Rangga A.

Sudisman & Wirman Hidayat

SOIL MECHANICS I - CV2202

 Course Outcomes:
1. Describe soils and determine their physical characteristics such as grain size, water content, void ratio,
and unit weight.
2. Classify soils.
3. Understand one- and two-dimensional flow of water through soils and be able to determine hydraulic
conductivity, permeability, porewater pressures, and seepage stresses.
4. Understand the concept of effective stress and be able to calculate total and effective stresses, and
porewater pressures.
5. Understand how stresses are distributed within soils from surface loads and the limitations in calculating
these stresses.
6. Understand the concept of “soil failure criteria” and determine the shear strength of soil.
7. Be able to discriminate the failure criteria of soil between “drained” and “undrained” conditions.
8. Understand the concept of “soil bearing capacity” and be able to calculate the bearing capacity of
shallow foundation
9. Understand the concept of “lateral earth pressure” and be able to calculate the lateral force of soil.
10.Understand the importance and various methods of soil investigations.
 Course Schedule:
• Week-1: Lesson Plan, General Rules, Introduction on Soil Mechanics, Origin & Composition of Soils (II).
• Week-2: Origin and Grain Size (II), Weight-Volume Relationship (III)
• Week-3: Index Properties of Soil (IV), Classification of Soil (V)
• Week-4: Compaction of Soil (VI), Permeability (VII)
• Week-5: Seepage, Effective Stress (VIII)
• Week-6: Seepage Forces, Filters & Capillarity (IX)
• Week-7: Flow Nets (VIII)
• Week-8: Mid-Term Exam
• Week-9: Stresses in a Soil Mass (X)
• Week-10: Stresses in a Soil Mass-Newmark (X), Compressibility (XI), Shear Strength of Soil-Failure Criteria (XII)
• Week-11: Strength of Soil-Drained & Undrained (XII)
• Week-12: Soil Bearing Capacity for Shallow Foundation (XVI)
• Week-13: Lateral Earth Pressure-Rankine (XIII)
• Week-14: Lateral Earth Pressure (XIV), Slope Stability (XV)
• Week-15: Subsoil Exploration (XVII)
• Week-16: Final Exam
 Grading System:

5% 10%
25% 20%
Assignments
Final & Active
Quiz
Participation

20% 40%
25% 25% Assignmen
Final
Mid Experimen Exam
t
Exam ts
Mid
Exam

30%
 General Rules:
1. Late tolerance: 10 minutes
2. Minimum attendance: 80% (class),
3. Standard outfit
4. No cellphone/gadget (except if requested)
5. No Food, Drink is allowed
6. No Toilet within the first 1/2 hour
7. No Sleep
8. No Plagiarism
9. Feel free to ask
10.Office discussion hour: Online contact (Working Days):
kuliahwirman@gmail.com
wirman.hidayat@universitaspertamina.ac.id
 Books & References:
• Das & Sobhan, “Principles of Geotechnical Engineering”,
Cengage
• Muni Budhu, “Soil Mechanics Fundamental”, Wiley
• Holtz & Kovac, “Introduction of Geotechnical Engineering”,
Prentice Hall
• Karl Terzaghi & Peck, “Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice”,
• Laurence D. Wesley, “Mekanika Tanah untuk Tanah Endapan &
Residu”, Penerbit Andi
 START FROM THIS TIME
I WOULD LIKE TO CHANGE YOUR “WAY OF THINKING”
ABOUT SOIL
INTRODUCTION
HOW DID YOU USE TO THINK ABOUT SOIL
WHAT DOES THE INTERNET TELL ABOUT SOIL
 SO
COMPLICATED!
ISN’T IT?
 BUT DON’T WORRY,
IT’S NOT AS COMPLICATED AS THEY SAID
SOIL = A MATERIAL, JUST LIKE ANOTHER MATERIALS
MECHANICS= Mechanics (Greek) is an area of science concerned
with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or
displacements, and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their
environment

temperature, rate
of loading, and
other conditions
It’s called properties:
1. Physical
2. Mechanical
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL
1. SOIL COMPOSITIONS
 PHYSICAL SOIL PROPERTIES
2. INDEX PROPERTIES

GRANULAR SOILS
1. SOIL TYPE- BASED ON GRAIN
SIZE ANALYSIS
2. RELATIVE STATE:
- RELATIVE DENSITY (Dr)
- PERMEABILITY
COHESIVE SOILS
1. SOIL TYPE- BASED ON
CONSISTENCY- ATTERBERG
LIMITS TEST
2. RELATIVE STATE
- COMPRESSIBILITY
- PERMEABILITY
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
STRESS- STRAIN- STRENGTH (TRIO PROPERTIES THAT CANT BE SEPARATED)
 Week-1
Soil: Origin & Composition
 What is “Soil Mechanics”?

The study of the response of soils to the loads.

 Soil Formation
Weathering
Soils (Engineering term) are formed from the physical and chemical weathering of rocks.
Soils may also contain organic matter from the decomposition of plants and animals. They are complex natural material consist ing of
solids, liquids, and gases.

Physical weathering
• wetting  drying, freezing  thawing,
erosion (water, wind, glacier), exfoliation,
unloading.
• Reduction of size, the mineral composition does
not change.
Chemical weathering
• Chemical processes by H2O, O2 & CO2 change
the mineral composition.
• Product: usually Clay mineral and has different
characteristic with the mineral of original rock.
 Soil Formation
Residual and Transported Soil

Sedimentary Soils classification based

on their mode of transportation and
deposition:
• Glacial Soils
• Alluvial Soils
• Lacustrine Soils
• Marine Soils
Transported/Sedimentary Residual Soil
• Aeolian Soils Soil • Formed by the weathering
• Colluvial Soils • Erosion  transport  process and still located above
sedimented layer by layer the rock origin.
• Compaction, hardening, & aging
are caused by overburden
pressure & chemical process.
• Uplifted by tectonic activities
 Soil Particle Size

General size classification based on

USCS:
Quartz,
feldspar,
4.75-7.62
Gravel
& other mm

0.075-4.75 Quartz &

Sand feldspar
mm

Clay Clay <0.075 mm

minerals

<0.075 mm Silt
Soil Particle Size
 SOIL COMPOSITION
Bonding with
Silicates to form
Metal Oxides
a various clay
for Example 90% of All Soil
Use to make minerals with OH
Iron Bonding Use to (We Will Focus
cement Anion Fertilizer on This)
 Clay Minerals
GOOD
!
Kaolinite less
Chemical active
Weathering of
Rock
Illite

Clay Montmorillonite active

BAD!
develops plasticity
when mixed with a Halloysite
limited amount of Originated from
water weathered volcanic ash
Allophane &
Imogolite
Clay Minerals
Clay Minerals-Water Interaction
Clay particles carry a net negative charge on their surface!!

1
0.
1 5
1
0.
5 0.
Large particle 5
Smaller particle
Volume = 1 Volume = 1
Surface Area = 6 Surface Area = ?

Smaller clay particles have high surface forces!!

They adsorbs more water  influences the way soil behaves
 Key Points:
• Soils are derived from the weathering of rocks and are broadly described by terms such as
gravels, sands, silts, and clays.
• Physical weathering causes reduction in size of the parent rock without change in its
composition.
• Chemical weathering causes reduction in size and chemical composition that differs from the
parent rock.
• Gravels and sands are coarse-grained soils; silts and clays are fine-grained soils.
• Coarse-grained soils are composed mainly of quartz.
• Clays are composed of three main types of minerals: kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite.
• The clay minerals consist of silica and alumina sheets that are combined to form layers. The
bonds between layers play a very important role in the mechanical behavior of clays. The bond
between the layers in montmorillonite is very weak compared with kaolinite and illite. Water can
easily enter between the layers in montmorillonite, causing swelling.
• A thin layer of water, called adsorbed water, is bonded to the mineral surfaces of soils. This layer
significantly influences the physical and mechanical characteristics of fine-grained soils.
 Week-2a:
Determination of Particle Size of Soil
 TOPICS
Week-2: Origin and Grain Size (II), Weight-Volume
Relationship (III)
 SOIL PARTICLE SIZE

General size classification based on

USCS:
Quartz,
feldspar,
4.75-7.62
Gravel
& other mm
Coarse particles > 0.075 mm

0.075-4.75 Quartz &

 Sieve Analysis
Sand feldspar
mm

Clay Clay <0.075 mm

minerals
Fine particles < 0.075 mm

 Hydrometer Analysis
<0.075 mm Silt
 Hydrometer Analysis
Based on the principle of sedimentation
of soil grains in water.
Particle Size Distribution Curve (Sieve + Hydrometer)
 Particle Size Distribution Curve
To determine some soil parameters: 1. Effective size (D10)  to estimate the hydraulic
conductivity and drainage through soil.

2. Uniformity coefficient (Cu):

3. Coefficient of Gradation (Cc):

4. Distinguish the % of gravel, sand, clay and silt-size

partices.
 Particle Shape

Bulky

Shape Flaky Predominantly Clay Minerals

Needle Coral Deposits

Shape Attapulgite Clays