Power Systems

Bus Impedance Matrix

Camilo Andrés Cortés, Ph.D.

Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica
Universidad Nacional de Colombia

II semestre, año 2018

2016851-02, Análisis de Sistemas de Potencia

The Bus Impedance Matrix

l Definition
-1
Z bus = Ybus
l Direct formation of the matrix
l Inversion of the bus admittance matrix is a n3 effort
l For small and medium size networks, direct building of the matrix is
less effort
l For large size networks, sparse matrix programming with gaussian
elimination technique is preferred

Power Systems Analysis 1

 Forming the Bus Impedance
Matrix
l Graph theory techniques helps explain the building
process
bus node = graph vertex line branch = edge

0 0

1 2 1 2
j0.2 j0.4
4 4
1 2 1 2 1 2

j0.8
3 5 3 5
j0.4 j0.4
extending loop
3 tree branch closing
3 3
branch
selected tree co-tree

Forming the Bus Impedance

Matrix
l Basic construction of the network and the matrix

1
2
Partial
Network i Vbus = Zbus I bus
m j
Z bus
0
Reference

Power Systems Analysis 2

 Adding a Line

1 1
2 2
Partial Partial
Network p q Network p
m m m m
Z bus Z bus
0 0 q
Reference Reference

Vq = V p + zqp I q Vq = 0 + zq 0 I q

Adding a Line to an Existing

Line

é V1 ù é Z11 Z12 ! Z1 p ! Z1m = Z1 p ù é I1 ù

êV ú ê Z Z 22 ! Z2 p ! Z2m = Z 2 p úú êê I 2 úú
ê 2 ú ê 21
ê" ú ê " " # " # " " úê " ú
ê ú ê úê ú
êV p ú = ê Z p1 Z p2 ! Z pp ! Z pm = Z pp ú ê I p ú
ê" ú ê " " # " # " " úê " ú
ê ú ê úê ú
êVm ú ê Z m1 Zm2 ! Z mp ! Z mm = Z mp ú ê I m ú
êV ú ê = Z = Z p2 ! = Z pp ! = Z pm = Z pp + z pq úû êë I q ûú
ë qû ë p1

Power Systems Analysis 3

 Adding a Line from Reference

é V1 ù é Z11 Z12 ! Z1 p ! Z1m = 0 ù é I1 ù

êV ú ê Z Z 22 ! Z2 p ! Z2m = 0 úú êê I 2 úú
ê 2 ú ê 21
ê" ú ê " " # " # " " úê " ú
ê ú ê úê ú
êV p ú = ê Z p1 Z p2 ! Z pp ! Z pm = 0 ú êI p ú
ê" ú ê " " # " # " " úê " ú
ê ú ê úê ú
êVm ú ê Z m1 Zm2 ! Z mp ! Z mm = 0 ú êIm ú
êV ú ê = 0 =0 ! =0 ! =0 = z0 q úû êë I q úû
ë qû ë

Closing a Loop

1 1
p p
Partial Partial
Network q Network i
m m m m
Z bus Z bus
0 0
Reference Reference
z pq I l = V p - Vq ® z p 0 Il = Vp - 0 ®
z pq I l + Vq - V p = 0 z p 0 Il - Vp = 0

Power Systems Analysis 4

 Adding a Line between two
Lines
é V1 ù é Z11 ! Z1 p Z1q ! Z1m Z1q - Z1 p ù é I1 ù
ê" ú ê " # " " ! " " úê ú
ê ú ê úê " ú
êV p ú ê Z p1 ! Z pp Z pq # Z pm Z pq - Z pp ú ê I p ú
ê ú ê úê ú
êVq ú = ê Z q1 ! Z qp Z qq ! Z qm Z qq - Z qp ú ê I q ú
ê" ú ê " # " " # " " úê " ú
ê ú ê úê ú
êVm ú ê Z m1 ! Z mp Z mq ! Z mm Z mq - Z mp ú ê I m ú
ê 0 ú ê Z q1 - Z p1 ! Z qp - Z pp Z qq - Z pq ! Z qm - Z pm Z ll úêI ú
ë û ë ûë l û

Zll = z pq + Z pp + Z qq - 2Z pq

Then execute Kron reduction on Zll

Kron Reduction
Eliminating a node from the system
é Vbus[n´1] ù é Zbus[n´n] DZ[n´1] ù éI bus[n´1] ù
old

ê ú = ê úê ú
ë 0 û êë DZ[1´n]
T
Z ll[1´1] úû êë I l úû

Vbus[n´1] = Zbus
old
[n´n]I bus[n´1] + DZ[n´1] I l
DZT[1´n]
0 = DZ T
I
[1´n] bus[ n´1] + Zll[1´1] I l ® I l = - I bus[n´1]
Zll
DZ[n´1]DZT[1´n] é old DZDZT ù
Vbus[n´1] = Z old
I
bus[n´n] bus[n´1]
- Ibus[n´1] = êZbus - ú Ibus
Zll ë Zll û

Power Systems Analysis 5

 Kron Reduction
l Kron reduction removes an axis (row &
column) from a matrix while retaining the
axis s numerical influence
é V1 ù é Z11 ! Z1 p Z1i ! Z1m Z1l ù é I1 ù
ê" ú ê " # " " ! " " úú ê " ú
ê ú ê ê ú
êV p ú ê Z p1 ! Z pp Z pi # Z pm Z pl ú ê I p ú
ê ú ê úê ú
ê Vi ú = ê Z i1 ! Z ip Z ii ! Z im Z il ú ê I q ú
ê" ú ê " # " " # " " úê " ú
ê ú ê úê ú
êVm ú ê Z m1 ! Z mp Z mi ! Z mm Z ml ú ê I m ú
ê 0 ú ê Z l1 ! Z lp Z li ! Z lm Z ll úû êë I l úû
ë û ë
Z jl Z lk
jk = Z jk -
Z new old

Z ll

Adding a Line from a Line to

Reference

é V1 ù é Z11 ! Z1 p Z1i ! Z1m - Z1 p ù é I1 ù

ê" ú ê " # " " ! " " úú ê " ú
ê ú ê ê ú
êV p ú ê Z p1 ! Z pp Z pi # Z pm - Z pp ú ê I p ú
ê ú ê úê ú
ê Vi ú = ê Z i1 ! Z ip Z ii ! Z im - Z ip ú ê I q ú
ê" ú ê " # " " # " " úê " ú
ê ú ê úê ú
êVm ú ê Z m1 ! Z mp Z mi ! Z mm - Z mp ú ê I m ú
ê 0 ú ê - Z p1 ! - Z pp - Z pi ! - Z pm Z ll úû êë I l úû
ë û ë

Z ll = z p 0 + Z pp

Then execute Kron reduction on Zll

Power Systems Analysis 6

 Z-Bus Building Rules

l Rule 1: Addition of a branch to the reference

l Start with the existing network matrix [m m]
l Create a new network matrix [(m+1) (m+1)]
with
l The new off-diagonal row and column filled with (0)
l The diagonal element (m+1), (m+1) filled with the
element impedance zq0

Z-Bus Building Rules

l Rule 2: Addition of a branch to an existing
bus
l Connecting to existing bus p
l Start with the existing network matrix [m m]
l Create a new network matrix [(m+1) (m+1)]
with
l The new off-diagonal row and column filled with a
copy of row p and column p
l The diagonal element (m+1), (m+1) filled with the
element impedance zpq plus the diagonal impedance
Zpp

Power Systems Analysis 7

 Z-Bus Building Rules
l Rule 3: Addition of a linking branch
l Connecting to existing buses p and q
l Start with the existing network matrix [m m]
l Create a new network matrix [(m+1) (m+1)]
with
l The new off-diagonal row and column filled with a
copy of row q minus row p and column q minus
column p
l The diagonal element (m+1), (m+1) filled with
zpq + Zpp + Zqq – 2Zpq
l Perform Kron reduction on the m+1 row and
column

Z-Bus Building Rules

l Rule 4: Addition of a linking branch
l Connecting to existing bus p and reference
l Start with the existing network matrix [m m]
l Create a new network matrix [(m+1) (m+1)]
with
l The new off-diagonal row and column filled with a
copy of the negative of row p and the negative of
column p
l The diagonal element (m+1), (m+1) filled with
zp0 + Zpp
l Perform Kron reduction on the m+1 row and
column

Power Systems Analysis 8

 Example
0

1 2
j0.2 j0.4
4
1 2 1 2

j0.8
3 5
j0.4 j0.4

3
3

Network Graph

Line adding order: 1-0, 2-0, 1-3, 1-2, then 2-3

Example
0. [ ]
1. [ j 0.2] é j 0.2
ê 0
0 j 0.2 j 0.2 ù
ê j 0.4 0 - j 0.4 úú
4. ê j 0.2 j 0.6 j 0.2 ú
é j 0.2 0 ù 0
2. ê 0 ê ú
ë j 0.4úû ë j 0.2 - j 0.4 j 0.2 j1.4 û
( j 0.2)( j 0.2)
Z11 = j 0.2 - = j 0.17
j1.4
é j 0.2 0 j 0.2 ù
3. ê 0 j 0.4 0 úú é j 0.171 j 0.057 j 0.171ù
ê ê j 0.057 j 0.285 j 0.057 úú
êë j 0.2 0 j 0.6 úû ê
êë j 0.171 j 0.057 j 0.571úû

Power Systems Analysis 9

 Example

é j 0.171 j 0.057 j 0.171 j 0.114 ù

ê j 0.057 j 0.285 j 0.057 - j 0.228úú
ê
5. ê j 0.171 j 0.057 j 0.571 j 0.514 ú
ê ú
ë j 0.114 - j 0.228 j 0.514 j1.14 û

é j 0.16 j 0.08 j 0.12 ù

ê j 0.08 j 0.24 j 0.16 úú
ê
êë j 0.12 j 0.16 j 0.34 úû

Power Systems Analysis 10