include cytosine, uracil, and thymine, abbreviated as C, U, and T respectively.
175. Two kinds of 5-carbon sugar fond in nucleic acid or nucleotides
176. Both ribose and deoxyribose are 5-carbon sugars or pentose sugar.
177. If the sugar is ribose, the polymer is RNA, if the sugar is Deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA.
178. A phosphate group consists of a central phosphorous surrounded by four oxygen (PO4).
179. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic information copied from DNA into a form that can be
read and used to make proteins.
180. mRNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell.
181. rRNA is located in the cytoplasm of a cell, where ribosomes are found.
182. rRNA directs the translation of mRNA into proteins.
183. Like rRNA, tRNA is located in the cellular cytoplasm and is involved in protein synthesis.
184. The main role of DNA in the cell is the long-term storage of information.
185. DNA contains the "programmatic instructions" for cellular activities.
186. DNA provides the information needed to make a new living cell by cell division.
187. When a cell divides, its DNA is copied and passed from one cell generation to the next generation.
188. DNA controls everything in the cells, the response to external agents, the regulation of proteins,
ribosome and RNA.
189. DNA holds the instructions for an organism's or each cell’s development and reproduction and
ultimately death.
190. DNA carries the codes for proteins.
191. DNA contains the genetic information that gives rise to the chemical and physical properties of living
organisms.
192. All the physiological activities are regulated by two major systems in the body Nervous System and
Endocrine System
193. The endocrine system is the system of glands,
194. The endocrine system does not include exocrine glands such as salivary glands, sweat glands and
glands within the gastrointestinal tract.
195. Generally the chemical messengers are classified into two types Classical Hormones and Local
Hormones
196. Classical hormones secreted by endocrine glands
197. Local hormones secreted from other tissues
198. Endocrine glands are glands, which synthesize and release the classical hormones into the blood.
199. endocrine glands are also called ductless glands
200. The Main Endocrine Glands Include Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland,
Adrenal gland, Pancreas, Ovaries (in female only), Testes (in male only)
201. Some important hormones are growth hormone (GH), Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone,
Oxytocin, Calcitonin, Aldosterone, Cortisol, and Insulin.
202. Hormones are the chemical messengers of the body.
203. Hormones are organic substances secreted into blood stream to control the metabolic and biological
activities.
204. Hormones are involved in transmission of information from one tissue to another and from cell to cell.
205. Hormones are produced in small amounts by various endocrine (ductless) glands in the body.
206. Hormones delivered directly to the blood in minute quantities
207. Hormones of Anterior Pituitary Glands are Growth hormone and Thyroid stimulating hormone
208. Hormones of Posterior Pituitary Glands are Oxytocin hormone and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
209. Hormones of Thyroid Glands are Tri-iodothyronine (T3), Tetraiodothyronine (T4) and Calcitonin
210. Hormone of Parathyroid Gland is Parathormone (PTH)
211. Hormones of Adrenal Gland are Aldosterone hormone and Cortisol hormone
212. Hormones of Ovary Gland are Estrogen hormone and Progesterone hormone
213. Hormones of Testis are Testosterone hormone and Dihydrotestosterone hormone
214. Hormone of Pancreas is Insulin
215. Steroid Hormones are hormones formed from cholesterol or its derivatives, e.g. testosterone,
aldosteron, estrogen, progesterone.
216. Protein Hormones are large or small peptide
217. Hormone does not act directly on the cellular structures.
218. Receptors of protein hormones are situated in the cell membrane.
219. Receptors of steroid hormones are situated in cytoplasm of target cells.
220. Receptors of the thyroid hormones are in the nucleus of the cell.
221. Generally when a hormone is secreted in excess, the number of receptors of that hormone decreases
this process is called down-regulation. During the deficiency of hormones, the number of receptors
increases which is called up-regulation.
222. Growth hormone (GH) is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and
regeneration in humans and other animals.
223. Growth hormone is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized, stored, and
secreted by anterior pituitary gland. Its half-life is about 20 minutes.
224. Growth hormone has predominately anabolic effects on skeletal and cardiac muscles. It stimulates
the synthesis of protein, RNA, DNA.
225. Growth hormone promotes amino acid entry into cells.
226. Growth hormone decreases the catabolism of protein
227. Growth hormone is often said to have anti-insulin activity
228. Growth hormone enhances the utilization of fat by stimulating triglyceride breakdown and oxidation in
adipose tissues.
229. Growth hormone increases the retention of the phosphorus and calcium. It also causes the retention
of sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
230. Growth hormone increases the thickness of skin.
231. Growth hormone increases milk secretion in lactating animals.
232. Vasopressin/ Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) hormone is the hormone of the posterior pituitary gland. It
prevents excessive urine production.
233. ADH is a polypeptide, containing 9 amino acids. Its half-life is 18-20 minutes.
234. Vasopressin is responsible for regulating the body's retention of water
235. ADH can also raise blood pressure by bringing about constriction of arterioles.
236. Oxytocin (OT) is traditionally thought of as a ‘female’ hormone due to its role in milk ejection.
237. Oxytocin is best known for its roles in sexual reproduction, in particular during and after childbirth.
238. Oxytocin half-life is about 6 minutes.
239. In females, oxytocin acts on mammary glands and uterus.
240. Oxytocin causes contraction of uterus and helps in the expulsion of fetus.
241. In male, the release of oxytocin increases during ejaculation.
242. OT facilitates release of sperm into urethra
243. Insulin is a peptide hormone, produced by beta cells of the pancreas,
244. Insulin is small soluble protein containing 51 amino acids.
245. Insulin increases utilization of glucose for energy.
246. Insulin increases glycogen storage in cells
247. Insulin increases the conversion of glucose into fat to be stored in adipose tissues.
248. Insulin forms fatty acids from excess liver glucose.
249. Insulin is essential for growth as it increases protein formation.
250. Testosterone is the principle hormone of the testes which consists of 19 carbon atoms.
251. During intrauterine life, testosterone is secreted by the genital ridge.
252. testosterone hormone causes the enlargement of the male sexual organs.
253. It acts on different male sex organs, increasing spermatogenesis and maintaining the motility and
fertilizing power of sperm.
254. Testosterone is also responsible for aggressive moods, active attitudes and interest in the opposite
sex.
255. Testosterone increases protein synthesis and build up the musculature.
256. Testosterone Causes positive N- balance.
257. Testosterone Decreases blood urea levels
258. Testosterone Increases thickness of bones
259. Testosterone Increases total quantity of bone matrices.
260. Testosterone Increases the deposition of calcium salts in bones.
261. Testosterone Narrows the length of the male pelvis outlet.
262. Testosterone Increases the length of the male pelvis and makes it funnel shaped.
263. Testosterone Increases the strength of the pelvis and makes it strong.
264. Testosterone increases the number of RBCs (15-20%).
265. Testosterone can increase the reabsorption of NA+ and water in the distal tubules of the kidneys.
266. Estrogen is 18 carbon steroid
267. Estrogen Increases the size of the vagina
268. Estrogen Increases the size of the uterus
269. Estrogen Causes growth of the uterine glands
270. Causes enlargement of the musculature of the walls of the vagina
271. Estrogen Increases the size of the llitoris and labia minora
272. Estrogen Promotes the development of the tubular duct system
273. Estrogen Increases vascularity of the skin.
274. Estrogen Causes softness and smoothness of the skin (This is why estrogen is used in creams,
soaps and oils for cosmetic purposes)
275. Estrogen Causes broadness of the pelvis
276. Estrogen Increases the synthesis and deposition of proteins
277. Estrogen Increases the synthesis of fat
278. Estrogen It increases the retention of Na+ and water increasing the E.C.F.
279. Estrogen hormone is responsible for the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle
280. Estrogen Decreases blood cholesterol levels
281. Enzymes are biological molecules that catalyze chemical reactions.
282. Substances on which enzymes act to convert them into products are called substrates.
283. Small amount of enzyme can catalyze the large amount of substrate in biological reactions.
284. The velocity of the enzymatic reaction increase as the concentration of the substrate increases up to
certain maximum.
285. Enzymes are mostly soluble in water and diluted alcohol solution.
286. The enzymes can precipitate in concentrated Alcohol, Ammonium Sulphate, Tricholoro Acetic Acid.
287. Acid deactivates those enzymes that act at alkaline pH
288. Base deactivates the enzymes that act at acidic pH
289. Optimum temperature for enzymatic activity is 35 o C to 40o C.
290. All enzymes are protein in nature with large molecular weight with the exception of Ribozymes
291. The complete structure of apoenzyme and prosthetic group is called holoenzyme
292. A coenzyme may bind covalently or non-covalently to the apoenzyme.
293. The term prosthetic group denotes a covalently bonded enzyme.
294. Enzymes are generally named after adding the suffix “ase” to the name of the substrate
295. Oxidoreductases These enzymes catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions
296. Transferases Enzymes catalyze the transfer of a functional group
297. Hydrolases enzymes catalyze hydrolysis
298. Lyases Enzymes facilitate removal of small molecules from a large substrate
299. Isomerases Enzymes involved in isomerization of substrate
300. Ligases Enzymes involve in joining together two substrates
301. The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the amount of enzyme present.
302. The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the substrate concentration
303. Enzymes decrease activation energy.
304. Enzymes play important role in digestion for the conversion of large complex and non-diffusible
molecules into smaller, simple and diffusible molecules
305. Enzymes are also used in the manufacturing of cheese.
306. Some enzymes are used as sweetener,
307. Carbohydrate and protein breaking enzymes are heat stabilizer and are used as detergent
308. Some enzymes are used as drugs if there is any disturbance in the digestive system.
309. Some enzymes are used for cancer treatment, e.g. L. Asparginase
310. Enzymes also cause blood clotting by protein thrombin.
311. Amylase is used in manufacturing of alcoholic beverages.
312. Trypsin, Pepsin and Papain are meat tenderizing to facilitate the process of digestion.
313. Vitamins are complex organic substances
314. Vitamins molecular weight is low
315. Essential vitamins for one species may not be essential for another
316. Vitamins are not destroyed in the digestive processes and are absorbed as such
317. The daily requirement for any vitamin is increased during growth pregnancy and lactation
318. Vitamins are classified into fat soluble vitamins and water soluble vitamins
319. Based on the heat stability, vitamins are classified into thermo labile vitamins and thermo stable
vitamins
320. Thermo Labile Vitamins are Thiamine (Vitamin–B1) and Antithetic Acid (Vitamin –B3)
321. Thermo Stable Vitamins are Riboflavin (Vitamin–B2), Pyridoxine (Vitamin–B6), Niacin / Niacinamide
(Vitamin–B3), Biotin (Vitamin–B7), Folic Acid (Vitamin–B9), Cobalamin Vitamin–B12)
322. Vitamin-A is now a day called retinol. Its derivatives called retinal or retin-aldehyde.
323. Synonyms of vitamin A are Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic Acid
324. The precursor provitamin “A” is the carotenoid pigments of certain plant known chemically as
carotene.
325. Vitamin-A is actively involved in the maintenance of normal visual process of eyes
326. Xerophthalmia caused by a severe Vitamin-A deficiency.
327. Xerophthalmia is a medical condition in which the eye fails to produce tears.
328. Keratinizing metaplasia is a condition affecting the epithelial surfaces of cornea and conjunctiva. It is
caused by a dietary deficiency of Vitamin-A
329. Vitamin-D is a fat soluble vitamin that enhances the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the
intestine.
330. Vitamin-D deficiency may cause rickets in children and osteomalacia (softening of the bones) in
adults.
331. Synonyms of Vitamin-D are Calciferol, Ergosterol (D2), Anti-ricket vitamin.
332. There are about 10 compounds of Vitamin-D
333. Vitamin D promotes the Ca++ absorption from the intestine
334. Intestinal absorption of phosphate is increased by Vitamin-D.
335. Activity of parathyroid hormone is exhibited only in the presence of Vitamin-D
336. Vitamin-D helps in normal teeth formation if Vitamin-D is lacking
337. Deficiency of Vitamin-D may cause rickets in children and Osteomalacia in adults.
338. Too much Vitamin-D can cause an abnormally high blood calcium level
339. Synonyms fo vitamin E are Tocopherol, Anti-sterility factor, Anti-oxidant factor
340. Alpha- Tocopherol is the most active form of Vitamin-E.
341. Vitamin-E is a strong anti-oxidant.
342. Vitamin-E deficiency causes neurological problems due to poor nerve conduction.
343. Vitamin-K is a fat soluble. The name K stands for coagulation vitamin, a substance that prevent
hemorrhagic tendency
344. Synonyms of vitamin K are Anti-Hemorrhagic vitamin, Coagulation vitamin
345. Chemically there are three forms of Vitamin-K
346. Vitamin-K1 is Plant Origin
347. Vitamin-K2 Bacterial Origin
348. Vitamin-K3 Synthetically Preparation
349. The most important function of Vitamin-K is that it helps in the formation of prothrombin by liver.
350. prothrombin is a plasma protein produced in the liver in the presence of Vitamin-K
351. Vitamin-K is an essential component of respiratory mechanism of cells.
352. In plants, Vitamin-K is an essential component of photosynthetic process.
353. Vitamin-K modifies the protein osteocalcin.
354. Thiamine or thiamin or Vitamin-B1 is a water soluble vitamin, its deficiency is characterized by
beriberi.
355. Synonyms of vitamin B1 are Thiamine, Anti-Beriberi factor
356. Vitamin-B1 plays an important role in various decarboxylase reactions
357. Due to deficiency of Vitamin-B1 congestive heart failure can occur
358. Riboflavin or Vitamin-B2 deficiency is characterized by Ariboflavinosis
359. Synonyms of vitamin-B2 are Riboflavin, Lactoflavin
360. Pantothenic acid or vitamin-B5 is a water-soluble vitamin; it is among the most important of the B
vitamins for the basic processes of life
361. Synonym of Vitamin-B5 is Pantothenate
362. Pantothenic acid is used in the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA).
363. To break down fats as fuel, Pantothenic acid via the CoA is necessary for building fats for storage.
364. Niacin or Vitamin-B3 is water soluble, thermo-stable vitamin. Its deficiency is characterized by
pellagra (Skin rash, nerve disorder and diarrhea).
365. Synonyms of Vitamin-B3 are Nicotinic acid, Niacin amide (Nicotinamide), Pellagra preventing factor
366. It is the most important function of niacin, as it acts as “H” acceptor in various “Redox” reactions in the
form of NAD & NADP.
367. Niacin prevents pellagra by keeping various “Redox Reactions”
368. Pyridoxal Phosphate or Vitamin-B6 is water soluble heat stable vitamin; it is widely distributed in
nature.
369. Synonyms of Vitamin-B6 are Pyridoxine, Pyridoxamine
370. Biotin or vitamin-B7 is water soluble, heat stable, and an important vitamin for growth.
371. Synonym of Vitamin-B7 is Co-Enzyme-R
372. Folic acid or vitamin-B9 is water soluble, heat stable and antianemic factor.
373. Folic acid is used for preventing anemia (Megaloblastic anemia)
374. Ascorbic acid or Vitamin-C or L-ascorbic acid is water soluble, white crystalline, odorless and sour
taste vitamin.
375. In human body vitamin-C is found as L- Ascorbic Acid.
376. Human body is unable to synthesize vitamin-C
377. Freezing and dehydration retains the vitamin-C
378. vitamin-C stable in solid form and in acidic solution but rapidly destroyed in alkaline solution
379. Vitamin C takes active part in wound repair.
380. Vitamin C helps in the deposition of Ca and PO4 in the bones and teeth.
381. Vitamin C is one of the factors influencing the absorption of iron from the food.
382. Cyanocobalamin or Vitamin-B12, also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin
383. Synonyms of Vitamin-B12 are Cobalamin, Cyanocobalamin, Antipernicious anemia factor
384. Erythropoiesis is the process by which red blood cells (erythrocytes) are produced.
385. Vitamin B12 activates amino acid for the synthesis of protein.
386. Genetic engineering is the process of transferring specific genes from the chromosome of one
organism and transplanting them into the chromosome of another organism
387. Genetic engineering is the process of removing a gene from one organism and putting it into another.
388. Electrolytes are minerals in your blood and other body fluids that carry an electric charge.
389. Electrolytes affect the amount of water in your body, the acidity of your blood (pH), your muscle
function, and other important processes.
390. You lose electrolytes when you sweat.

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