MEC655

RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

TECHNOLOGY

1.0 Energy and Development

 Topics Outcomes

1. Comprehend fundamental issues in energy applications.

2. Relate Sustainable development and energy consumption
patterns.
3. Evaluate the energy consumption and their impacts on the
global warming phenomena.
4. Propose possible solutions for global and local carbon
footprint reductions.
 1.0 Energy and Development

1.1 Energy Glossary, Terminology and Units.

1.2 Sustainability, Energy and Clean Technologies.
1.3 Non-renewable Energy Resources.
1.4 Global and National Trend of Energy Demand and
Availability. Energy Crisis.
1.5 Environmental impacts of conventional energy
usage.
1.6 Green House Gases. CO2 mitigation and Global
Warming Issues. National and International Efforts
to Abate Global Climate Changes
 1.1 Energy Glossary, Terminology and Units

• Energy is the capacity of a physical system to perform work.

Energy exists in several forms such as heat, kinetic or
mechanical energy, light, potential energy, electrical, or other
forms.
• According to the law of conservation of energy, the total
energy of a system remains constant, though energy may
transform into another form.
• The SI unit of energy is the joule (J) or newton-meter (N m).
• Other units in the category of Energy Scales include : Barrel
Oil Equivalent (bboe), British Thermal Unit (BTu), Calorie (cal),
Kilowatt-Hour (kWh), Tonne Coal Equivalent (tce).
 Power
• Power is the rate of energy conversion(“generated” or
consumed), The SI unit of Power is the joule (J/s) or watt (W),
kg m2 s-3 and VA
• Other common unit : Horsepower (550ft-Lbf/s), kVA
• Scales of magnitude :
GW - Large power station
MW – Gas turbines, Large Wind turbines, Solar farm
kW – Micro hydro, Large electrical appliances
W – solar PV array, Small electric appliances, electronic
devices
mW – micro application.
Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Power Station (Kapar Energy Venture) –
2.42 GW (2420 MW) Coal-Fired Power Station – Largest power station in
Malaysia
A medium hydro power plant ~ 500 MW

A large single gas turbine ~300 MW

 A large wind turbine ~ 5 MW

A micro-hydro generator ~100 kW

A small isolated wind turbine
@ 3 m diameter ~3 kW

A large Solar PV panel ~150 W

 Common Units of energy
Tonne Oil Equivalent (TOE) is a unit in the category of Energy. This
unit is commonly used in the INT unit system. Tonne Oil
Equivalent (toe) has a dimension of ML2T-2 where M is mass, L is
length, and T is time. It can be converted to the corresponding
standard SI unit J by multiplying its value by a factor of
41870000000.
British thermal unit (Btu) - A unit of heat energy approximately
equal to the quantity of heat required to raise one pound of
water by 1°F.
Kilowatt-hour (kWh) - A unit of electric energy consumption equal
to that consumed in using a power level of one kilowatt (1,000
watts) for a duration of one hour. Example: Illuminating ten
100-watt bulbs for one hour consumes 1 kWh. 1 kilowatt-hour
(kWh) = 3.6 x 106 J = 3.6 million Joules = 3,413 BTU.
 Power
Power = Rate of energy (generated/converted/consumed)
SI Units (J s-1, Watt, W)
Horsepower (HP) - Electrical/mechanical horsepower,(not boiler
horsepower.) A shaft energy output rate of 550 foot-pounds
per second, usually specified for electric motors as the
maximum output. One electrical HP is equal to 0.7457 kW or
2,545 Btu/hour. The actual kW required will be higher due to
motor inefficiency.
Brake horsepower (bhp) - Horsepower required at the blower,
compressor, fan, or pump shaft to perform actual work.
1 calorie (cal) = 4.184 J
(The “Calories” in food ratings are normally in kilocalories.)
 Electric Power and Energy

Electric Power = Current x Voltage (P = I V)

1 Watt is the power from a current of 1 Ampere flowing through

1 Volt.

1 kilowatt-hour is the energy of one kilowatt power flowing for

one hour. (Energy = Power x time).

1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 1000 W x 3600 s

= 3.6 x 106 J ( 3.6 Mega Joules)
(commonly known as 1 “unit” of
electricity)
Energy “Density”
The amount of energy per unit of volume (or mass) of a
substance. S. I. joule per cubic metre (J m-3)
• More common : (solid and liquid) kJ/kg, (liquid) kJ/Liter.
(Gases ) KJ/m3
• Calorific Value/ Heating value (HHV, LHV): KJ/kg (solid and
liquid), KJ//m3 (gas)
1.2 Sustainability, Energy and Clean
Technologies

• Sustainable development means inculcating the process of

maintaining human needs while preserving the environment
for future generations. It also means we must use the
available resources efficiently so that they will be available
for many years to come.

• Brundtland Comission defined sustainable development as

meeting “the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (United
Nations, 1987).
• Sustainable development of the world economy needs a
sustainable energy supply. This means that energy has to be
available at affordable and stable prices, with low
environmental impact and giving everyone everywhere a fair
opportunity for development.

• Sustainable Energy Practices- energy produced both from

renewable resources or by use of clean/efficient production
technology
 Sustainable Energy Technologies

• Sustainable Energy Technologies refers to products, equipment

or systems which satisfy the following criteria:
• It minimizes the degradation of the environment;
• It has low green house gas (GHG) emission.
• It is safe for use and promotes healthy and improved
environment for all forms of life
• It conserves the use of energy and natural resources
• It promotes the use of renewable resources

• Sustainable energy is the provision of energy that meets the

needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their needs.
 Sustainable Energy Technologies

• Sustainable energy sources are most often regarded as

including all renewable energy sources, It usually also includes
technologies that improve energy efficiency.

• Renewable Energy resoures and Energy Efficiency paractices

are the twin pillars of sustainable energy technologies

• Conventional nuclear fission power is sometimes referred to

as a sustainable/clean energy system (but not renewble) but
this is controversial politically due to concerns about peak
uranium, radioactive waste disposal and the risks of disaster
due to accident or natural disaster
Energy is the key ingredient to any economic activity.
Adequacy of energy supply is important for acceleration of
economic development. Consumption of energy however
produces some undesirable impacts on the environment and
climate.

Hence, sustainable use of energy is being given increasing

attention in Malaysia

http://www.kettha.gov.my/
 Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water
http://www.kettha.gov.my
Green Technology is the development and application of
products, equipment and systems used to conserve the natural
environment and resources, which minimize and reduces the
negative impact of human activities.

Four Pillars Of Malaysian Green Technology Policy

Energy - Seek to attain energy independence and promote
efficient utilization;
Environment - Conserve and minimize the impact on the
environment;
Economy - Enhance the national economic development through
the use of technology; and
Social - Improve the quality of life for all.
 National Objectives Strategies
http://www.kettha.gov.my/en/content/national-objectives-strategies

To achieve the national objectives, the Government is pursuing the following strategies: -
Secure supply
Diversification of fuel type and sources, technology, maximize use of indigenous energy resources,
adequate reserve capacity to cater for contingencies [adequate reserve margin for generation, upgrading
transmission and distribution networks and distributed generation (islanding)
Sufficient supply
Forecast demand, right energy pricing and formulate plans to meet demand.
Efficient supply
Promote competition in the electricity supply industry.
Cost-effective supply
Promote competition and provide indicative supply plan to meet demand based on least cost approach
using power computer software such as WASP;
Sustainable supply
Promote the development of renewable and co-generation as much as possible.
Quality supply (low harmonics, no surges and spikes, minimal variation in voltage)
Match quality with customer demand with variable tariffs;
Efficient utilization of energy
Bench marking, auditing, financial and fiscal incentives, technology development, promotion of ESCOs,
Labelling, Ratings, correct pricing, energy managers; and
Minimizing Negative Environmental Impacts
Monitor the impacts, improve efficiency of utilization and conversion and promote renewable.
 1.3 Non-renewable Energy Resources
• Any material that can be “burned” to release thermal energy
is called a fuel.
• Fuel consist primarily of hydrogen (H)and carbon (C) - Called
hydrocarbon fuels denoted by the general formula CnHm.
• Fuel exist in all phases : solid (e.g.coal, biomass) liquid
(gasoline,diesel,LPG) and gas (natural gas - Alkane group)
• Examples of hydrocarbon fuels are
Methane - CH4 (Gas at s.t.p)
Octane - C8H18 (liquid at s.t.p)
Coal - Mixture of C, H, N, S, O and non-combustibles (Solid)
Wood – Organic materials C H O
 Fossil Fuel
• Fuel are classified mainly as Fossil and non fossil
- Fossil Fuel : Coal, Petroleum including LPG
- Non-Fossil : Biomass, Ethanol, Natural Gas (from non petroluem
activities)
• Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural resources such as
anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms. - formed
from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals by
exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over millions
of years.
• The fossil fuels include coal, petroleum, petroleum gas (PG) and
natural gas (NG) which contain high percentages of carbon.
• Global Fossil Fuel reserve is fast diminishing – much faster
consumption rate than they could be replenished.
• Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources because they take
millions of years to form, and reserves are being depleted
much faster than new ones are being made.
• The production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental
concerns. (e.g: Global Warming due to increase in
atmospheric CO2 concentration)
• A global movement toward the utilization of renewable
energy is therefore under way to help meet increased energy
needs
Coal

Main Element CHNO-S

 Petroleum

Most liquid hydrocarbon fuels are obtained from

crude oil by distillation
Most liquid hydrocarbon fuels are obtained from crude oil by
distillation.
 Gaseous Fuel

• Gaseous forms at s.t.p.

• The members of the series (in terms of number of carbon
atoms) are named as follows:
- methane, CH4 - one carbon and 4 hydrogen atoms
- ethane, C2H6
- propane, C3H8
- butane, C4H10

• Hydrogen gas (H2) is widely used in clean energy tecnology

such as Fuel Cells.
 Natural Gas

• Raw natural gas typically consists primarily of methane (CH4),

lightest hydrocarbon molecule.
• It also contains varying amounts of heavier gaseous
hydrocarbons such as ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), normal
butane (n-C4H10), isobutane (i-C4H10), pentanes and even
higher molecular weight hydrocarbons.
• When processed and purified into finished by-products, all of
these are collectively referred to as NGL (Natural Gas Liquids)
 KJM 442

Energy Density : Higher and Lower Heting Value of Fuel

Fuels HHV (kJ/kg) LHV (kJ/kg)

Coal (lignite) 16,000 14,800
Coal (bituminous) 25,000 23,000
Coal (anthracite) 33,000 30,000
Diesel 44,800 43,000
Petrol 48,000 45,500
Gasoline 47,000 44,400
Wood
HHV (kJ/m3) LHV (kJ/m3)
Natural gas 42,500 38,100
Methane 40,000 38,100
Propane 48,900 45,800
 1.4 Energy Demand and Availability.

• Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) is made up of production

+ imports – exports – (international marine bunkers &
international aviation bunkers)
• Primary energy consumption refers to the direct use at the
source, or supply to users without transformation, of crude
energy, that is, energy that has not been subjected to any
conversion or transformation process.
• Total primary energy demand is equivalent to power
generation plus other energy sector (excluding electricity and
heat) plus total final consumption (excluding electricity and
heat)
Primary and Secondary Energy
Source : WEO 2016 IEA
Source : WEO 2016 IEA
Global Fuel Mix for Electricity Generation

Source : WEO 2016 IEA

 Current Trend

World population is assumed to grow at an annual average

rate of 1%, from 7.2 billion in 2015 to 8.2 billion in 2030
Source : WEO, IEA
Source : WEO, IEA
 Current Trend
Fossil fuels remain the dominant sources of energy
worldwide, accounting for 77% of the demand increase in
2007-2030.
• Oil demand is expected rise… rising from around 85 million
barrels per day in 2008 to 105 mb/d in 2030, an increase of
around 24%.
• In 2007-2030, demand for coal grows by 53% and demand for
natural gas by 42%.

Source : WEO, IEA

• Energy demand is set to grow at around 0.7% on average per
year to 2050 because economic growth in developing
economies and a rising global population together outstrip the
projected 50% reduction in energy intensity (energy used per
unit of GDP) by 2050.

• Even though solar and wind are expected to grow faster than
every other source of power, fossil fuels will dominate primary
energy demand with a 74% share in 2050 (down from the
current level of 82%). That is because the substantial reliability
and cost advantages from investments in fossil fuel extraction
and fossil fuel energy production over the past half century will
need about 20 years or more to be fully depreciated.

Source : WEO, IEA

 Fossil Fuel Reserves
• Coal is the most abundant and geographically dispersed fossil
fuel. Proven reserves at the end of 2005 were 847 billion
tonnes (WEC, 2007). The United States, Russia and China
combined account for 61% of proven reserves Australia, the
world’s largest coal exporter, has 9% of the world’s proven
reserves, while the second-largest exporter, Indonesia, has less
than 1%.
• Around half of the world’s proven reserves are bituminous coal
and anthracite, the grade of coal with the highest energy
content.
• The rapid increase in demand in recent years has seen the
global reserves-to-production ratio fall sharply, from 188 years
in 2002 to 144 years in 2005

(WEC, 2008).
Coal reserves
 Petroleum

The current rate of global oil consumption, approximately 85

million barrels per day, represents 43 years of proven reserves
Oil Price trend
In the news since 2015….It will not last long!!!
2016…!!
2017…!!!
!!!.....?
 Malaysia Energy Overview
Proven Oil Reserves (January 1, 2010E) 4 billion barrels
Oil Production (2009E) 693,000 bbl/d, of which 83% was crude oil
Oil Consumption (2009E) 536,000 bbl/d
Crude Oil Distillation Capacity (January 1, 2010E) 514,832 bbl/d

Proven Natural Gas Reserves (January 1, 2010E) 83 trillion cubic feet

Natural Gas Production (2009E) 2.1 trillion cubic feet

Natural Gas Consumption (2009E) 1.0 trillion cubic feet
Recoverable Coal Reserves (2008E) 4.4 million short tons
Coal Production (2009E) 1.5 million short tons
Coal Consumption (2009E) 7.3 million short tons
Electricity Installed Capacity (2008E) 23 gigawatts
Electricity Production (2008E) 91.9 billion kilowatt hours
Electricity Consumption (2008E) 88.7 billion kilowatt hours
Total Energy Consumption (2008E) 2.45 quadrillion Btu*, of which Natural Gas
(48%), Oil (44%), Coal (5%),
Hydroelectricity (3%)
Total Per Capita Energy Consumption (Million Btu) (2008E) 97.0 million Btu per person

Energy Intensity (2008E) 6,786 Btu per $2005-PPP**

http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/Malaysia/Profile.html
The shares of coal rise sharply in the past few years

https://www.eia.gov/beta/international
• <2008, the electricity generation energy supply mix in the
country is made up of gas (70 %), coal (22 %), oil (2 %) and
hydro power (6 %).
• dynamic changes between 2009 and 2014, the increase of
coal share >40 % in electricity generation.
Malaysia contains proven oil reserves of 3.0 billion barrels, down from a
peak of 4.3 billion barrels in 1996. in 2016 was an estimated 744,000
barrels per day (b/d), a 15% increase from a recent low in 2013, but down
from the country's peak production of 842,000 b/d in 2003

https://www.eia.gov/
Decrease in next export of crude oil
Malaysia's oil production no longer fulfills its needs.
• Malaysia is the world’s tenth largest holder of natural gas reserves in 2010
and the second largest exporter of liquefied natural gas after Qatar in 2009
• Malaysia contains 75 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves.
Natural gas production has been rising steadily in recent years, reaching 1.9
Tcf in 2003. Natural gas consumption in 2003 was estimated at 1.0 Tcf, with
liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports of around 0.9 Tcf (mostly to Japan,
South Korea, and Taiwan).
• Malaysia burns 56,000 tonnes of coal each day (2012), or
nearly 1.7 million tonnes a month, all of them imported from
Australia (60%), Indonesia (30%), China (5%) and South Africa
(5%).

The STAR Tuesday August 14, 2012

1.5 Environmental impacts of conventional
energy usage
• Fossil-fuels are still the most dominant source of the world’s
energy, which contribute to more than 80 % of the world’s
Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES).
• The current scenarios indicate that although renewable
energy will grow in importance, their shares in the global
energy supply in the next few decades will remain largely
unchanged due to limited sources which can reliably produce
significant amounts of energy.
 Carbon dioxide
• Carbon dioxide from fuel combustion has been singled out as
the most significant contributor of anthropogenic (Man
Made) greenhouse gases which is strongly believed to largely
responsible for the changes in the world’s climate.
• Therefore, the current and immediate global challenge is still
to respond effectively to the risks of global climate changes
associated with fossil-fuel’s energy utilisation, while
continuing to meet the high energy demands in developing
nations and the rapidly increasing energy demands of
developing economies
 KJM 442

COMBUSTION PROCESS

•Combustion is a chemical reaction during which a fuel is oxidized and a large

quantity of energy is released.
•The oxidizer most often used in combustion processes is air

Constituent By volume (mole) By mass

Nitrogen 78.03% 75.47%
Oxygen 20.99% 23.19%
Argon 0.94% 1.29%
Carbon dioxide 0.03% 0.05%
Hydrogen 0.01% -
Air : 1 kmol O2 3.76 kmol N2 4.76 kmol air
 COMBUSTION PROCESS

During a combustion process, the components that exist

before the reactionare called reactants and the components
that exist after the reaction are called products.
 Basic Chemistry

C + O2 → CO2 Oxidizer: oxygen

C + O2 + 3.76 N 2 → CO2 + 3.76 N 2 Oxidizer: air

 KJM 442

e.g. Propane reacts with pure oxygen:

C 3 H 8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4 H 2 O

Propane reacts with air:

C 3 H 8 + 5(O2 + 3.76 N 2 ) → 3CO2 + 4 H 2 O + 18.8 N 2

Therefore the number of moles of air required for complete

combustion is 5(1) + 5(3.76) = 23.8 moles
 Theoretical and Actual Combustion Processes

Complete combustion: If all the carbon in the fuel burns to CO2,

all the hydrogen burns to H2O, and all the sulfur (if any) burns to
SO2.

Incomplete combustion: If the combustion products contain

any unburned fuel or components such as C, H2, CO, or OH.
(NOx, SOx, NH3, hydrocarbon CH-OH)

Reasons for incomplete combustion: 1. Insufficient oxygen, 2.

insufficient mixing and 3. dissociation of products (at high
temperatures).
 Emission from fuel combustion
• Carbon dioxide from fuel combustion is the most significant
contributor of anthropogenic greenhouse gases which is strongly
believed to largely responsible for the changes in the world’s
climate.
• CO2 emissions do not result from inefficient combustion. CO2 is a
product of ideal, stoichiometric combustion of carbon in fuel. CO
is the product of incomplete combustion. (small but lethal,
measure in ppmv)
• Oxides of nitrogen, usually referred to collectively as NOx, are
formed from the combustion process where air is used and from
the nitrogen present in the fuel.
• Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas, NOx could contribute to
other environmental concerns such as smog, ground level ozone
and can also cause acid rain.
• Oxides of sulphur (SOx), mainly in the forms of sulphur
dioxide (SO2), are produced from the combustion of the
sulphur in some fossil fuel (esp coal) and its emissions can
lead to the generation of acid rain and acidic aerosols.
• Ash particulate/shoot/hydrocarbon could reduce air quality
index, visibility.
 Emission from fuel combustion

Coal
• Coal is always considered as the “dirtiest fossil” fuel since it
contains a significant amount of sulphur and nitrogen.
• Over the years, the major challenge for coal users is still how
to reduce its environmental impact from the main
combustion emissions such as sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen
oxides (NOx) and particulates.
 Emission from fuel combustion
• NOx emissions has been significantly reduced through various
advanced post combustion technologies such as the selective
and non selective catalytic reduction (SCR and NSCR), which
could reduce the emissions by up to 90%,
• The application of low NOx burners and other combustion
modification techniques such as air staging (OFA) and fuel
staging (reburning) methods, capable of generating up to 70
– 80% of NOx reduction

(WCI).
 Emission from fuel combustion
• SOx emissions has been substantially reduced through the
application of post-combustion flue gas de-sulphurisation
techniques which include wet and dry scrubbers, sorbent
injection and regenerable processes, some of which could
reduce the emissions by over 95%.

• Particulates emissions has been successfully tackled through

electrostatic precipitators and fabric filters technologies,
which have removal efficiencies of over 99.5%.
 Anthropogenic CO2
• The emissions of carbon are directly proportional to energy
consumption.
• Anthropogenic (Man Made) carbon dioxide is released into
the atmosphere by a number of sources, predominately from
the combustion of fossil fuels, lands clearing through
burning, industrial facilities, buildings, transportations,and
resource extraction activities.
• The uses of energy represent the largest source of
anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions which accounts >
80% of the global share, and about 95% of which is dominated
by CO2 (IEA, 2006).
 CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (2012), International Energy Agency.

• The largest human source of carbon dioxide emissions is from the combustion
of fossil fuels. This produces 87% of human carbon dioxide emissions. Burning
these fuels releases energy which is most commonly turned into heat,
electricity or power for transportation. Some examples of where they are used
are in power plants, cars, planes and industrial facilities.
• In 2011, fossil fuel use created 33.2 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions
worldwide

http://whatsyourimpact.org/greenhouse-gases/carbon-dioxide-sources
 Sources of anthropogenic CO2
(energy sector)
The share of CO2 emission in the energy sector is dominated
by the combustion of fossil fuels, and the main sources of
energy-related anthropogenic are :

1. Electricity and heat generation plants

Fossil fuels-based power generation plants are the largest
source of stationary CO2 emissions, and each plant is capable
of emitting several million tonnes of CO2 annually.
2. Transportation. The transport sector, which rely almost
entirely on oil, is the second largest source of energy-related
CO2 with the current share of 24 %, which is also a fast-
growing source, increasing by 37% since 1990 (IEA, 2006b) as
a result of rising demand for land and air mobility.
3. Industrial. A variety of industrial activities also emit
substantial amounts of CO2 from each plant. The major
energy-intensive industries include for examples, oil
refineries, cement kilns and blast furnaces in iron and steel
production. The sector is currently responsible for about 22%
of worldwide CO2 emissions, with 26% of which are from the
iron and steel and 18% from petrochemicals industries. (IEA,
2006).
4. Domestics. Significant amounts of CO2 are also produced by
dispersed sources such as domestic appliances and
residential buildings.
Globally, road transport is responsible for about 16% of man-made
CO2 emissions. It is a common misconception that global warming is
mainly caused by cars and trucks. It is important to understand that
there are other, larger, contributors and ALL sources of CO2 emission
must be addressed if the problem is to be solved.

http://www.oica.net/category/climate-change-and-co2/
Global CO2 Emissions by Energy Sector

2030: Total CO2 Emissions 40.4 Gt

Transport Industry
21% 18%
Residential
11%

Electricity
& Heat
Other
44%
6%

2004: Total CO2 Emissions 26.6 Gt

Transport Industry
24% 19%
Residential
7%

Electricity Other
& Heat 10%
40%
(IEA, 2006)
Global Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil-fuels 1900-
2008
 1.6. GHGs -CO2 mitigation and Global Warming

• Green House Gases.

• CO2 mitigation and Global Warming Issues.
• National and International Efforts to Abate Global Climate
Changes

http://co2now.org/
Green House Effect
 Green House Effect
Greenhouse Analogy:
• Energy from the sun in the form of some ultraviolet and visible
light (short wavelength) passes through the glass of the
greenhouse. As the light strikes various surfaces in the
greenhouse and they are heated. These surfaces in turn re-
radiate the heat in the form of infrared radiation (long
wavelength). However, the IR radiation is blocked from escaping
by the glass. IR is not able to pass through the glass, hence the
greenhouse air heats up fairly dramatically.
• The greenhouse gases have the same property as the glass
towards the IR radiation. Think of the greenhouse gases acting as
an invisible glass shield around the earth.
• Certain gases in the atmosphere have the property of absorbing
infrared radiation. Oxygen and nitrogen the major gases in the
atmosphere do not have this property
 Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)
The Properties of Greenhouse Gases
• Greenhouse gases vary in their ability to absorb and hold heat
in the atmosphere, a phenomenon known as the "greenhouse
effect." HFCs and PFCs are the most heat-absorbent, but there
are also wide differences between naturally occurring gases.
For example, nitrous oxide absorbs 270 times more heat per
molecule than carbon dioxide, and methane absorbs 21 times
more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide,
• Although there are different greenhouse gases that can trap
more heat than carbon dioxide such as methane, nitrous
oxide and chlorofluorocarbons, their concentrations are much
lower than carbon dioxide. Consequently, the effect of GHGs
is understood as the equivalent amount of CO2.
 Green House Gases (GHGs)

• Nitrous oxide (N2O) : Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural

and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of fossil
fuels and solid waste.

• Fluorinated gases : Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and

sulfur hexafluoride are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases that
are emitted from a variety of industrial processes. Fluorinated
gases are sometimes used as substitutes for stratospheric ozone-
depleting substances (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons,
hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and halons). These gases are typically
emitted in smaller quantities, but because they are potent
greenhouse gases, they are sometimes referred to as High Global
Warming Potential gases ("High GWP gases").
 Green House Gases (GHGs)
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) : Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere
through burning fossil fuels, solid waste, trees and wood
products, and also as a result of certain chemical reactions (e.g.,
manufacture of cement). Carbon dioxide is removed from the
atmosphere (or "sequestered") when it is absorbed by plants as
part of the biological carbon cycle.
• Methane (CH4) : Methane is emitted during the production and
transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also
result from livestock and other agricultural practices and by the
decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills.
Global Share of Greenhouse Gases Emissions (IEA, 2012)

Source: Global greenhouse gas emissions (2012), International Energy Agency.

 Green House Gases (GHGs)

• Human activities result in emissions of four principal

greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
nitrous oxide (N2O) and the halocarbons (a group of gases
containing fluorine, chlorine and bromine). All these gases
have what is known as - Global Warming Potential , or GWP
with some much higher than others.
• Carbon dioxide from fuel combustion has been singled out as the most
significant contributor of anthropogenic greenhouse gases which is
strongly believed to largely responsible for the changes in the world’s
climate.
• Although methane and nitrous oxide are much stronger greenhouse gases
than CO2, methane has over 20 times the effect of CO2 while nitrous oxide
is nearly 300 times stronger, both gases have a much smaller presence in
the atmosphere than CO2.
• The contribution index of CO2 from anthropogenic sources to global
greenhouse gases, expressed in CO2-eqivalent units, CO2 accounts about
75% of the total index, compare to 16% for CH4, 9 % for N2O and
flourinated gases are accounted for around 1% (IEA, 2006).
• Therefore, to have a significant long term effect in global warming
stabilisation, drastic reductions in global anthropogenic CO2 emissions is
crucial, as well as the reduction of the other greenhouse gases.
Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Gas 2012
Human Activities and Greenhouse Gases

Human activities add significantly to the level of naturally

occurring greenhouse gases:
1. Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by the burning
of solid waste, wood and wood products, and fossil fuels (oil,
natural gas, and coal).
2. Nitrous oxide emissions occur during various agricultural and
industrial processes, and when solid waste or fossil fuels are
burned.
3. Methane is emitted when organic waste decomposes, whether
in landfills or in connection with livestock farming. Methane
emissions also occur during the production and transport
 Non-fuel related GHG sources
• Agricultural and farming activities release significant amount of GHGs esp
methane (CH4) and CO2
• A cow does on overage release between 70 and 120 kg of Methane per
year. Methane is a greenhouse gas like carbon dioxide (CO2). But the
negative effect on the climate of CH4 is 23 times higher than the effect of
CO2. Therefore the release of about 100 kg Methane per year for each
cow is equivalent to about 2300 kg CO2 per year.
(compare this value of 2300 kg CO2: The same amount of CO2 is generated
by burning 1 000 liters of petrol. With a car using 8 liters of petrol per 100
km, you could drive 12500 km per )
• World-wide, there are about 1.5 billion cows, emit about two billion
metric tons of CO2-equivalents per year. In addition, clearing of forests to
get more grazing land and farm land is responsible for an extra 2.8 billion
metric tons of CO2 emission per year!

http://timeforchange.org/are-cows-cause-of-global-warming-meat-methane-CO2
Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Source 2012
Source: MediaWiki
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/global.html#global_data
Original NOAA CO2 data file dated Jan 2018 (Mauna Loa Observatory: NOAA-ESRL)
 Global Warming & CO2

• It has been recorded that, since the beginning of the

industrial revolution in the mid 19th century, the global
average atmospheric concentration of CO2 has increased by
almost 40 % from around 280 ppmv to the present (March
2018) level of 410 ppmv, with an accelerated rise has been
recorded in the second half of the 20th century and continue
into the first decade this century.
 Signs of Global Warming
The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental body set up by
the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and by the
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The IPCC’s
Fourth Assessment Report (2007) concludes that, it is at least
90% certain that human emissions of greenhouse gases, rather
than their natural variations, are currently warming the earth's
surface i.e :
"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal.“

"Most of the observed increase in global average temperatures

since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed
increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentration."
 IPCC Reports
• The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading
international body for the assessment of climate change established in 1988 by
two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
and later endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly (UN)

(IPCC 4th Report, 2007)

• Over the past 100 years the global mean temperature has increased by 0.7 ± 0.2
°C and the rate of warming is almost double in the last 50 years than that over
100 years, with the current global rate of change is about 0.18 ± 0.05 °C per
decade It was also recorded that 1990s was the warmest decade and eleven of
the last twelve years (1995-2006) rank among the twelve warmest years in the
instrumental record global surface temperature, since 1850
 Global Surface Temperature Deviation, Comperd to 1960-1990 Average

0.75
Temperature deviation, compared to

0.5
1961-1990 average ( C)
o

0.25

-0.25

-0.5

-0.75
1850

1860

1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000
year

(EEA, 2005).
 A Broken Record: 2014 Hottest Year
• 2014 is officially the hottest year on record in the past 135 years -NASA and
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)..
• Nine of the 10 warmest years on record have all occurred in the 21st
century,. It also marks 38 straight years of above-average global annual
temperatures.
• A Climate Central analysis shows that 13 of the hottest 15 years on
record have all occurred since 2000 and that the odds of that happening
randomly without the boost of global warming is 1 in 27 million

http://www.climatecentral.org/news/
 And so on ….
"Globally-averaged temperatures in 2015 shattered the
previous mark set in 2014 by 0.23 degrees Fahrenheit (0.13
Celsius). Only once before, in 1998, has the new record been
greater than the old record by this much.“
~ NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies [NASA post of January 20, 2016]

January 2016 is the warmest January in the 137-year

record. The temperature deviated from the 20th Century
average by 1.04°C, the second highest among all months in
the historical record--second only the December 2015 which
was 1.11°C above the average. This is the second time the
deviation exceeded 1°C, and the ninth consecutive month that
the monthly temperature record has been broken.
[NOAA global analysis for January 2016 accessed February 20, 2016].
 Ten Signs of Global Warming
How Climate Change Impacts Our Planet
• Arctic sea ice extent is diminishing.
• Ocean heat content is increasing.
• Air temperature over ocean is increasing.
• Sea surface temperature is increasing.
• Global sea level is rising.
• Humidity is increasing (causing more warming).
• Temperature of the lower atmosphere is increasing.
• Air temperature over land is increasing.
• Snow cover is reduced, and snow is melting earlier.
• Glaciers are melting.

https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/science-and-impacts/science/ten-signs-global-warming-and-climate-change-are-
happening#.WqdcL-huZPY
Recent Satellite photos of the Arctic from 2012 with a comparison. Source: NASA
Changes in the Kilimanjaro
Ice Cap, 1993 – 2000.
Photo courtesy of the U.S.
National Aeronautic and
Space Administration’s
Earth Observatory
https://www.earthkam.org/images/kilmelting.jpg
Retreat of South Cascade Glacier, Washington
Puncak Jaya glaciers 1850-2003

Puncak Jaya (Indonesia) glaciers 1850-2003

'The Arctic's September cover has shrunk from 7.5m square
kilometres in the early 1980s to 4.6m square kilometres in the
past five years.' Photograph: BBC
http://www.accuweather.com/
Since the beginning of the
Industrial Revolution, the
acidity of surface ocean waters
has increased by about 30
percent. This increase is the
result of humans emitting more
carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere and hence more
being absorbed into the
oceans. The amount of carbon
dioxide absorbed by the upper
layer of the oceans is
increasing by about 2 billion
tons per year
 Projected Scenarios
• One of the most likely projected scenarios is that greenhouse
gas concentrations to exceed 550 ppm CO2-equivalent before
2050, and to increase further to between 650-1350 ppm CO2-
equivalent by 2100. It is anticipated that if these
concentration levels are exceeded, there is little chance that
global temperature rise will stay below the targeted levels set
by various parties (EEA, 2005).
• without further action to reduce greenhouse gases emissions,
the Earth’s surface temperature is likely to rise by between 1.8
oC and 4.0 oC, although depending on various difference

scenarios, increases as small as 1.1oC or as large as 6.4oC may

also possible (IPCC, 2007).
 Measured and Projected Concentrations of "Kyoto" Greenhouse Gases

1350
observations
1250 A1B
1150 A1T
A1FI
1050 A2
ppm CO2-equivalent

950 B1
B2
850
750

650
Target Levels
550
450

350
250
1750 1800 1850 1900 year 1950 2000 2050 2100

(IPPC, 2001 & EEA, 2005).

"The science is sobering—the global temperature in 2012 was
among the hottest since records began in 1880. Make no
mistake: without concerted action, the very future of our
planet is in peril."

~ Christine Lagarde, Managing Director,

International Monetary Fund
 Global initiatives on Carbon Mitigation

• The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the

leading international body for the assessment of climate
change. It was established by the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization
(WMO) to provide the world with a clear scientific view on the
current state of knowledge in climate change and its potential
environmental and socio-economic impacts.
• The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC, 2007) which
concludes that, it is at least 90% certain that human emissions
of greenhouse gases, rather than their natural variations, are
currently warming the earth's surface
• http://www.ipcc.ch/index.htm
 Kyoto Protocols 2008-2012

• The continuous increase of anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions

into the atmosphere is becoming a major Global concern and is emerging
as one of the main environmental issues to be addressed in this century.
• Consolidated and substantial global efforts to reduce the emissions of
greenhouse gases through various possible measures are essential to
meet the targeted limits of the global temperature rises.
• As a major step towards stabilising global greenhouse gases
concentrations, on the Third Conference of The United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), held in Kyoto in 1997, several
major industrialised nations have agreed to reduce their collective
emissions of six greenhaouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorcarbons (HFCs), perfluorcarbons (PFCs) and
sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gases, by at least 5% in the period 2008–2012
compared to the 1990 levels (UNFCC, 1998).
• The Accord, later known as The Kyoto Protocol, which has gone into force
only in 2005, was the first legally binding plan to tackle climate changes.
The main objective of The Accord is to collectively achieve stabilisation of
global greenhouse gases, known as Kyoto Gases, concentrations in the
atmosphere “at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate systems”.
• As in 2007, The Accord binds 35 nations and has been ratified by more
than 170 nations, although a few nations of major CO2 emitters have not
ratified it. (UNFCCC, 2007).
• Currently however, reports from various individual nations suggest that,
although some degrees of stabilisations in the emissions of these gases
are recorded in some regions, the overall global trend indicates that,
driven by mainly the robust economic activities in the developing nations,
the global greenhouse gases emissions, particularly CO2, is still rising at
unsustainable rates.
 Beyond Kyoto

The Kyoto Protocol, produced by the United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCC) in
December 1997, prescribed a legally binding greenhouse gas
emission target about 5% below their 1990 level.

New global binding legislations on greenhouse gas emissions

beyond The Kyoto Protocol time frame are therefore highly
essential. In March 2007, European Union Nations have in
principle, agreed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 20%
from 1990 levels by the year 2020 (EC, 2007).
The IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report
The IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). The outline of the AR5
will be developed through a scoping process which involves climate
change experts from all relevant disciplines and users of IPCC
reports, in particular representatives from governments

Key findings of the 2014 IPCC Report:

1. Climate warming is unequivocal. Earth has not experienced

warming of the magnitude between 1950s and today for
millennia. Warming has been atmospheric and oceanic, the earths
snow and ice cover has decreased, sea level has risen and
greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere have increased.
2. Temperatures over each of the past three decades have been
progressively warmer, and all significantly warmer than any
decade since 1850. The period 1983-2012 was likely the warmest
period for at least 1400 years.
The IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)
Conclusions of AR5 are summarized below:
• "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the
observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia".
• "Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide have
increased to levels unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years".
• Human influence on the climate system is clear. It is extremely likely (95-100%
probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming
between 1951-2010.
• "Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe,
pervasive, and irreversible impacts.
• "A first step towards adaptation to future climate change is reducing vulnerability and
exposure to present climate variability"
• "The overall risks of climate change impacts can be reduced by limiting the rate and
magnitude of climate change"
• Without new policies to mitigate climate change, projections suggest an increase in
global mean temperature in 2100 of 3.7 to 4.8 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels
(median values; the range is 2.5 to 7.8 °C including climate uncertainty).
The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP
21 or CMP 11 was held in Paris, France, from 30 November to 12
December 2015. It was the 21st yearly session of the Conference of the
Parties (COP) to the 1992 More than 190 governments meet in the
French capital to finish what's envisioned as a landmark deal to rein in
greenhouse gas emissions after 2020
 PARIS Summit Dec 2015

• PARIS: A total of 149 countries, representing 87 percent of the global

population and 86 percent of climate-altering greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions, had submitted their carbon-curbing pledges to the UN by
Thursday.
• The most recent analysis of pledges by Climate Action Tracker (CAT), a tool
developed by four research bodies, said the world was on course for
average global warming of about 2.7 degrees Celsius (4.86 degrees
Fahrenheit) -- much higher than the UN’s 2 C ceiling.
 Pledges (non binding)
1) China - 24 percent of global GHG emissions
Will hit peak carbon dioxide emissions by about 2030 and by the same year will cut CO2 emitted per unit of
GDP by 60-65 percent from 2005 levels. The world’s most populous nation will boost the share of non-fossil
fuel in its primary energy consumption from 11.2 percent in 2014 to 20 percent
2) United States - 15.5 percent of GHG
Pledged a 26-28 percent reduction in emissions from 2005 levels by 2025. Power plants would cut carbon
dioxide pollution by 32 percent from 2005 levels by 2030.
3) European Union - 10.8 percent of GHG
The 28-member bloc intends to cut greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40 percent by 2030 compared to 1990
levels, and push for 27 percent targets for renewable energy supply and efficiency gains.
4) India - 6.4 percent of GHG
Plans to reduce its carbon intensity by 35 percent by 2030 from 2005 levels, pledging also to generate 40
percent of its electricity from renewable sources within 15 years.
5) Russia - 4.9 percent of GHG
Has mooted a possible cut of 25-30 percent by 2030 from 1990 levels, conditional on the pledges of other
“major emitters”.
6) Japan - 2.9 percent of GHG
Has pledged a cut of 26 percent in emissions from 2013 levels by 2030, with nuclear energy -- offline since the
2011 Fukushima disaster -- providing 20-22 percent of electricity by then. Renewable electricity production,
including hydro power, would be expanded to 22-24 percent of the total from 11 percent for the year to March
2014.
Malaysia intends to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030 relative to the emissions
intensity of GDP in 2005. This consist of 35% on an unconditional
basis and a further 10% is condition upon receipt of climate
finance, technology transfer and capacity building from
developed countries.
KEY MOMENTS IN THE DIPLOMATIC EFFORT TO RESPOND TO DECADES OF WARNINGS ABOUT
GLOBAL WARMING http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3339333

After decades of warnings from scientists that greenhouse gas emissions were warming the planet,
governments started coming together in the 1980s to combat the problem.
Here's a timeline of key moments in the diplomatic effort to stop global warming, leading up to the
U.N. climate conference in Paris:
1987: MONTREAL - Governments adopt a treaty pledging to restrict emissions of chemicals damaging
the ozone layer. While it doesn't deal with climate change specifically, the Montreal Protocol becomes
a model for how to rein in man-made emissions through international agreements.
1988: NEW YORK - The U.N. General Assembly endorses the creation of the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change.
It is set up the same year by two U.N. agencies, the World Meteorological Organization and the U.N.
Environmental Program, to assess the existing knowledge about climate change.
1990: LONDON - The IPCC releases its first scientific assessment of climate change. It says greenhouse
gas levels in the atmosphere are increasing due to human activity, resulting in warming of the Earth's
surface.
1992: RIO DE JANEIRO - World leaders gathering for the first Earth Summit sign the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change, the first international treaty aimed at limiting greenhouse
gas emissions. However, it sets no binding emissions targets.
1997: KYOTO, Japan - The Kyoto Protocol is adopted, setting binding emissions targets for wealthy
countries. The United States doesn't join the treaty because it doesn't include big developing countries
such as China and India. The U.S. also says the treaty would harm its economy.
KEY MOMENTS IN THE DIPLOMATIC EFFORT TO RESPOND TO DECADES OF WARNINGS ABOUT
GLOBAL WARMING http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3339333

2004: MOSCOW - President Vladimir Putin signs a bill confirming Russia's ratification of the
Kyoto Protocol. The move means countries representing more than 55 percent of global
emissions support the treaty, a condition for it to take effect.
2007: OSLO, Norway - Former U.S. vice president and climate campaigner Al Gore and the
IPCC share the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts to raise awareness about global warming.
2009: COPENHAGEN, Denmark - The first attempt to craft a global emissions treaty to
replace Kyoto, which is set to expire in 2012, falls apart amid disputes between rich and
poor countries over who should do what.
Acrimonious negotiations end with a voluntary deal inviting countries to present
nonbinding emissions targets for 2020.
2011: DURBAN, South Africa - U.N. climate talks produce a major breakthrough as countries
agree to adopt a universal agreement on climate change in 2015 that would take effect five
years later and apply to all of them.
2013: STOCKHOLM - The IPCC says it's 'extremely likely' that human influence is the
dominant reason for warming temperatures recorded since the mid-20th century.

2015: PARIS - More than 190 governments meet in the French capital to finish what's
envisioned as a landmark deal to rein in greenhouse gas emissions after 2020.
 Power Generation initiatives

A Power Station is a single biggest stationary source of CO2

• Coal Plants emit more CO2 per kWh electricity produced than
those other fuel
• Coal-based power plants emitted an average of 0.915 kg of
carbon dioxide (CO2) per kilowatt hour of electricity
produced.
• Natural gas power plants emitted an average of 0.550 kg CO2
per kWh
• Combined cycle natural gas plants emitted an average 0.436
kg CO2 per kWh.

http://www.bizjournals.com/
Example : Coal-fired power plants

Up to 99 %
Zero Emissions
Zero emissions approach such as
Carbon Capture & Storage, CCS
CO2 Reductions

Up to 25 %
Advanced Technologies
Deployment of very high efficiency and
low emission technologies such as
IGCC, PFBC, IGFC
Up to 22 %

Efficiency improvement of Existing plants

Installments of higher efficiency subcritical &
supercritical boilers.
Up to 5 %

Coal upgrading
Includes coal washing/drying

Technological Innovation

The potential of the various technological approaches on the global CO2

emissions reduction from Coal-fired power plants. (WCI, 2005).
Carbon Capture and Storage - CCS
Future Technology:
Carbon Capture
and Storage CCCS
 Possible???

WEO-2006 Alternative Policy Scenario (IEA, 2006).

Carbon Footprints-
 Carbon Footprints
• Carbon Footprints- which is a measure of the amount of CO2
emitted through the combustion of fossil fuels. This is directly
related to the amount of natural resources consumed, and is
increasingly used or referred to as a measure of environmental
impact.
• The United States has been the biggest emitter, but as China
began to boom it surpassed the USA in 2006, and China is now
the largest CO2 emitter in the world.
• Even though there may have been a slight decrease in CO2
emissions as a result of the financial crisis of 2008/09, the
problem is set to again expand exponentially.
• Coal is now the largest fossil-fuel source of CO2 emissions.
About 92% of the growth in coal emissions for the period
2007-2009 resulted from increased coal use in China and India
a break down of a typical persons footprint in a MEDC
Carbon dioxide emissions per capita, per person (in tonnes)

Country 1990 2006

Australia 17.4 18.1
United States 19.0 19.0
Germany 12.1 9.7
Japan 9.5 10.1
Italy 7.5 8.1
United Kingdom 10.0 9.4
Singapore 15.6 12.8
United Arab Emirates 29.4 32.8
Qatar 25.2 56.2
Brazil 1.4 1.9
Thailand 1.8 4.3
Egypt 1.4 2.2
South Africa 9.1 8.6
Kenya 0.2 0.3
Bangladesh 0.1 0.3
Ethiopia 0.1 0.1
Sierra Leone 0.1 0.2
 Good Sign?....

• CO2 emissions from deforestation and other land-use changes

(LUCs) have declined compared with the 1990s, primarily
because of reduced rates of deforestation in the tropics
 Good Examples…
Global Carbon Project
The Global Carbon Project is produced by the Earth System
Science Partnership (ESSP). The ESSP is a partnership for
integrating the study of the Earth system, the ways it is
changing and the implications for global and regional
sustainability. The 2008 Global Carbon Budget is produced by
the Global Carbon Project with:
1. the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO),
2. The Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment
(SCOPE), and
3. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
 Carbon Label

A carbon emission label or carbon label describes the carbon

dioxide emissions created as a by-product of manufacturing, transporting,
or disposing of a consumer product. This information is important to
consumers wishing to minimize their ecological footprint and contribution
to global warming made by their purchases

The Carbon Trust provides voluntary carbon certification services and

carbon labelling schemes – it verifies organisation and product carbon
footprint data and provides marks of quality to organisations to
demonstrate standards have been met
Carbon Labels
Carbon Labels
Choices of Food
Choices Of Transportation
 Malaysian Scenario
• Malaysia became a signatory to Kyoto Protocol on 12 March
1999 and ratified Kyoto Protocol on 4 September 2002. The
Kyoto Protocol only entered into force on 16 February 2005.
• During the Conpenhagen Climate Change Summit (Dec 2009)
Malaysia Government stated that Malaysia is committed to do
its best in combating climate change. As such, Malaysia will
voluntarily slash by up to 40% her carbon emission by 2020
compared with 2005 levels.
• CO2 Emission 2008 (162.4 million Metric tons, of which Oil
(44%), Natural Gas (33%), Coal (23%)
Paris Summit Pledge Dec 2015

Malaysia intends to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030 relative to the emissions
intensity of GDP in 2005. This consist of 35% on an unconditional
basis and a further 10% is condition upon receipt of climate
finance, technology transfer and capacity building from
developed countries.
Paradox?
Forget Paris: 1600 New Coal Power Plants Built Around
The World
https://wattsupwiththat.com/2017/07/03/forget-paris-1600-new-coal-power-plants-built-around-the-world/
The STAR Tuesday August 14, 2012

Coal and gas it is, for now

The threat of global warming has still not torn us from our
dependence on fossil fuels.
Malaysia’s energy usage pattern is enough to make any environmentalist weep: A staggering
94% of our electricity is generated using fossil fuels, and this is not expected to change much
over the next decade. This is not going to help the country fulfil its December 2009 pledge to
reduce its carbon emissions by 40% by 2020 (based on 2005 levels).
Carbon emissions is a proxy for how efficient energy is used, and is typically denoted in terms of
carbon intensity, which is derived by dividing the amount of carbon dioxide (in tonnes) emitted
per every US$1,000 gross domestic product dollars (based on year 2000 values).
While not solely attributable to electricity generation alone, in 2005, Malaysia emitted 160.24
million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the consumption and flaring of fossil fuels, giving it
a carbon intensity of 0.59 tonnes per US$1,000. Electricity generation alone spews out 60 million
tonnes of CO2 each year, an amount that definitely can, and should, be reduced.
At the end of last year, our energy generation mix consisted of gas (45%), coal (44%), distillate
(2.5%), oil (2.5%), hydropower (5.7%) and the remaining 0.3% was direct electricity imported
from Singapore.
The generation mix for this year does not show a drastic shift from fossil fuels, other than a
slight growth in the contribution from renewable sources like landfill gas, solar photovoltaic (PV)
and biomass, all of them given a boost through the recently launched feed-in tariff scheme.
Excluding palm oil mills that are burning agricultural waste to generate heat or electricity for in-
house use, it is projected that not more than 150MW in renewable energy capacity will be
added to the grid by the end of this year.
Wednesday October 2, 2013 MYT 7:16:21 AM
TNB to build two coal fired power plants in Manjung

GEORGE TOWN: Tenaga Nasional Bhd (TNB) will build two 1,000MW coal-fired power
plants in Manjung, Perak to meet the increasing demand for electricity.
Its vice-president of generation Zainuddin Ibrahim said the two projects were expected to
start soon.
“The two are mainly for domestic usage and are expected to be completed in 2017,” he
told reporters after launching the 3rd Annual Asian Sub-Bituminous Coal User Group
Conference here yesterday.Zainuddin said Malaysia consumed 15,000MW-16,000MW of
power daily.
He said power consumption was expected to increase by 5% annually, He also said TNB’s
power generation ratio was 35% to 40% from coal-fired power plants, 50% from natural
gas and the remainder from renewable energy. Our aim is to give the most cost-efficient
supply of electricity.”
Zainuddin said coal was one of Malaysia’s most important sources of energy, with over 80%
of coal in Malaysia imported from Indonesia, South Africa and Australia.
“We consume about 42 million tonnes of coal annually, with the amount expected to
increase,” he said.He said Asia was the biggest market for coal for power plants, accounting
for 67% of worldwide demand.
“Over 7.8 billion tonnes of coal were consumed in the world last year with annual growth
of 2.9%,” he said.
 TNB's latest power plant in Manjung starts
operations
KUALA LUMPUR: 15 April 2015
Tenaga Nasional Bhd’s (TNB) latest ultra-supercritical coal-fired power plant in
Manjung, Perak has begun its commercial operations, transmitting an additional
1,000MW into the national grid.
The power supplied by the Manjung 4 plant raised the generating capacity of TNB
Jana manjung Sdn Bhd (TNB’s wholly-owned subsidiary) to 3,100MW, turning it
into peninsular Malaysia’s largest independent power producer to date.
Pledges
 Assingment #1
During the Conpenhagen Climate Change Summit in
December 2009, the Malaysia Government stated that
Malaysia is committed to do its best in combating
climate change. As such, Malaysia will voluntarily slash
by up to 40% her carbon emission by 2020 as
compared to the 2005 levels.

Discussed all possible options (with related references)

that could be adopted by the Nation to meet this
target.