NYAMPLUNG OIL (Calophyllum inophyllum L.

Arranged by Dewi Farra Prasasya (02211740000123)

Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology

Faculty of Industrial Technology
Chemical Engineering
Lipid Technology 2019
1. Introduction

1.1.The General of Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum )

Indonesia is one country that has a diversity of tropical flora that can be used for
traditional treatment for human health. Many species of plants that have reported
benefits in the field of traditional medicine. One of them comes from the
Calophyllum genus of Clusiaceae family. The Calophyllum genus is a tropical plant
that consists of 180-200 different species of famous rich in a number of bioactive
compounds (Su et al., 2008). Some species of the Calophyllum genus were reported
useful as a topical medication for treating rheumatic diseases and inflammation of
the eye (Heyne, 1987)
(Gunawan,2018)
One species of the Calophyllum genus is Calophyllum Inophyllum Lin
(nyamplung). Indonesian has many species of C. Inophyllum that spread over
Sumatera, Java, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi and Bali (Heyne, 1987). C. Inophyllum
grows well at 0-200 m above sea level, rainfall type of A and B with 1000-3000
mm/year, 4-5 months dry season and temperature average of 18-33°C. It begins to
bear fruit at 7 years and fruits throughout the year. The fruits of C. Inophyllum are
usually harvested in August-September. The tree of C. Inophyllum can still bear
fruit until the age of 58. The number per kilogram of dry seed is 100-150 (Forestry
Department, 2008)
(Gunawan,2018)
Calophyllum inophyllum is in a genus of about 110 species that are pantropical in
distribution but most common in tropical Asia. Calophyllum inophyllum is
primarily a tree of the seashore and adjacent lowland forests, although it
occasionally grows at higher elevations and has been successfully planted in inland
areas. Seeds can be collected from trees by picking individual fruits or lopping off
branches with pruning poles, but it is generally more practical to collect them after
the fruits fall to the ground. The thick, dark green oil extracted from the seeds is
used in a number of products, including oil for lighting, medicines, and body and
hair grease
(Skolmen 1989)
Nyamplung (C. inophyllum) fruits Fig. 1 were obtained from CipatujahSud-district,
Tasikmalaya Regency on March 2014. The source of the fruits was 30-40 years old
C. inophyllumtrees[9]. The fruits obtained had yellowish brown skin colour and
were collected from the ground, which indicated that they were physiologically
matured[10]. The fruits had 1-3 cm diameter

Fadhullah ,
Fig.1. C. inophyllum fruits
1.2.Essential Oil
An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma
compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils
or aetherolea, or simply as the “oil of” the plant from which they were extracted,
such as oil of clove. An oil is “essential” in the sense that it carries a distinctive
scent, or essence, of the plant. The primary of source is leaves,roots,in petals and
bark. Mixtures of cleoptenes & stearoptenes are termed as volatile oils.
(Soetanto, 2011)
Essential oil is highly concentrated and will easily dissipate in room temperature.
Contrary to the “oil” in its name, essential oil is not oily-feeling at all. They are
usually clear, except patchouli, orange, and lemon grass oils which are amber or
yellow in color
(Soetanto, 2011)
Essential oils are very complex substances; all essential oils are made up of many
individual chemical components which are difficult to identify. In addition, pure
essential oils are affected by a number of factors on the source (the plant), making
it impossible to ‘duplicate’ nature. Chemically, the essential oils are primarily
composed of mono and sesquiterpenes and aromatic polypropanoids synthesized
via the mevalonic acid pathway for terpenes and the shikimic acid pathway for
aromatic polypropanoids. The essential oils from aromatic plants are for the most
part volatile and thus, lend themselves to several methods of extraction such as
hydro distillation, water and steam distillation, direct steam distillation, and solvent
extraction. They can be extracted easily by the distillation process
(Soetanto,2011)
The content of essential oils from nyamplung seeds reported contains palmitic acid,
oleic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid,cyclohexanecarboxylic acid and eicosanedioic
acid have the potential for treatment for medicine .
(Artanti,2018)
Unlike most vegetable oils, Tamanu oil is not contained in fresh ripe fruits. It forms
in the course of the nuts’desiccation. The oil production process is as follows: ripe
and non-germinating fruits are slightly crushed in order to crack the shells without
damaging the kernels. The latter are quickly removed, arranged in thin layers and
exposed to the sun. They must not be exposed to humidity in any case. In spite of
these precautions, some kernels mould and must be eliminated. During the
desiccation process, kernels loose weight (from a mean 7 g for fresh kernels to about
4.5 g for dry and oil-rich ones). They become brownish, develop an aromatic odour
and increase their oil content. In the meantime they loose their germinative power.
The transformation is completed within 2 months provided the weather has been
dry enough. Kernels can then be stored for a long time
(Dweck,2002)
1.3 Fixed oil
 In recent years supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has received increased attention
as an importantalternative to conventional separation methods. Indeed, it has been
demonstrated that SFE can producesuperior quality products characterized by the
absence of artifacts and by a better reproduction of theoriginal flavour or fragrance.
Supercritical fluids have adjustable extraction characteristics, due to their density,
which can be controlled by changing the pressure or temperature. At lower
pressures (near the critical point) volatile components, such as essential oils, are
selectively extracted, while other components present in the vegetable matter such
as waxes, resins and dyes have low solubility underthese conditions. Globally,
previous results [5-7] show that at extraction temperatures between 40 and 50°C
and at extraction pressures lower than 100 bar, higher molecular-weight compounds
are not coextracted with essential oils. A subsequent further run at higher pressure
(250 bar)using the same exhausted matrix can been performed in order to obtain the
fixed oil. Fixed oils do not evaporate at room temperature. Their major source is
seeds of the plant. Esters of higher fatty acids & glycerin are called as fixed oils.
(Marzouki,2008)
Nyamplung Fixed oils can be easily sponified. The research on produce sodium
soap based on nyamplung seed oil (C. inophyllum L.) was reported that it have
antibacterial activity [1]. In order to improve the quality and gain the public interest,
we need to add antibacterial and fragrances. This research was done to develop the
form of soap that was made from nyamplung seed oil by adding antibacterial
additives and perfumes. The antibacterial additive that was used for soap
formulation is the n-hexane fraction of the Curcuma heyneana. It was known that
Curcuma heyneana containing sesquiterpen, a terpenoid compounds with
germakran framework that are potentially used as an antibacterial agent [2]. The
research started with saponification of nyamplung oil using KOH base, then added
antibacterial substance from n-hexane fraction of Curcuma heyneana and fragrance
from lavender flower oil. The composition of the antibacterial was varied at 0.2,
0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1% while the perfume was varied at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2and 2.5%
(Widyaningsih,2018)
Nyamplung fixed oil can be biodiesel. Biodisel is an alternative fuel from the
source renewable (renewable), with the composition of fatty acid esters
from.Vegetable oils include: oil palm, coconut oil, oil atropha, cottonseed oil, and
there are still more than 30 species potential of Indonesian biodiesel plants.
Calophyllum kernel inophyllum has a very high oil content of 75% [5], 71.4% in
dry core with moisture content 3.3% [10], 40-73% [14]; 55.5% in fresh core and
70.5% in dry core [10]. C. Inophyllum Seed Production can reaching 100 kg per
tree
(Gunawan,2013)

2 Composition
A. C.inophyllum dry Fruit
inophyllum has round bullet-like fruit, 2,5-3.5 cm, green, dry to brown. Fruit seedC.
Inophyllum is peeled and put in an oven 800Cfor 4 hours to reduce the water
 content. Compositionthe proximate of C. Inophyllum seeds is shown in Table 1.It
was found that dried fruit seeds C. Inophyllum fruit seeds contains a significant
amount of lipid 63.1%, protein 3.42%, 16.64% fiber, 3.22% ash, and Nitrogen Free
Extract13.62%. And from the calorie test, pulp of fruit seeds C. Inophyllumhas a
calorific value of 6092 kal / gr.The mineral content in C. Inophyllum seeds is
shownin Table 4.2. It is known that C. inophyllum contains 0.00384% Silicon,
0,00054% Aluminum, 0,00056% Iron,0.0516% Calcium, 0.0154% Magnesium,
0.01386% Sodium,0.01908% Potassium, 0.000088% Sulfur, and 0.0171% Pospat.
Sulfur content is the lowest and Calcium is the highest .
(Gunawan,2013)

(Gunawan,2018)
B. Lipid Content in dry C.inophyllum Fruit
Nyamplung oil is oil extracted from seeds nyamplung using a press, which can
done with two kinds of press machines namely press machinesmanual hydraulic and
extruder press machine (screw system).The oil coming out of the press machine is
black / dark because it contains impurities from the skin and chemical
compoundssuch as alkaloids, phosphatides, carotenoids, chlorophyll, etc.So that
nyamplung oil can be used for the process then the degumming process is carried
out.
(Qadariyah,2014)
The lipid content in C. Inophyllum (extraction with n-Hexan) is 63.1% in
the dry base. Analysis Qualitatively carried out by TLC test as in Figure 1.It can be
seen that the fat content of C.Inophyllum is Acylgliserol (monoglyceride,
diglyceride,and triglycerides). And also contains free fatty acids.C. Inophyllum fruit
seeds have the potential as raw material biodiesel. Like rice bran (consisting of
13.5% lipids [8], and16-17% lipids [8] microalgae (consisting of 10-17% lipids [9])
Xylocarpus Moluccensis (consisting of 10.65-11.09% lipid [8]), From the TLC test
there appears a difference in color elevation, which ata very high point is later
 triglycerides under it are FFA, bioactive, diglycerides, and monoglycerides.With GC
analysis it can be seen that the composition of the FFA is(8.23%), Monoglycerides
(3.93%), Diglycerides (3.37%), Triglycerides(81.06%) and bioactive (3.4%) in
lipids C. Inophyllum.
(Gunawan,2013)

(Gunawan,2018)
C. Dried Nyamplung Leaves
result revealed that C. inophyllum leaves contained 11.24% moisture, 4.75%
ash, 6.43% crude protein, 23.96% crude fiber, 9.91% carbohydrate, and energy
(79.17 kcal/100 g). The leaves also contained 0.007% iron, 1.240% calcium,
0.075% sodium, 0.195% magnesium, 0.100% ppm potassium, and 0.040%
phosphorus. Moreover, 11.51% alkaloid, 2.48% triterpenoid, 2.37% flavonoid,
7.68% tannin, 2.16% saponin, 2.53% polyphenol, were identified in the methanolic
crude extracts of C. inophyllum leaves. It was found that trans-2-[2-
(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-10b,10c-dimethyl-10b,10c-dihydropyrene was obtained
at purity of 79.18% (22.17% yield) from C. inophyllum leaves.
(Gunawan,2017)
The mineral composition of some medicinal leaves shows that the dried C.
inophyllum leaves contained calcium which had the highest concentration (1.240%),
followed by magnesium (0.195%), potassium (0.100%), sodium (0.075%),
phosphorus (0.040%) and iron (0.007%)

(Gunawan, 2017)
 D. Calophyllum inophyllum kernel
The Calophyllum inophyllum kernel contains rich of oil. it’s about 75% [5],
71,4% in dry kernel C.inophyllum with contains water 3,3% [10], 40-73% [14];.
55,5% in wet C.inophyllum dan 70,5% in dry C. inophyllum
(Gunawan,2013)

2. Secondary Metabolite in Nyamplung Oil

Natural products are the chemical substances that produced by living organism, but they
are usually referred to as secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are generally not
important for the growth and reproduction of organisms, but they play an important role in
pharmaceutical field [1]. Additionally, natural plants are generally used in cosmetic
products and as functional food additives
(Gunawan,2017)
Secondary metabolites are organic molecules that are not involved in the normal growth
and development of an organism. While primary metabolites have a key role in survive of
the species, playing an active function in the photosynthesis and respiration, absence of
secondary metabolites does not result in immediate death, but rather in long-term
impairment of the organism’s survivability, often playing an important role in plant defense.
(Vieira,2012)
Chemical compounds obtained from particular plants are yielded from secondary
metabolic process where each species has its own variation in number and types Some
compounds have been isolated with some of them have physiological and pharmacological
effects known as active chemical compounds .Coumarin group is among the well known
secondary metabolite extracted from plants. Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) seeds
well known for alterna-tive raw material for biofuel also contain coumarin potential for
medicinal purposes. Coumarin resin in nyamplung seeds is one component disturbing the
biofuel process and therefore need to be released as waste. Coumarin potential as medicinal
raw material will therefore provide additional value for nyamplung seed.
(Leksono,2013)
The phytochemical analysis of leaf extract of Calophyllum inophyllum showed
presence of secondary metabolites such as Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Saponins,
Phenols, Tannins, Flavanoids, Proteins, Steroids and Coumarins. These secondary
metabolites possess antioxidant and anticancer activities. Phytochemicals are chemical
compounds produced by plants, generally to help them thrive or thwart competitors,
predators, or pathogens.
(Saravanan,2015)
3. Nutrition and health
A. Contain high coumarine
Nyamplung seed and its Crude Calophyllum Oil (CCO) contain high coumarine
content and this varies within island and among islands in Indonesia. This high
coumarin content promises prospective use of nyamplung seeds as medi-cinal plants,
especially in regard to many coumarine derivatives that are found to be
pharmacologically important for anti-cancer, anti-oksidant, anti- International Seminar
 “Forests & Medicinal Plants for Better Human Welfare” 113 inflammation, anti-HIV,
anti-coagulant, anti-bacterial, analgesic and immune system
(Leksono,2013)
Coumarinic derivatives: calophyllolids (natural neo-£avonoids with antibacterial,
anti-in£ammatory and antiblood coagulation properties), inophyllolids (natural neo-
£avonoids with antiviral properties), calophyllic acid (natural neo-flavonoid with
antimolluscidal and healing activities)

(Dweck,2002)
B. Fatty acids have benefit for human health
Some parts of C. inophyllum plant have been proven to be beneficial to human
health including sap for treating wound, bark for serving as antiseptic and disinfectant,
root for treating wounds and coronary heart disease, and leaves for treating disease
inflammation of eyes. Lee and Gibot reported that this seed oil can be used as edible
oil after refinement and detoxification. One of them is oleic acid (C18:1c). The other
name for systematic name is cis9-octadecenoic.This fatty acid has many benefits, such
as protecting from free radicals and other oxidative stressors , reducing blood pressure
while increasing good HDL cholesterol in women , and prevent cancer . The isomer of
oleic acid is vaccenic (11- Octadecenoic) and elaidic acids (9-octadecenoic) . These
fatty acids have trans configuration which may be harmful for human health, such as
causing cardiovascular disease, cancer, obesity, and diabetes. Twelve fatty acids were
identified in the TAGs. Trans fatty acids of TAGs were detected in this study with
amount lower than 1%. The present work clearly demonstrated that C. inophyllum oil
is potentially became healthy oil because it contains very little trans-isomers
(Gunawan,2018)
C. Bioactive compounds from Calophyllum inophyllum leaf
Several bioactive compounds, such as xanthone, coumarin, and
benzodipiranons have been successfully identified from C. inophyllum plant.
Xanthones were reported to show activity cytotoxic and anti-microbial (Noldin et al.,
2006). They were found from seed (Noldin et al., 2006; Yimdjo et al., 2004; Linuma et
al., 1994) and leaf (Patil et al., 1993). The second bioactive compound is coumarin that
was showed inhibitory activity of the HIV virus (Patil et al., 1993), cytotoxic activity
(Yimdjo et al., 2004), Anti-inflammatory (Fylaktakidou et al., 2004), anticoagulants
(Jung et al., 2001), and antitumor (Itoigawa et al., 2001). It was found from leaf and
from seed (Itoigawa et al., 2001). The third bioactive is flavonoids that reported to have
cytotoxic activity and anti-cancer (Ito et al., 1999; Kondo et al., 2009). It was
successfully isolated from seed (Atabani et al., 2013; Berquin et al., 2008). Moreover,
Triterpenoids and benzodiperanons were found in seed (Ajayi et al., 2008; Kumar et
al., 1976) and leaf (Ali et al., 1999; Khan et al., 1996). Aparamarta et al (2018)
identified twelve fatty acids in the C. inophyllum seed oil. The Phytochemical
compounds were also identified from the C. Inophyllum leaf (Susanto et al., 2017)
(Gunawan,2018)
Xanthones are polyphenolic compounds that have molecular formula of
C13H18O2. Xanthones consist of a unique backbone with two benzene rings bridged
across a carbonyl group and an oxygen. The most bioactive property of xanthones is
their antioxidant ability. The derivatives of xanthones which isolated from Garcinia
mangostana was found to act as the free radical scavenger and hence prevented the the
oxidative damage of low density lipoprotein [13]. Coumarins are one of the member of
the benzopyrone compounds. Coumarins have a benzene ring linked to a pyrone [14].
Coumarins are attractive to human for their physiological, bacteriostatic, and anti-
tumour activity. 4- phenylcoumarins might be valuable as potential cancer
chemopreventive agents (anti-tumourpromotors)
(Gunawan,2017)
The leaves of Calophyllum inophyllum contain friedelin and triterpenes of the
friedelin group, namely canophyllal, canophyllol and canophyllic acid [13], and from
the heartwood xanthones such as mesuaxanthone B and calophyllin B are obtained
[14].as mesuaxanthone B and calophyllin B are obtained [14]

(Dweck,2002)
All the xanthones exhibited anti-in£ammatory activity by both intraperitoneal
and oral routes in rats. Jacareubin and 6-deoxyjacareubin also showed antiulcer
 activity in rats [17]

(Dweck ,2002)

Calophyllolide, isolated from the seeds [9], reduced histamine in£ammation and
carrageenan-induced tissue swelling in rats. Together with inophyllide, it reduced
oedema by 60.7 and 29.8%, respectively (compared to hydrocortisone, which reduced
in£ammation byabout 44%).The safety margin of calophyllolide is very similar to that
of oxyphenbutazone (21.4 and 25 mg kg1 , respectively) [16].

(Dweck ,2002)

D. Contains Phenolics
Phenolics is a phytochemical possessing one or more aromatic rings with one
or more hydroxil groups, and generally include phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins,
coumarins, and stillbenes [62]. Phenols are compounds that have activities such as
antitumour agents and exhibit antioxidant properties [63]. Their antioxidative effects
 were shown by various mechanisms, including the ability to scavenge free radicals or
activate antioxidant enzymes and inhibit oxidizes
(Gunawan,2017)
E. High flavonoids content of C. inophyllum leaves extract
The flavonoids content of C. inophyllum leaves extract was higher than that of
P. guajava (0.40%) [58], but lower than those of G. latifolium (11.13%) [58], and J.
curcas (7.22%) [30]. Flavonoids are structurally derived from the substance flavone,
and certain conjugated aromatic systems [65], which have antibacterial, anti-
inflammatory, antiallergic, antimutagenic, antiviral, antineoplastic, anti-thrombotic and
vasodilatory activities. The potent antioxidant activity of flavonoids is their ability to
scavenge hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions and lipid peroxy radicals [66]. They had
been isolated from C. inophyllum leaves such as biflavonoid, neoflavonoid, quercetin-
3-O-a-Lrhamnoside and amentoflavone [67]. Some flavonoids, such as quercetin and
rutin, have medicinal function in human health by serving anti-inflammatory,
antihistaminic, and antiviral agents [68]. Glycyrrhizin and chrysin have against HIV
activity
(Gunawan,2017)
F. C.inophyllum leaves extract contains Tanin
Tannin is one compound of anti-nutrients (cyanide, phytate and tannin). Tannin
is plant polyphenols which have ability to form complexes with metal ions and with
macro-molecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides [70,71]. Tannin has also been
claimed to have adverse effect on protein digestibility [72] and its content in C.
inophyllum leaves was considered lower when compared with the G. latifolium
(16.23%) [58], but much higher than that of P. guajava (0.55%) [58] and J. curcas
(0.15%)
(Gunawan,2017)
G. C. inophyllum contains saponins
Saponins have activities of anti-hypercholesterol, anti-inflammatory, cardiac
depressant property and also appear to inhibit cancer cells without killing the normal
cells in the process [73]. Saponins content in C. inophyllum leaves was considered
lower when compared with that of G. latifolium (18.11%) [58]. They were also detected
in Moringa oleifera leaves and they have been shown to have cholesterol lowering
properties [74]. Saponins also show tumor inhibiting activity on animals [75]
(Gunawan,2017)
H. The application of the gum
The gum extracted from the plant (from the wounded bark) is emetic and
purgative but also has use for the treatment of wounds and ulcers. It can also be mixed
with strips of bark, and leaves are infused in water, and the oil that rises to the surface
is another application for sore eyes [4, 2]. The resin is said to be responsible for the
colour and the odour of the oil and may be poisonous; it is also said to contain benzoic
acids [5]. The gum resin is said to be good for old sores and wounds[5]. The resin may
be useful for chronic catarrh.
(Dweck,2002)
I. The application of the bark
The bark is astringent (contains11^19% tannin) and its juice is purgative [5]. It
is considered medicinal in Asia, being used in India (according to some this is Indo-
China) for orchitis [5]. In Indonesia, it is used after childbirth for vaginal discharge, the
passing of blood and also for use in gonorrhoea [6]. It is used in decoction for internal
haemorrhages and as a wash for indolent ulcers [4]. The bark acts as an antiseptic and
disinfectant. Rubbed with water lime juice, it makes a useful application on armpits,
groins and feet in bromidrosis. The bark taken internally acts as an expectorant and is
useful in chronic bronchitis and phthisis. The resin is mixed with strips of bark and
leaves, steeped in water and the oil which rises to the surface is a household application
for sore eyes. The astringent juice of the bark is a purgative and given in the form of a
decoction for internal haemorrhag
(Dweck,2002)
J. The application of the leaves
The leaves soaked in water yield a bluish colour and natural scent is applied to
in£amed eyes [4], also used for this purpose in Linga and Fiji. The leaf infusion is also
taken internally for heatstroke and used in combination with an external application of
the root decoction. A reverse treatment is used for a stitch where the hot poultice of
leaves is applied. Externally and the root decoction taken internally [5]. In Cambodia,
the leaves are prescribed as an inhalation for migraine and vertigo and the oil for
scabies. In Madagascar, the leaves are applied to sore eyes, the pounded bark for
orchitis; the gum resin is a vulnerary, resolvent and anodyne; oil from seeds is used
against psoriasis and is antirheumatic. In Java, the tree is supposed to possess diuretic
properties, while in Samoa the plant is considered a virulent poison and the sap from
the bark is used for the preparation of an arrow poison [7]. The leaves impart a pleasant
odour when soaked inwater, which is used in the Philippines as an astringent for
haemorrhoids (piles) [5, 6] and is used in Indonesia as an eye lotion [5,6]. The plant has
a rich history of use. Primitive tribes of native blacks throughout Papua New Guinea
utilize the leaves frequently for di¡erent kinds of skin problems. On Manus, the leaves
are heated over a ¢re until soft and then applied to skin ulcers, boils, cuts, sores, and
pimples, while on Dobu Island, leaves are boiled and a skin rash is washed periodically
with the solution. The natives in New Caledonia and in Samoa also utilize these leaves
for treating skin infammations, leg ulcers and wounds. Water in which the macerated
leaves have been soaked for some time has been used by them and other tribes for
haemorrhoids [5].
(Dweck,2002)
K. Medicine for certain disease
The oil expressed from the seeds (about 60%) is sometimes called Domba oil in
Europe and has proved useful in the treatment of rheumatism as well as in the treatment
of itch or scabies. The figure quoted can be as high as 70^75% [2]. The oil was once
thought by the old pharmacologists to be Tacamahaca oil (balsam poplar or Populus
balsamifera). It is similar to myrhh (Commiphora molmol) and is also useful for
indolent ulcers [2].The oil is also used in cases of gonorrhoea and gleet [4]. The oil
from the seeds is used externally on rheumatism and gout and is speci- ¢c for scabies
[7] and may also be used for ringworm
(Dweck,2002)
The dark-skinned natives of Fiji value the oil of the fruit as a liniment for joint
pains, arthritis and bruises. The oil is applied to suppurating wounds including coral
sores and is commonly used for rubbing on the limbs of children who are slow in
learning to walk. Some Fijan mothers rub the fruit oil of Calophyllum inophyllum onto
their babies to prevent nappy/diaper rash. The oil also is occasionally used in the place
of a chap stick for chapped, parched lips [10]. The oil (once used in Indian oil lamps)
is useful for dermal problems and is an ancient treatment for leprosy [6].
(Dweck,2002)
Externally, the bruised seeds and oil are applied to chronic rheumatism,
inflammation of bones and joints and ankylosis. The oleoresin taken internally is
supposed to be beneficial for lung ailments and externally applied on chronic ulcers and
wounds with beneficial results
(Dweck,2002)
In most of the South Sea islands,Tamanu oil is used as an analgesic medicine
(natives use it in frictions for sciatica and rheumatism) and to cure ulcers and bad
wounds. At the beginning of the century, missionaries had noticed that leprous people
often came to the leper house with a bottle of oil they used to rub over their wounds.
The idea occurred to them to prepare a solution of this oil in an alcoholic ether.
Injections of this preparation proved e¡ective against neuritis due to leprosy or other
origins, sciatica, zona, as well as pains caused by serious diseases.This medicine is still
successfully used in hospitals in Tahiti and neighbouring islands
(Dweck,2002)
Tamanu oil can be applied on skins as well as mucous membrane lesions. It
heals small wounds such as cracks and chaps, but is also efficient on more serious
cutaneous problems: atonic wounds, physical and chemical burns, radiodermatitis, anal
ensures or postsurgical wounds. Tamanu oil activity was studied in numerous clinical
cases. Those healing, anti-in£ammatory and antibiotic properties make Tamanu oil an
excellent raw material for cosmetics, in regenerating and protective formulations [1].
This oil is especially recommended for all kinds of burns (sunburns or chemical burns),
most dermatoses, postsurgical cicatrization, certain skin allergies, acne, psoriasis,
herpes, chilblains, skin cracks, diabetic sores, haemorrhoids, dry skin, insomnia, hair
loss, etc. In cosmetology, it is used in the preparation of regenerative creams. This
soothing oil has long been a beauty secret of the Tahitian Vahine. The oil from the seeds
is used for soap making and is a rubefacient and irritant, but on the mucous membranes
of the genitourinary organs it is special. It is only employed externally and can be used
as a stimulating application in cases of rheumatism [4]. In Southern India, the oil of the
seeds of the plant is used specially for treating skin diseases. It is also applied topically
in cases of rheumatism.
(Dweck,2002)
4. Conclution
1. Indonesian has many species of C. Inophyllum that spread over Sumatera, Java,
Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi and Bali. C.Inophyllum divided into essential oil and
fixed oil. The primary source of essential oil is leaves,roots,in petals and bark.
Essential oils from nyamplung seeds reported contains palmitic acid, oleic acid,
stearic acid, linoleic acid,cyclohexanecarboxylic acid and eicosanedioic acid have
the potential for treatment for medicine and The primary source of fixed oil is the
C. Inophyllum seeds that can be used to make soap (saponification) and biodiesel.
2. Inophyllum seeds contain lipids (63.1%), Fiber (16.64%), ash (3.22%), protein
(3.42%),humidity (4.15%), and Nitrogen Free Extract (13.62%). And also has a
calorie value of 6092 kal / gr. Lipids contain free fatty acids (8.23%),
monoglycerides (3.93%), diglycerides (3.37%), triglycerides (81.06%) and
bioactive (3.4%).result revealed that C. inophyllum leaves contained 11.24%
moisture, 4.75% ash, 6.43% crude protein, 23.96% crude fiber, 9.91%
carbohydrate, and energy (79.17 kcal/100 g). The leaves also contained 0.007%
iron, 1.240% calcium, 0.075% sodium, 0.195% magnesium, 0.100% ppm
potassium, and 0.040% phosphorus. Moreover, 11.51% alkaloid, 2.48%
triterpenoid, 2.37% flavonoid, 7.68% tannin, 2.16% saponin, 2.53% polyphenol,
were identified in the methanolic crude extracts of C. inophyllum leaves. It was
found that trans-2-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-10b,10c-dimethyl-10b,10c-
dihydropyrene was obtained at purity of 79.18% (22.17% yield) from C.
inophyllum leaves The Calophyllum inophyllum kernel contains rich of oil. it’s
about 75% [5], 71,4% in dry kernel C.inophyllum with contains water 3,3% [10],
40-73% [14];. 55,5% in wet C.inophyllum dan 70,5% in dry C. inophyllum . Dried
C. inophyllum leaves contained calcium which had the highest concentration
(1.240%), followed by magnesium (0.195%), potassium (0.100%), sodium
(0.075%), phosphorus (0.040%) and iron (0.007%).
3. Natural products are the chemical substances that produced by living organism, but
they are usually referred to as secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are
generally not important for the growth and reproduction of organisms, absence of
secondary metabolites does not result in immediate death, but rather in long-term
impairment of the organism’s survivability, often playing an important role in plant
defense. Calophyllum inophyllum showed presence of secondary metabolites such
as Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Saponins, Phenols, Tannins, Flavanoids,
Proteins, Steroids and Coumarins. These secondary metabolites possess antioxidant
and anticancer activities
4. Nyamplung oil has a lot of benefits for human health The various parts of C.
inophyllum plant contain many bioactive compounds, including among others:
xanthones, coumarins, chromanones (flavonoids, biflavonoids), triterpenes and
steroids [5]. The phytochemical compounds of C. inophyllum leaves had been
studied previously [6]. Meanwhile, this plant contains phytochemical compounds
that can be used as a cure of various diseases [7]. These compounds include
inophynone, canophyllol, canophyllic acid, calophyllolide, inophyllolide,
jacareubin, calanolide A, calophynone, and others. C. inophyllum contains
xanthones have chemopreventive cancer agents and coumarins have antimicrobial
activity [8]. Coumarin is one of the secondary metabolites in plants. Coumarin
compounds exhibit anti-HIV drugs belonging to the Non-nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) [9]. NNRTI is a group of compounds that inhibits
the activity of the reverse transcriptase enzyme from HIV-1 [10]. Coumarin
compounds and their derivatives have many biological activities such as
anticoagulant blood, antibiotics, and inhibiting carcinogenic activity [11]. Some of
xanthone compound such as caloxanthone A, inoxanthone, macluraxanthone, and
caloxanthone B have antimicrobial activity [12]. In order to increase the utilization
of C. inophyllum leaves in medical function, bioactive compounds must be
extracted, concentrated, separated and purified.
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