Adv Soil02 Colour

203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics
Lecture No. 2
Dr. Warakorn Mairaing

Associate Professor
Civil Engineering Department

Kasetsart University, Bangkok
Tel: 02-
02-579-2265
02-579-
579-2265
Email: mairaing@yahoo.com
Soil Permeability
Soil Permeability
Dr.Warakorn Mairaing 1
Soil Permeability
Soil permeability (k) or Hydraulic conductivity is soil property which

allow the seepage of fluid through its interconnected void spaces.
According to Darcy’s law (Laminar’flow)
v=ki Æ If i=1
Then k=v Æ so permeability (k) is the seepage velocity through soil

when subjected to the hydraulic gradient of unity (i = 1)
Soil permeability varies on very wide range from 10-10 cm/sec to 10o
cm/sec (10 logarithmic eyeless)
Factors affect soil permeability
There an 2 main groups of factors
1. Fluid properties flow through soil (Permeant)

2. Pore characters in the soil mass (Porous Media)
Soil Permeability
Permeability Model
a) Soil Mass b) Capillary Tubes
If total soil x-section = A, Degree of Saturation = S and porosity = n,

Then area of water chancels = S.n.A.
Soil Permeability
- Taylar (1984) using poiseville’s law of flow through. Capillary tubes to

formulate permeability as;
2 γ e3
k = Ds ⋅ ⋅ ⋅c ---(1)
μ (1 + e )
- Kazeny – Carman (1927, 1956)
1 γ G3
k= ⋅ ⋅
k .s02 μ (1 + e ) ---(2)
when
Ds = effective particle diameters, γ = unit wt. of water

μ = viscousity of water, e = void ratio
C = shape factor, ko = pore shape and flow path factor
So = specific surface area
v
∴ k = f (e, , D, S o , S , k o ,...) ---(3)
u
Soil Permeability
Equation (3) is soil permeability model function consisted of
1. Permeant Æ ex. Fresh water, crude oil, contaminant to eliminate the

various properties of permeants, the “Absolute Permeability” (k) is
proposed as
γ
k = k.
μ ---(4)
For fresh water at 20oc when u and r are known, then
k (cm 2 ) = 1.02 ×10 −5 ⋅ k (cm / sec) ---(5)
Soil Permeability
2. Soil or porous media Æ soil, rock, porous stone, sand filter etc.
- Soil larger than coarse gravel Turbulent flow occurred.? (ND > 1)
Darcy’s law invalid.
- Soil smaller than coarse gravel Darcy’s law is valid

Kazeny – Carman and Equation (3)
is applied
- Cohesive soil
Permeability model (Eq.3) may not valid due to the influences of

Diffused Double layer or Surface chemical properties of soil particles
Soil Permeability
In general factors influence soil permeabilitics are :
1. Particle size distribution (Pore size distribution)

2. Void ratio (e)
3. Soil mineral (CEC, defuses D.L.)
4. Soil Structure (Flocculation, Dispassion)
5. Degree of Saturation (S)
1. Particle Size for sand and silt
Hazen k ≅ 100 D102
Land and Washburn k ≅ (1-40) D102
Kane k ≅ 40 D102
Soil Permeability
2. Void ratio
⎛ e3 ⎞
k = f ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ - Kozeny
⎝1+ e ⎠
⎛ e2 ⎞
k = f ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ( )
k = f 10e
⎝1+ e ⎠
3. Soil Mineral and Soil Structure for clay
3.1 Defused Double Layer Æ Free water

3.2 Dispersed and Flocculated Structures
3.3 Anisotropic permeability (kx ≠ ky)
4. Degree of Saturation
High degree of saturation Æ high permeability saturation

increase flow area (less are void)
Soil Permeability
Soil Permeability
Soil Permeability
Soil Permeability
Soil Permeability
Soil Permeability
Pore Pressure Development
ชวงของคาความซึมน้ําของดินฐานรากชนิดตางๆ
PORE PRESSURE
PORE PRESSURE
DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
When partially or fully saturated soils are subjected to external load or

change in ground water level, there will be a change in pore water
pressure called “Excess pore pressure (Δu)”. This condition occurs
temporarily until it reach to stable final pressure.
It is very important to predict Δu since it is related to many soil

mechanical behaviors such as strength, consolidation
Two periods are involved during loading and subsequence times,
1. Undrained loading; When load or excess pore pressure change

suddenly
Δu
Δu = (P.P.).Δσ P.P. = ---(1)
Δσ
When P.P. = Pore pressure parameter
Δu = Pore pressure change.
Δσ = Total pressure change.
2. Pore Pressure Dissipation; when applied load is rather constant and

the excess pore pressure graduately changes until it reaches static pore
pressure (us)
Ex.
Figure 1 is the typical case of confined compression (typical
consolidation test)
Figure 2 is the surface loading on soil layer ----Æ Field embankment test
for SBIA (Suwanabhump Airport)
Figure 3 is the ground water lowering ----Æ Bangkok ground water

pumping and Land subsidence.
ผลที่ตามมาจาก
ความดันน้ําลดลง
p’ เพิ่มขึ้น
( p’ = p – uw )
การทรุดตัวของชั้นดินเพิ่มขึ้น หนวยแรงกดทั้งในแนวดิ่ง
แรงตานทานของเสาเข็มเพิ่มขึ้น และแนวราบ เพิ่มขึ้น
หนวยแรงดันของโครงสรางใตดินเพิ่มขึ้น
อื่นๆ
การเปลี่ยนแปลงแรงตานทานตอฐานรากเสาเข็ม
2
Pore Water Pressure (t/m )
ตัวอยางแรงดันน้ําที่มีการ
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
0
20
BK
เปลี่ยนแปลงในชั้นน้ําตางๆ
40 Hydrostatic, u0
60
PD
80 Pore Pressure, ut
100
120 NL
140
160
180 NB
200
220
240
260 SK
280
Depth (m.)
300
PT
320
340
360
TB
380
400
420
440
460
480 PN
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
640
Skempton’s Pore Pressure Parameters
Prof. Skempton (1954) of Imperial College (London) developed the

theory for estimating the excess pore water pressure (Δu) due to
increase of total stress in soil mass.
Assuming total stresses (Δσ) changes happen suddenly. (at Δt = 0)
Skempton’s Pore Pressure =

Δu ---(1)
Δσ
The magnitude of Δu is depended on;

1. Compressibility of soil skeleton (Soil = Void) = Csk
2. Compressibility of water (pore water) = Cw
3. Magnitude of total stress change = Δσ
Then
Δu = f (Csk , Cw , Δσ ) ---(2)
Case study on;
1. Confined Compression
2. Isotropic Compression
3. Uniaxial Stress (Unconfined Compression)
4. Triaxial Compression
Will be considered.
1. Confined Compression (1-D Consolidation, Land Reclamation)
Compressibility of soil Skeleton
Δv
v Cm 2
Csk = e ≅ 10 −6 ---(3)
Δσ 1 Kg
Compressibility of pore water
Δv
v Cm 2 ---(4)
Cw = w ≅ 10 −9
Δu Kg
ΔVsk = Change in soil skeleton volume = Csk ⋅ Δσ 1 ⋅V0 ---(5)
ΔVw = Change in water volume = Cw ⋅ Δu ⋅ nV0 ---(6)
In particular soil mass; change of soil volume = Change in water vol.
∴ Eq .( 5 ) = Eq ( 6 ) = C sk ⋅ Δ σ 1 ⋅ V 0 = C w ⋅ Δ u ⋅ nV 0 ---(7)
Relationship of total and effective stresses Δσ 1 = Δσ 1 − Δu ---(8)
Then substitute (8) in (7)
Csk (Δσ 1 − Δu ) = n ⋅ Cw ⋅ Δu Δu.(n.C w + Csk ) = C sk Δσ 1
Δu Csk
= = Pore Pr essure Parameter " C" ---(9)
Δσ 1 (Csk + nCw )
For saturated soil, when Cw ≈ 10-9 Cm2/kg and Csk ≈ 10-6 Cm2/kg then
Eq.(9) become
1
" C" = ≅ 1.0
⎛ Cw⎞
⎜⎜1 − n ⎟⎟
⎝ C sk ⎠
2. Isotropic Compression
Change in Soil Skeleton Volume
ΔVsk = V0 ⋅ Csk1 ⋅ Δσ 1 + V0 ⋅ Csk 2 ⋅ Δσ 2 + V0 ⋅ Csk 3 ⋅ Δσ 3 ---(10)
Change in Pore Water Volume
ΔVw = n ⋅ V0 ⋅ Cw ⋅ Δu ---(11)
Eq. (10) = Eq. (11) for the same soil mass
∴ n ⋅ V0 ⋅ Cw ⋅ Δu = V0 ⋅ Csk1 ⋅ Δσ 1 + V0 ⋅ Csk 2 ⋅ Δσ 2 + V0 ⋅ Csk 3 ⋅ Δσ 3 ---(12)
If the applied stresses are truely isotropic compression, then
Δσ 1 = Δσ 2 = Δσ 3 = (Δσ − Δu )
From Eq.(12) n ⋅ Cw ⋅ Δu = (Δσ − Δu )(C sk1 + C sk 2 + Csk 3 ) ---(13)
Δu C sk1 + C sk 2 + Csk 3
= = Pore Pr essure Parameter " B" ---(14)
Δσ nCw + Csk1 + Csk 2 + Csk 3
If soil is isotropic material, thus Csk1=Csk2=Csk3=Csk.; then
Δu 3C sk 1
=" Bi " = =
Δσ nC w + 3Csk nC w + 1 ---(15)
3Csk
If Soil is saturated normally consolidated clay, then the term
n ⋅ Cw
≈ 10 − 4 → and B ≈ 1.0
3C sk
But for O.C. and Rock Which are precompressed in the past
B < 1.0 as shown on Table 1
3. Uniaxial Stress (Unconfined Compression)
Where soil mass is compressed in vertical direction, it will expand in

other directions. (Swelling Coefficients = Cs2 and Cs3)
Considering Δσ 1 = Δσ 1 − Δu and Δσ 2 = Δσ 3 = − Δu ---(16)
Change in soil-void volume = change in pore water volume
n ⋅ V0 ⋅ C w ⋅ Δu = V0 ⋅ C sk1 ⋅ (Δσ 1 − Δu ) + V0 ⋅ C s 2 ⋅ (− Δu ) + V0 ⋅ C s 3 ⋅ (− Δu )
∴ Δu.(nCw + Csk1 + Cs 2 + Cs 3 ) = Δσ 1 ⋅ Csk 1
Δu Csk1
=
Δσ 1 (nCw + Csk1 + Cs 2 + Cs 3 )
---(17)
If soil is Isotropic and linear elastic material
Then
Δu 1
= = Pore Pr essure Parameter " D" ---(18)
Δσ 1 n C w + 3
C sk
4. Triaxial Compressive Stress
Unconsolidated-Undrained triaxial compression test in consisted of 2-

stages of applied stresses as;
1. Stage I Æ Isotropic Compression
When soil sample is applied by all around pressure, Δσ3
2. Stage II Æ Uniaxial Compression (Shearing)
When soil sample is applied by vertical stress of

Δσa= (Δσ1 Δσ3)
Confining Stage Shearing Stage
Pore Pressure due to Stage 1 : Isotropic compression
Δu1 = B Δσ3
Pore Pressure due to Stage 2 : Uniaxial compression
Δu2 = D (Δσ1- Δσ2)
∴ Overall pore pressure during UU-Triaxial Test
Δu = Δu1 + Δu2 = B Δσ3+ D (Δσ1- Δσ2) ---(19)
Special case for Saturated Soil and Incompressible pore water, then
B ≈ 1.00
Cw
From equation (17) when ≈ 0.00 and Cs2 = Cs3 = Cs , then
C sk1
Δu 1
= = Pore Pr essure Parameter " A"
Δσa 1 + 2Cs
C sk1
And eq.(19) becomes.
Δu = Δσ3+ A (Δσ1- Δσ3) ---(20)
As we can see from table 1 that “A-” parameter is depended on it stress

history
∴ " A" = f (OCR.) ---(21)
σm
When OCR. = Over Consolidation Ration =
σ v0
For Bangkok Clay and others Sedimentary soil, The Value of “A” can
be seen on Figure 9
Determination of A-Parameter from Stress-path
xy Δu Δu Δu f BC
A = = = Af = =
2 ⋅ xz σa Δσ 1 − Δσ 3 σa f 2 ⋅ BD
อิทธิพลที่มีตอ Pore Pressure Parameter “A” คา Parameter “A” ไมคงที่ ขึ้นอยูกับ
Prediction of Pore Pressure in the Field
Predictions of excess pore pressure in the field are related to stability,

bearing capacity and settlement problem
Since effective strength;
τ = c + (σ − u ) ⋅ tan φ
and settlement;
Cc P + Δu
S= ⋅ H ⋅ log 0
1 + e0 P0

Ex.
1. Stability Problem
2. Bearing Capacity – Similar to Stability
3. Consolidation and Settlement
Excess P.P.; Δu = B.Δσ 3 + A.(Δσ 1 − Δσ 3 )
Dissipation of Δ u leading to consolidation and settlement of soil layer.
ตัวอยาง Preloading Area
Henkel’s Pore Pressure Parameters.
In case of plan-strain stress condition when stresses on x,y and z

directions are all different. Henkel (1960) proposed that intermediate
principal stress (Δσ2) should be included in pore pressure calculation.
Δu = Δσ oct + 3. a ⋅ Δτ oct ---(22)
1
when Δσ oct = (Δσ 1 + Δσ 2 + Δσ 3 ) ---(23)
3
1 ---(24)
and Δτ oct = (Δσ 1 − Δσ 2 ) 2 + (Δσ 2 − Δσ 3 ) 2 + (Δσ 3 − Δσ 1 ) 2
3
Special case for triaxial loading when Δσ2 = Δσ3, then from eq. (22),
(23) and (24)
Δu =
(Δσ 1 + 2Δσ 3 ) + a 2 (Δσ − Δσ ) ---(25)
1 3
3
Special case for uniaxial loading when Δσ1-Δσ3 = Δσ1 and Δσ2 = Δσ3 = 0,
then
⎛1 ⎞
Δu = Δσ 1 ⎜ + a 2 ⎟ ---(26)
⎝ 3 ⎠
From eq.(20), Skempton’s parameter for uniaxial loading
Δu = 0 + A(Δσ 1 ) ---(27)
Equate eq (26) = (27), then
1 1 ⎛ 1⎞
A = + a⋅ 2 or a= ⎜ A− ⎟ ---(28)
3 2⎝ 3⎠
When
A = Skempton pore pressure parameter
a = Henkel pore pressure parameter
ตัวอยาง
ถนนบนดินเหนียวออน มีคันถนนสูงจากผิวดิน 2.00 เมตร กวาง 25 เมตร ดินบดอัดคันถนนมีความ

หนาแนน 2.0 ตันตอลบ.ม. จากการทดสอบ Triaxial Test ของดินฐานราก ทราบวาดินมีคุณสมบัติ
ดังนี้
“A” parameter = 0.90 , υ = 0.45
จงหาวา ที่จุด A, B และ C ในดินฐานรากจะมีความดันน้ําสวนเกินเกิดขึ้นเทาใด โดยใหถือวาการ

กอสรางเกิดขึ้นเร็วมาก
- Surcharge load
ที่ผิวดิน = 2x2 = 4 ตัน/ตร.ม.
- จากตารางที่ 3.4
“Advanced Soil Mechanics” By B.M. Das page
182
B = 12.5 , z = 6.25 m.
ตําแหนง x/b z/b σz σx σxz

σz /q σz σx /q σx σxz /q σxz
A 0 0.5 0.9594 3.838 0. 4498 1.799 0 0
B 0.5 0.5 0.9028 3.611 0.3920 1.568 0.1274 0.510
C 1.0 0.5 0.4969 1.988 0.3472 1.389 0.2996 1.198
จาก Mohr’s Diagram

2
σ x +σ z ⎛σ =σx ⎞ ---(1)
σ1 = + δ xz2 + ⎜ z ⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
2
σ x +σ z ⎛σ = σ x ⎞
σ3 = − δ xz2 + ⎜ z ⎟ ---(2)
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
σ 2 = ν (σ 1 + σ 3 ) = 0.45(σ 1 + σ 3 ) ---(3)
ตําแหนง σx σz σxz σ1 σ3 σ2
A 1.799 3.838 0.0 3.838 1.799 2.537
B 1.568 3.611 0.510 3.731 1.448 2.331
C 1.389 1.988 1.198 2.923 0.454 1.520
Henkel’s pore pressure
1 ⎛ 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 1⎞
a= ⎜ A− ⎟ a= ⎜ 0.9 − ⎟ = 0.400
2⎝ 3⎠ 2⎝ 3⎠
σ1 + σ 2 + σ 3
∴ Δu = +a (Δσ 1 − Δσ 2 )2 + (Δσ 2 − Δσ 3 )2 + (Δσ 3 − Δσ 1 )2
3
ที่ตําแหนง A Pore Pressure ΔμA = 3.55 ตัน / ตร.ม.

B Pore Pressure ΔμB = 3.43 ตัน / ตร.ม.
C Pore Pressure ΔμC = 2.62 ตัน / ตร.ม.
Material No. Soil Type Kh Kv

Cm/sec Cm/sec
1 Rock 1.00E-10 1.00E-10
2 SC 1.56E-06 1.73E-07
3 CL 3.66E-06 4.07E-07
4 Slurry 1.00E-08 1.00E-08
5 Dam 1.00E-08 3.30E-09
6 Relief Well 1.00E-03 1.00E-03
7 SP-SM 6.35E-06 6.35E-06

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203552 Advanced Soil Mechanics

Dr. Warakorn Mairaing

Civil Engineering Department

Soil permeability (k) or Hydraulic conductivity is soil property which

According to Darcy’s law (Laminar’flow)

Then k=v Æ so permeability (k) is the seepage velocity through soil

Factors affect soil permeability

There an 2 main groups of factors

1. Fluid properties flow through soil (Permeant)

If total soil x-section = A, Degree of Saturation = S and porosity = n,

- Taylar (1984) using poiseville’s law of flow through. Capillary tubes to

- Kazeny – Carman (1927, 1956)

Ds = effective particle diameters, γ = unit wt. of water

Equation (3) is soil permeability model function consisted of

1. Permeant Æ ex. Fresh water, crude oil, contaminant to eliminate the

For fresh water at 20oc when u and r are known, then

k (cm 2 ) = 1.02 ×10 −5 ⋅ k (cm / sec) ---(5)

- Soil smaller than coarse gravel Darcy’s law is valid

Permeability model (Eq.3) may not valid due to the influences of

In general factors influence soil permeabilitics are :

1. Particle size distribution (Pore size distribution)

1. Particle Size for sand and silt

Hazen k ≅ 100 D102

Land and Washburn k ≅ (1-40) D102

3. Soil Mineral and Soil Structure for clay

3.1 Defused Double Layer Æ Free water

High degree of saturation Æ high permeability saturation

Pore Pressure Development

Pore Pressure Development

When partially or fully saturated soils are subjected to external load or

It is very important to predict Δu since it is related to many soil

Two periods are involved during loading and subsequence times,

1. Undrained loading; When load or excess pore pressure change

Pore Pressure Development

2. Pore Pressure Dissipation; when applied load is rather constant and

Figure 3 is the ground water lowering ----Æ Bangkok ground water

Pore Pressure Development

Pore Pressure Development

Pore Pressure Development

Pore Pressure Development

Pore Pressure Development

Pore Pressure Development

Pore Pressure Development

Pore Pressure Development

Skempton’s Pore Pressure Parameters

Prof. Skempton (1954) of Imperial College (London) developed the

Assuming total stresses (Δσ) changes happen suddenly. (at Δt = 0)

Skempton’s Pore Pressure =

The magnitude of Δu is depended on;

Pore Pressure Development

Case study on;

3. Uniaxial Stress (Unconfined Compression)

Pore Pressure Development

1. Confined Compression (1-D Consolidation, Land Reclamation)

Compressibility of soil Skeleton

Compressibility of pore water

ΔVsk = Change in soil skeleton volume = Csk ⋅ Δσ 1 ⋅V0 ---(5)

ΔVw = Change in water volume = Cw ⋅ Δu ⋅ nV0 ---(6)

Pore Pressure Development

In particular soil mass; change of soil volume = Change in water vol.

Relationship of total and effective stresses Δσ 1 = Δσ 1 − Δu ---(8)

Then substitute (8) in (7)

Csk (Δσ 1 − Δu ) = n ⋅ Cw ⋅ Δu Δu.(n.C w + Csk ) = C sk Δσ 1

Pore Pressure Development