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Zone-3 timer should be set so as to provide discrimination with the operating time
of relays provided in subsequent sections with which Zone-3 reach of relay being
set, overlaps. Typical recommended Zone-3 time is 0.8 to 1.0 second.
For Special cases, where co-ordination between long and short lines is required,
following formula would be the basis for determining the minimum acceptable
Zone-3 time setting:
ttttt +++>
sr
33
Where:
t
Z3
t
MA
t
CB
It is recommended that all the distance relays should have quadrilateral / polygon
characteristic. For relays having Mho characteristics, it is desirable to have load
encroachment prevention characteristics or a blinder.
In the absence of credible data regarding minimum voltage and maximum load
expected for a feeder during emergency system condition, following criteria may be
considered for deciding resistive reach / blinder setting to prevent load point
encroachment:
• Maximum load current (Imax) may be considered as 1.5 times the thermal
rating of the line or 1.5 times the associated bay equipment current rating ( the
minimum of the bay equipment individual rating) whichever is lower.
(Caution: The rating considered is approximately 15 minutes rating of the
transmission facility).
• Minimum voltage (Vmin) to be considered as 0.85pu (85%).
• For setting angle for load blinder, a value of 30 degree may be adequate in most
cases.
For high resistive earth fault where impedance locus lies in the Blinder zone, fault
clearance shall be provided by the back-up directional earth fault relay.
8. ZONE-4 SUBSTATION LOCAL BACKUP PROTECTION SETTINGS
With a reverse reach setting of less than the Zone-1 reach of distance protection for
the shortest line connected to the local bus bar, the Zone-4 time delay would only
need to co-ordinate with bus bar main protection fault clearance and with Zone-1
fault clearance for lines out of the same substation. For this reason this can be set
according to the Zone-2 time setting guidelines.