OBJECTIVES:

1. Measure the currents of series-parallel R-L and R-C networks using sensing resistors.
2. Demonstrate the Pythagorean relationship between the currents of the networks.
3. Measure the phase angles associated with the currents of the networks.
4. Calculate the input impedance of a parallel network using measured values.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
RESISTORS  1-10Ω, 1- 470Ω, 1- 1kΩ (1/4-W)
INDUCTORS 1-10mH
CAPACITORS 1-0.02uF
INSTRUMENTS1-DMM, 1-Oscilloscope, 1- Function Generator, 1-Frequency counter

RESUME OF THEORY
In the previous experiments, we showed that Kirchhoff, voltage and current laws hold for ac
series and parallel circuits. In fact, all previously used rules, laws, and methods of analysis
apply equally well for both dc and ac networks. The major difference for ac circuits is that we
now use reactance, resistance, and impedance instead of solely resistance. Consider the
common series-parallel circuit of Fig. 11.1.

FIG 11.1
The impedances shown could be made up of many element in a variety of configurations. No
matter how varied or numerous the elements might be Z1, Z2 & Z3 represent the total
impedance for that branch. For example, Z1 might be as shown in Fig. 11.2.

FIG 11.2
The currents and voltages in Fig. 11.1 can be found by applying any of the methods outlined
for dc networks; in particular,
ZT = Z1+ Z2 || Z3
 𝐸
𝑰𝑺 = 𝑰𝟏 =
𝑍𝑇

𝑍3 𝑰𝑺
𝑰𝟐 =
𝑍3 + 𝑍2

I3 can be determine b using Kirchhoff’s current law:

𝑰𝟑 = 𝑰𝒔 − 𝑰𝟐
Ohm law provide the voltages:
𝑉1 = 𝐼1 𝑍1 𝑉2 = 𝐼2 𝑍2 𝑉3 = 𝐼3 𝑍3

PROCEDURE
PART 1: R-L SERIES-PARALLEL NETWORK:
a) Construct the network of Fig. 11.3. Insert the measured value for each resistor. At the
applied frequency the resistor Rl, can be ignored in comparison with the other elements of
the network. Set the source to 8V(p-p) with the oscilloscope

FIGURE- 11.3

R1 measured = 475 Ω
R2 measured = 1005 Ω
b) Calculate the magnitude of the input impedance Zt of the network at f=10 kHz. Use
measured resistor values and ignore the effects of Rl, Record the result in Table 11.1.
CONCLUSION:
ZT = Z1+ Z2+ Z3

Z2’=Z2 || Z3

Phase Difference
 𝑍′2 = 532 < 57.9𝑜
𝑍′2 = 282.70 + 450.67j
𝑍𝑇 = 470 + 282.70 + 450.67j
𝒁𝑻 = 𝟕𝟓𝟐. 𝟕 + 𝟒𝟓𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝐣

c) Using the results of part 1(b) and Ohm's law, calculate the peak-to-peak value of the
source current Is = I1 and record in the calculated column of Table 11.1.
Calculation:
B converting complex coordinates to polar we can get value source current than

𝐸 8𝑉
𝑰𝑺 = 𝑰𝟏 = = = 9.118𝑚𝐴
𝑍𝑇 877.30 < 30.91

d) Reverse the leads to the generator and measure the peak-to-peak value of the voltage V1,
with the oscilloscope. Record in the measured column of Table 11.1.
Using the measured value for the voltage, calculate the peak-to-peak value of the current
Is = 11. Record the result in the measured column of Table 11.1. How does the magnitude
of Is (p-p) compare with the results of part 1(c)?
Calculation:
V1 (measured) =4.285V

Is = 11= 9.118 mA
Both results are almost same.
e) Determine Zt from the measured value of 1s(p-p) and the source voltage using the
following equation:
𝐸(𝑃−𝑃)
𝑍𝑇 =
𝐼𝑆(𝑝−𝑝)

Calculation:
𝐸(𝑃−𝑃) 8𝑉
𝑍𝑇 = = = 877.30 < −30.91
𝐼𝑆(𝑝−𝑝) 9.118𝑚𝐴

How does the measured value of Zt compare with the calculated value of part 1(b)?
Both results are almost same.

f) Calculate the peak-to-peak values of the voltage V1, V2 and V3, and insert in the
calculated column of Table 11.1.
Calculation:
𝑉1 = 𝐼1 𝑍1 = 9.118 ∗ 470 = 4.30𝑉

𝑉2 = 𝐼2 𝑍2 = 4.85 𝑚𝐴 ∗ 1𝑘 = 4.85𝑉

𝑉3 = 𝑉2 = 4.85𝑉

g) Re-establish the network of Fig. 11.3 with R1 connected as shown. Measure the peak-to-
peak values of V2, and V3 with the oscilloscope by connecting the ground terminal of the
 scope channel to point b and the positive terminal of the channel to point a. Record the
readings in the measured column of Table 11.1. What is their relationship? Why?

𝑉1 = 4.285𝑉 𝑉2 = 4.851𝑉 𝑉3 = 4.851𝑉

h) Using the results of part 1(f), calculate the peak-to-peak values of I1, I2, I3 and insert in
the calculated column of Table 11.1.

Calculation:
𝑉1
𝑰𝟏 = = 9.15𝑚𝐴
𝑅1
𝑉2
𝑰𝟐 = = 4.87𝑚𝐴
𝑅2
𝑉3
𝑰𝟑 = = 7.72 𝑚𝐴
𝑍3

i) Using the result of part 1(g) calculate the peak-to-peak values of the current 12, and 13,
and record in the measured column of Table 11.1.
Calculation:
4.285𝑉
𝑰𝟏 = = 9.15𝑚𝐴
470
4.851𝑉
𝑰𝟐 = = 4.87𝑚𝐴
1𝐾
𝑰𝟑 = 𝑰𝑺 − 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟕𝒎𝑨

How do the measured values compare with the calculated values of part 1(h)?
 Both measured & calculated values are same.

TABLE 11.1

Calculated Measured
𝒁𝑻 752.7 + 450.67j 752.4 + 450.67j
𝑰𝑺(𝒑−𝒑) 9.118 mA 9.13 mA
𝑽𝟏(𝒑−𝒑) 4.30 V 4.285V
𝑽𝟐(𝒑−𝒑) 4.852V 4.851V
𝑽𝟑(𝒑−𝒑) 4.852V 4.851V
𝑰𝟐(𝒑−𝒑) 4.853 mA 4.851 mA
𝑰𝟑(𝒑−𝒑) 7.7119 mA 7.72 mA

j) Using the result of part 1(d) & part 1(i) determine whether the following relationship id
satisfied using peak to peak values:
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝑺 = √𝑰𝟐𝟐 + 𝑰𝟐𝟑
 𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑆 = √(4.87𝑚𝐴)2 + (7.72𝑚𝐴)2 = 9.11𝑚𝐴

k) Devise a method to measure the phase angle between E and V2 (=V3). Determine the
angle.
Calculation:

From oscilloscope we get that difference between two waves is T2-T1 = 7.566us
∆𝑡
𝜑= × 3600
𝑇

𝜑 = ∆𝑡 × 𝐹 × 3600

𝜑 = 27.230
TABLE 11.2
𝐷1 𝐷2 𝜃

𝑬 & 𝑽𝟐 At 0 point Lead 27.230

𝑬 & 𝑰𝒔 parallel parallel 00
𝑬 & 𝑽𝟏 parallel parallel 00

l) Devise a method to measure the phase angle between E & Is = I1. Determine the angle.

𝜑 = 00

m) Using the results from the shaded box of Table 11.2. Calculate the phase angle between E
and V1. Record the result in Table 11.2.
Calculation:

𝜑 = 00

n) Using E = 8V (p-p)<0, draw the phasor diagram of E, V1, V2, and Is, using the above
results with the peak-to-peak values.

Is the phasor sum of V1, and V2 equal to E, as required by Kirchhoff's voltage law Do not
perform any mathematical calculations but simply note whether the sum of the phasors V1 &
V2 on the diagram would result in the source voltage E.

PART 2: R-C SERIES-PARALLEL NETWORK

a) Construct the network of Fig. 11.4. Insert the measured resistor values. Set the source to 8
V (p-p) with the oscilloscope.
 FIGURE 11.4
R1 measured = 475 Ω
R2 measured = 1005 Ω
b) Calculate the magnitude of the input impedance Zt at f = 10 kHz and record the result in

ZT = Z1+ Z2|| Z3

Z1=475 Ω; Z2= 1005Ω, Z3= 0.02uF

Z2’=Z2 || Z3

Phase Difference

𝑍′2 = 623.87 < −51.62𝑜

Angle will be subtracted from 360-51.62= + 308.380
𝑍′2 = 387.34 − 489.06j
𝑍𝑇 = 470 + 387.34 − 489.06j
𝑍𝑇 = 857.34 − 489.06j

c) Using the result of part 1(b) and Ohm's law, calculate the peak-to-peak value of the
source current Is= I1 and record in the calculated column of Table 11.3.
Calculation:
𝐸 8𝑉 8𝑉
𝑰𝑺 = 𝑰𝟏 = = = = 8.12 < 29.7
𝑍𝑇 857.34 − 489.06j 987.02 ∠ 330.300
d) Reverse the leads to the generator measure the peak-to-peak value of the voltage V1 with
oscilloscope. Record the result in the measured column of Table 11.3. Using the
measured value for the voltage, calculate the peak-to-peak value of the current. Record
the result in the measured column of Table 11.3.
Calculation:
V1 (measured) = 3.834V
𝑰𝑺 = 8.125 < 29.7
How the magnitude of the measured does Is (p-p) compare to the results of part 1(c)?
 Both results are same.
e) Determine Zt from the measured value of Is(p-p) and the source voltage using the
following equation:
𝐸(𝑃−𝑃) 8𝑉
𝑍𝑇 = =
𝐼𝑆(𝑝−𝑝) 8.125 < 29.7

𝑍𝑇 = 855.27 − 𝑗487.8

𝑍𝑇 = 855.27 − 𝑗487.8

How does the measured value of Zt compare with the calculated values of part 1(b)?
Both calculated & measured values of Impedance are same.
f) Calculate the peak-to-peak values of the voltage V1, V2, and V3 and insert in the
calculated column of Table 11.3
Calculation:
𝑉1 = 𝐼1 𝑍1 = 8.12 ∗ 470 = 3.816𝑉
B using formula

𝑍3 𝑰𝑺
𝑰𝟐 = = 5.025𝑚𝐴
𝑍3 + 𝑍2

𝑉2 = 𝐼2 𝑍2 = 5.025𝑚𝐴 ∗ 1𝑘 = 5.05𝑉

𝑉3 = 𝑉2 = 5.05𝑉

g) Re-establish the network of Fig. 11.4 with R1 connected as shown. Measure the peak-to-
peak values of V2 and V3 with the oscilloscope by connecting the ground terminal of the
scope channel to point b and the positive terminal of the channel to point a. Record the
readings in the measured column of Table 11.3.
𝑉2 = 5.032𝑉 𝑉3 = 5.04𝑉
h) Using the result of part 1(f), calculate the peak-to-peak values of the current I1, and I2,
and I3, & insert in the calculated column of Table 11.3.
Calculation:
𝑰𝑺 = 𝑰𝟏 = 8.124 < 30 𝑚𝐴
𝐼2 = 5.01𝑚𝐴
𝐼3 = 6.311 𝑚𝐴

i) Using the results of part 1(g), calculate the peak-to-peak values of the current and I2 and
I3 & record in the measured column of Table 11.3.
𝑰𝑺 = 𝑰𝟏 = 8.124 < 30 𝑚𝐴
𝐼2 = 5.01𝑚𝐴
𝐼3 = 1.813 𝑚𝐴
How do the measured values compare with the calculated values of part 1(h)?
 Calculated & measured values of I3 are not same.
TABLE 11.3

Calculated Measured
𝒁𝑻 855.27 − 𝑗487.8 857.34 − 489.06j
𝑰𝑺(𝒑−𝒑) 8.124 𝑚𝐴 8.124 𝑚𝐴
𝑽𝟏(𝒑−𝒑) 3.816𝑉 3.8𝑉
𝑽𝟐(𝒑−𝒑) 5.032𝑉 5.04𝑉
𝑽𝟑(𝒑−𝒑) 5.032𝑉 5.04𝑉
𝑰𝟐(𝒑−𝒑) 5.01𝑚𝐴 5.01 𝑚𝐴

𝑰𝟑(𝒑−𝒑) 1.813 𝑚𝐴 6.311 𝑚𝐴

j) Using the results of pans 1(d) and 1(i), determine whether the following relationship is
satisfied using peak-to-peak values:

𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑆 = √𝐼22 + 𝐼32
𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑆 = √(5.01 𝑚𝐴)2 + (6.311 𝑚𝐴)2 = 8.05 𝑚𝐴

k) Devise a method to measure um phase angle between E and Is. determine the angle.
From oscilloscope we get that difference between two waves is T2-T1 = 0 us
∆𝑡
𝜑= × 3600
𝑇
 𝜑 = ∆𝑡 × 𝐹 × 3600

𝜑 = 00
l) Devise a method to measure the phase angle between E and I2. Determine the angle.
Record the result in the second row of Table 11.4.
Calculation:
𝜑 = 650

m) Devise a method to determine the phase angle between 12 and 13. Determine the angle.
Record the result in the last row of Table 11.4.
Calculation
𝜑 = 00

n) If E = E <0°, write V1 and V2 in phasor form using the results obtained above. Use peak-
to-peak values for the magnitudes.

TABLE 11.4
𝐷1 𝐷2 𝜃

𝑬 & 𝑰𝑺
𝑬 & 𝑰𝟐
𝑰𝟐 & 𝑰𝟑

V1=
V2=
o) Is the following Kirchhoff voltage law is satisfied. Use peak to peak values.

𝑬 = √𝑽𝟐𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐𝟐

PART 3: R-L-C SERIES-PARALLEL NETWORK

a) Construct the network of Fig. 11.5. Insert the measured resistor values.
 R1 measured =1005Ω
R2 measured =775Ω

b) Calculate Zt at a frequency of 10 kHz using the nameplate values of the elements (R1 =1k
R2 = 470, L = 10 mH, C =0.02uF) and record in Table 11.5.

ZT = Z1|| Z2

Z1=10mH + 1k; Z2= 0.02uF + 474

𝑍𝑇 = 737.48 < −20.69

𝑍𝑇 = 690.19 − j260.66
c) Calculate the peak-to-peak value of Is with E = 8 V(p-p). Record the result in Table 11.5.
Calculation:
𝐸 8𝑉 8𝑉
𝑰𝑺 = 𝑰𝟏 = = = = 10.842 < 20.690
𝑍𝑇 690.19 − j260.66 737.48 < −20.69

d) Calculate the peak-to-peak levels of I1 & I2 and record the results in Table 11.5.
Calculation:
𝑍1 𝑰𝑺
𝑰𝟏 = = 6.77𝑚𝐴
𝑍1 + 𝑍2

𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝒔 − 𝑰𝟏 = 4.072𝑚𝐴
e) Energize the network and measure the voltages VR1 and VR2 with the oscilloscope. Then
calculate the peak-to-peak values of the currents I1 and I2 and insert the results in the
measured column of Table 11.5.
Calculation:
𝑉𝑅1 = 5.38 𝑉 𝑉𝑅2 = 4.06 𝑉

f) Using the results of part 3(e), calculate the peak-to-peak value of Is, and insert in the
measured column of Table 11.5.
Calculation:
𝑉𝑅1 + 𝑉𝑅2 9.44𝑉
𝑰𝑺 = = = 12.80𝑚𝐴 < 20.690
𝑍𝑇 737.48 < −20.69

How does it compare to the calculated value of part 3(c)?

Measured value of Is is greater than calculated values of current etc.
g) Using the result of part 3(f), calculate the input impedance and insert as the measured
value in Table 11.5.
Calculation:
𝐸(𝑃−𝑃) 9.44 𝑉
𝑍𝑇 = =
𝐼𝑆(𝑝−𝑝) 12.80𝑚𝐴 < 20.69

𝑍𝑇 = 737.5 < −20.690

How does it compare to the calculated value of part 3(b)?

Due to availability of capacitor & inductor during charging & discharging original values get
changed etc.
TABLE 11.5

Calculated Measured
𝒁𝑻 690.19 − j260.66 690.19 − j260.66
𝑰𝑺(𝒑−𝒑) 12.80𝑚𝐴 < 20.690 10.842 < 20.690
𝑰𝟏(𝒑−𝒑) 6.77𝑚𝐴 6.77𝑚𝐴
𝑰𝟐(𝒑−𝒑) 4.069mA 4.072𝑚𝐴

h) Use the oscilloscope to determine the phase angle between E and I1 and record the results
in the first row of Table 11.6.
Calculation:
i) Use the oscilloscope to determine the phase angle between E and I2 and record the results
in the second row of Table 1.1.6.
TABLE 11.6
𝐷1 𝐷2 𝜃

𝑬 & 𝑰𝟏 Parallel Parallel 0

𝑬 & 𝑰𝟐 Parallel Parallel 0

j) With E = E <0°, sketch the phasor diagram of the currents and source voltage of the
network—that is, a phasor diagram including I1, I2, I3 and E. The magnitude and location
of Is, can the derived from the vectors I1 and I2 & an application of Kirchhoff's current
law.

k) Determine the magnitude of the current I, from the phasor diagram of part 3(j). How does
it compare to the magnitude determined in part 3(c)? Complete Table 11.7.

𝑰𝑺(𝒑−𝒑) (diagram)
𝑰𝒔(𝒑−𝒑) (𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕 𝟑(𝒄)

l) Devise an experimental technique to measure the phase angle between Is, and I1. Sketch
the hook-up in the space below, showing all the connections to the oscilloscope. If a
sensing resistor is employed, what standard value would be appropriate? Record all the
results in Table 11.8. Calculation:

EXERCISE:
1) Determine the phase angle between V1 and V2, for the network of Fig. 11.3 and compare
to the measured value of part 1(1).

𝜃1 (𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑) = ⋯ … … … … … … … …
𝜃𝑠 (𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 1(1)) = ⋯ … … … … … … … …

2) Determine the phase angle between I1 = Is, and I2 for the network of Fig. 11.4 and draw a
complete phasor diagram for all the currents of Fig. 11.4 using the results of part 2.
3. Calculate the phase angle between I1 and I2 for the network of Fig. 11.5 and compare to
the measured value of part 3(j).