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CHAPTER 4
The design procedure given here are consistent with SP: 6(2) Steel
beams and plate girders (Hand book for Structural Engineers 1998).
800:2007 Annex H, Page No.139) are, A= 19.0 cm2 , Bf = 80mm, tf =7.6 mm,
tw= 4.8mm, Ixx = 726.4 cm4 , Iyy = 52.6 cm4, Zxx = 96.9 cm3, Zyy = 13.1 cm3 .
where,
tf - Thickness of flange
tw - Thickness of web
Ixx & Iyy - Moment of inertia about ‘x’ and ‘y’ axis
Zxx & Zyy - Section modulus about ‘x’ and ‘y’ axis
The basic geometry and notations used for castellated beams are
shown in Figure 4.1.
These are the steps followed for designing the castellated beam.
6. Design of Stiffeners
80mm
7.6mm
29.9
mm
4.8 mm
= (4.1)
37
7.6 7.6
= 608 + 143.52 150 + 7.6 751.52
2 2
= 29.54 .
= ) (4.2)
7.6 7.6
80 + 608 29.54
12 2
4.8
(37.5 7.6)
12
+ 4.8 (37.5 7.6) (29.54 22.55)
= 423460.201
MR = A at d (4.3)
where,
MR = Moment of resistance
MR = 18703.83 kN.mm
38
=3 (4.4)
W= 3 18703.83 /3000
W = 18.70 kN
W = 18.26 kN
39
= (4.5)
t = Thickness of stem
d’=37.5mm
d’=37.5mm
18.26 2 10
= =
2 37.5 7.6
< (4.6)
where
L = Length
where
= (4.7)
=2 + IT (4.8)
150
= 11191385.18 + 4.8
12
41
I = 11191385.18+12541385.18 /2
I = 11866385.18 mm4
23
=
648
= 16.45 mm
= ) /24 (4.9)
where,
= Average shear
45°
Stiffener
m n/2
n n
Shear at centre = 0,
= 9.13 kN.
= 0.091 .
+ = 16.54 .
= /325
= 3000 / 325
The beam is checked for combined local bending and direct stresses
at various locations as shown in Figure 4.6. The maximum moment and shear
effects are combined to give the worst combination at this point.
43
Vh /2
Vh /2
°A B
°
75 mm
= 3 X 103 /2 = 1500 mm
225
29.54 = 21.91 225/2
2
2464.87
=
82.96
= 29.71 kN
= 10.96/2
= 5.48 kN
= 18.26 X 3 X 103 /3
= 110.01 N/mm2
= 7.72 N/mm2
5. Design of Stiffeners
Thickness of web)/2
= (75 – 4.8) /2
= 35.1 mm.
7.6mm
Stiffener 20mm X 5mm 29.9mm
150mm
29.9mm
7.6mm
= 1200 mm2
46
= 150 mm2
I = b d3 /12 (4.13)
( )
= 5 + (200 5) = 40000
Radius of gyration,
= (4.14)
where
I = Moment of Inertia
= 40000/1200 = 5.77 mm
Connection of Stiffeners
Let us provide the fillet weld of 5 mm for its full length of the
stiffener.
ISMB 150
ISMB 200
Increased
Depth of Overall
I section depth of No of Span
opening height
beam Castellated openings length(m)
(mm) (mm)
beam
ISMB 150 IC 225 11 3 150 225
ISMB 200 IC 300 8 3 200 300
49
Figure 4.10 shows the marking on ISMB 150 Rolled steel wide
flange beam section which is of following dimensions. The section properties
are assigned from steel table. tf =7.5 mm, tw =5mm, bf =80mm, Hw =150
mm and length of the beam is taken as L=3.2 m, with angle of cut 45°. Where
‘tf ’ is the thickness of the flange, ‘tw’ is the thickness of the web, ‘bf’
breadth of the flange and ‘Hw’ height of the web. Figure 4.11 shows
increased depth of castellated section IC 225 without any increase in weight
from ISMB 150.
Figure 4.12 shows the marking on ISMB 200 with Fe250 grade
Rolled steel wide flange beam section which is of following dimensions. The
section properties are assigned from steel table. tf =10 mm, tw = 6mm, bf
=100mm, Hw =200 mm and length of the beam is taken as L=3.2 m with
angle of cut 45°. Figure 4.13 gives the Increased depth of Castellated beam(IC
225) from ISMB 150. Table 4.2 gives the properties of steel.
iv. The primary modes of failure of the beam are the local
buckling of compression flange and shear buckling of web.
web as a diagonal member. Now this girder will again carry good amount of
load just because of this action. This is tension field action of plate girder
where web plays an important role. Also the plate girders with a high ratio of
tension field to elastic buckling contribution are those containing a web with a
high slenderness ratio. When the contribution of tension field action is
considered, the hybrid girders are able to obtain the predicted shear strength
(Atorod Azizinamini et al 2007).
4.3.3 Stiffeners
The webs, when they are inadequate to carry the load are made
strong and stable by the provision of a wide variety of stiffeners.
3. Torsion Stiffener
4. Diagonal Stiffener
From the concept of tension field action and Pratt truss, stiffeners
are introduced on the web. Two types of stiffeners are introduced
The following are the different types of cases that are used for the
experimental and analytical work.
S0
S1
FS = P/2
FS = P/2
Figure 4.17 shows the shear force and stiffeners detail for all the
three cases. To reduce the stress concentration and deflection stiffeners are
introduced in two forms. One type of stiffeners is provided diagonally in the
hole region and second type of stiffeners are provided vertically on the solid
portion of the web. Figure (a) shows the first case without stiffeners (WOS),
Figure (b) shows the second case with diagonal stiffeners (WDS), Figure(c)
shows the third case with vertical stiffeners (WVS) of castellated beam along
the shear zone. The following are the two sections that are adopted throughout
the analysis. The Table 4.3 and 4.4 shows the dimensions adopted for three
cases of castellated beam. The dimensions of all the three cases are
maintained throughout the work. For each case two sections are adopted
IC225 and IC300.
Thickness of stiffener
Thickness of flange tf
Length of stiffener
Width of stiffener
Height of the web
opening HW (mm)
Thickness of web
Specimen detail
Length (m)
tw (mm)
bf (mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
WOS
3.2 7.5 5 80 150 - - -
225
WDS
3.2 7.5 5 80 150 190 15 5
225
WVS
3.2 7.5 5 80 150 200 20 5
225
58
Length of stiffener
Width of stiffener
Height of the web
opening Hw (mm)
Thickness of web
Specimen detail
stiffener (mm)
Thickness of
Length (m)
bf (mm)
tf (mm)
tw(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
WOS
3.2 10 6 100 200 - - -
300
WDS
3.2 10 6 100 200 260 20 6
300
WVS
3.2 10 6 100 200 260 30 6
300
Table 4.5 gives the details of the test beam and Figure 4.18 shows
the castellated beam with diagonal and vertical stiffeners.
Figure 4.18 CB with diagonal and vertical stiffeners along the shear zone