Determinant (Answers)

1 1 1 0 0 1
2 0
1. (a) D = 2× 3 1 1 = 2× 2 0 1 = 2× = 2×2 = 4
3 1
4 2 1 3 1 1

(b) C1 and C2 are in ratio, therefore D = 0.

(c) Use Sarrus rule to expand the given determinant, D = 2abc .
b+c a−b a b+c a−b a
R 3 → R1 + R 2 + R 3
(d) D c+a b−c b = (a + b + c) c + a b − c b
=
2( a + b + c ) 0 a+b+c 2 0 1

= – (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – bc – ca – ab)
4 3 1 4 3 1
C 3 → C 3 − C1 R 3 → R 3 − R1 1 6
(e) D 1 6 1 1 6 0= = − 23
= = 3 −5
7 −2 1 3 −5 0

(f) By Sarrus rule of expansion, result follows.

a b c 0 1 1
2. (a) L.H.S. = p q r × 1 0 1 = R.H.S.
x y z 1 1 0

R1 → R1 − R 2 0 a − b a 2 − b2
a − b a 2 − b2
(b) D = 0 b − c b2 − c2 = = (a – b) (b2 – c2) – (b – c)(a2 – b2)
b−c b −c 2 2
R2 → R2 − R3 1 c c2
= (a – b) (b – c) {(b + c) – (a + b)} = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
1 a a3 1 a a 2 (a + b + c)
C 3 → C 3 + (ab + bc + ca )C 2 − abcC1
(c) D = 1 b b 3
1 b b 2 (a + b + c)
=
1 c c3 1 c c 2 (a + b + c)

= (a + b + c) × determinant in 2(b)
= (a + b + c) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
x y z
R 3 → R 3 + ( x + y + z)R 1 − R 2
(d) D x2 y2 z2
=
yz + zx + xy yz + zx + xy yz + zx + xy

= (yz + z x + xy) ( x – y ) ( y – z ) ( z – x )
by (i) taking out (yz + z x + xy) in R3 ;
(ii) interchange R2 with R3 and then R1 with R2 ;
(iii) result in 2 (c) where a = x , b = y , c = z .
(e) D = –8abc + 2(b + c)(c + a)(a + b) + 2a(b + c)2 + 2b(c + a)2 + 2c(a + b)2
= 2(b + c)(c + a)(a + b) + 2a(b + c)2 –8abc + 2b (c2 + 2ca + a2) + 2c(a2 + 2ab + b2)
= 2(b + c)(c + a)(a + b) + 2a(b + c)2 + 2bc2 + 2ba2 + 2ca2 + 2cb2
= 2(b + c)(c + a)(a + b) + 2a(b + c)2 + 2a2(b + c) + 2bc(b + c)
= 2(b + c)(c + a)(a + b) + 2(b + c){a(b + c) + a2 + 2bc}
= 2(b + c)(c + a)(a + b) + 2(b + c)(c + a)(a + b)
= 4(b + c)(c + a)(a + b)

1
 1 ω ω2 1 + ω + ω2 ω ω2
R1 → R1 + R 2 + R 3 1 − ω3 0
3. (a) ω ω2 1 1 + ω + ω2 ω2 1 = 0 ,since 1 + ω + ω 2 = = =0.
= 1− ω ω
ω2 1 ω 1 + ω + ω2 1 ω

(b) D = 1 + ω6 + ω6 – ω4 – ω2 – ω6 = 1 + 1 + 1 - ω - ω2 – 1 ( ω3 = 1 )
= 3 – (ω2 + ω + 1) = 3 – 0 =3
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 1 a a3
R 3 → R 3 + 2R 2
4. D a b c = (a + b + c) a b c = − (a + b + c) 1 b b 3
=
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c 1 1 1 1 c c3
= –(a + b + c)2 (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c 1 1 1
R → R1 + R 2 + R 3
5. D 1 2b b−c−a 2b = (a + b + c ) 2 b b − c − a 2b
=
2c 2c c−a−b 2c 2c c−a−b

C 2 → C 2 − C1 1 0 0
− (a + b + c) 0
= 2 b − (a + b + c) 0 = (a + b + c)
0 − (a + b + c)
C 3 → C 3 − C1 2c 0 − (a + b + c)

= (a + b + c)3
a a + b + c a2 a 1 a2 1 a a2
C 2 → C 2 + C1
6. D b a + b + c b 2 = (a + b + c) b 1 b 2 = − (a + b + c) 1 b b 2
=
c a + b + c c2 c 1 c2 1 c c2
= –(a + b + c) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) , by 2 (b)

a2 − (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) bc a 2 1 bc
C 2 → C 2 − 2C 1 − 2 C 3
7. D b2 − (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) ca = −(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) b 2 1 ca
=
c2 − (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) ab c2 1 ab

a 2 1 1/ a a3 a 1 1 1 1
= −abc(a + b + c ) b
2 2 2 2
1 1 / b = −(a + b + c ) b
2 2 2 3
b 1 = (a + b + c
2 2 2
)a b c
2 3 3 3
c 1 1/ c c c 1 a b c3
= (a2 + b2 + c2) (a + b + c) (a – b)(b – c)(c – a), by 2(c)
abc abc abc a b c
1 ( bc)(ca )(ab)
8. L.H.S. = bc(c − b ) ca (a − c ) ab( b − a ) = c−b a −c b−a
abc 2 2 2 abc
b c c a a b b c a

a b c
R2 → R2 + R3
abc c a b = abc (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc)
=
b c a

1 −x −x −x 1 −x −x −x
R i → R i + R1
0 r1 + x a + x a + x 1 r1 a a
9. D( x ) = (i = 1,2,3)
0 b + x r2 + x a + x 1 b r2 a
=
0 b + x b + x r3 + x 1 b b r3

1 a a r1 1 a r1 a 1
= D(0) + x 1 r2 a + x b 1 a + x b r2 1 , by expansion in R1 .
1 b r3 b 1 r3 b b 1
2
 1 1 1 0
r a a 1
= D ( 0) + x 1 = D(0) + x ∆ …. (*)
b r2 a 1
b b r3 1

By substitution, it can be seen that D(-b) = (r1 – b)(r2 – b)(r3 – b) = f(b)

and D(-a) = (r1 – a)(r2 – a)(r3 – a) = f(a)
By (*), f(b) = D(-b) = D(0) – b ∆ …. (1)
f(a) = D(-a) = D(0) – a ∆ …. (2)
Solving (1) and (2) for D(0), result follows.

ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca
R → R1 + R 2
10. D ( a , b, c ) 1 bc ca ab = 0 , since R1 and R3 are in ratio.
=
1 1 1

Therefore a, b, c, (b – c), (c – a), (a – b) are factors of 0.

11. Writing a = sin x , b = siny , c = sinz ; p = cos x , q = cos y , r = cos z

a b c 1 1 1
D= 2ap 2bq 2cr = abc 2p 2q 2r
a (3 − 4 a 2 ) b (3 − 4 b 2 ) c ( 3 − 4 c 2 ) 3 − 4a 2 3 − 4b 2 3 − 4c 2

R2 → R2 − R3 1 0 0
q−r r−p
= abc 2p 2( q − r ) 2( r − p) = 8abc
(q − r )(q + r ) ( r − p)( r + p)
R 3 → R 3 → R1 3 − 4a 2 4( c 2 − b 2 ) 4( a 2 − c 2 )

= 8abc(q – r)(r – p)(p – q)

= 8 sin x sin y sin z (cos y – cos z)(cos z – cos x)(cos x – cos y)

12. Method 1
− sin(θ + x ) sin(θ + x ) 1 cos(θ + x ) cos(θ + x ) 1 cos(θ + x ) sin(θ + x ) 0
dD
= − sin(θ + y) sin(θ + y) 1 + cos(θ + y) cos(θ + y) 1 + cos(θ + y ) sin(θ + y) 0 = 0
dθ
− sin(θ + z ) sin(θ + z ) 1 cos(θ + z ) cos(θ + z ) 1 cos(θ + z ) sin(θ + z ) 0

∴ D is independent of θ .

Method 2
x+y x−y x+y x−y
− 2 sin   sin   2 cos  sin   0
cos(θ + x ) sin(θ + x ) 1 R 1 → R 1 − R 2  2   2   2   2 
y+z y−z y−z y−z
cos(θ + y) sin(θ + y) 1 = − 2 sin   sin   2 cos  sin   0
 2   2   2   2 
cos(θ + z ) sin(θ + z ) 1 R 2 → R 2 − R 3 cos(θ + z ) sin(θ + z ) 1

x+y x+y
sin   cos 
x−y  y−z  2   2  = −4 sin  x − y  sin  y − z  sin  z − x 
= −4 sin   sin        
 2   2  sin  y + z  cos y + z   2   2   2 
   
 2   2 
which is independent of θ.

3
13. Let f(z) = given determinant.
f( (1 + a2) sin (π/6) ) = 0, by substituting into the given determinant, R1 and R3 are equal.
f( (1 + a2) sin (π/3) ) = 0, by substituting into the given determinant, C1 and C3 are in ratio.
2
f( (1 + a ) x ) is a determinant of degree 3.
It can be easily seen from the determinant that : Coefficient of x2 – term = 0.
Let α be the third root, Sum of roots = α + sin (π/6) + sin (π/3) = 0
1 3
∴ α=− − .
2 2
1 − 2a cos x a2
1
14. ∆= cos( n − 1) x − 2 cos nx cos x cos( n + 1) x
− 2 cos x
sin( n − 1) x − 2 sin nx cos x sin( n + 1) x

1 − 2a cos x a2
1
= cos( n − 1) x − [cos(n + 1) x + cos( n − 1) x ] cos( n + 1) x
− 2 cos x
sin( n − 1) x − [sin( n + 1) + sin( n − 1) x ] sin( n + 1) x

1 1 − 2a cos x + a 2 a2
C 2 → C 2 + C1 + C 3 1
cos( n − 1) x 0 cos(n + 1) x
= − 2 cos x
sin( n − 1) x 0 sin( n − 1) x
1 − 2a cos x + a 2 cos( n − 1) x cos( n + 1) x
=
2 cos x sin( n − 1) x sin( n − 1) x
1 − 2a cos x + a 2
= sin 2 x = (1 − 2a cos x + a 2 )sin x
2 cos x

1 cos A cos A 1 − sin A sin A 1 − sin A cos A 1 cos A sin A

15. L.H.S. = 1 cos B cos B + 1 − sin B sin B + 1 − sin B cos B + 1 cos B sin B
1 cos C cos C 1 − sin C sin C 1 − sin C cos C 1 cos C sin C

= 0 + 0 + 0 + R.H.S. = R.H.S.
sin B sin C sin A sin C sin A sin B
16. ∆= − + = sin (A – B) + sin (B – C) + sin (C – A)
cos B cos C cos A cos C cos A cos B

C 2 → C 2 − C3 1 0 B+C B−C 0 C+A C−A

2 cos  sin   2 cos  sin  
∆ = sin A sin B − sin C sin C − sin A =  2   2   2   2 
B+C B−C C+A C−A
C 3 → C 3 − C1 cos A cos B − cos C cos C − cos A − 2 sin   sin   − 2 sin   sin  
 2   2   2   2 

B+C C+A
cos  cos 
B−C C−A  2   2  = −4 sin  B − C  sin  C − A  sin  A − B 
= −4 sin   sin        
 2   2  sin  B + C  sin  C + A   2   2   2 
   
 2   2 

17. Expansion on both sides gives result. |A| |B| = |AB| for 2 × 2 determinants.

18. D = first given determinant = D′ (the transpose) = (b – c)(c – a)(a – b) , by 2(b)

Therefore, second given determinant = DD′ = [(b – c)(c – a)(a – b)]2

4
19. Interchanging C2 and C3 gives the first result.
Let the first given determinant be D.
a b c −a −c −b 2bc − a 2 b2 c2
then D2 = c a b c b a = b2 2ab − c 2 a2
b c a b a c c2 a2 2ca − b 2
= last determinant, by interchanging C2 and C3 , then R2 and R3 .

b c a
20. The other factor is a b c =0.
0 0 0

a b cb c a 2ab ac + b 2 bc + a 2 2ab ac + b 2 bc + a 2
R2 ↔ R3
c a b a b c = bc + a 2 ab + c 2 2ac ab + b 2 2 bc ab + c 2 = 0
=
b c a 0 0 0 ab + b 2 2bc ab + c 2 bc + a 2 ab + c 2 2ac

s0 s2 s3  1 1 1  1 α 2 α3  1 1 1 1 α2 α3
  
21. s4 s6 s7 =  α4 β4 γ 4  1 β 2 β  = α4
3
β4 γ 4 1 β2 β3
s6 s8 s 9  α 6 β6 γ 6 1 γ 2 γ 3  α 6 β6 γ6 1 γ2 γ3

22. D3 = D3′ = D1 × D2 = D1 × 0 = 0 .

C3 → C3 − C2 1 0 0
c−a a−b 1 1
23. A = a+b c−a a−b = = (c − a )(a − b )
b (c − a ) c(a − b ) b c
C 2 → C 2 − C1 ab b (c − a ) c(a − b )

= – (c – a)(a – b)(b – c)
x2 x 1
 
X =  y2 y 1
 z2 z 1

det B = (det x) (det A) = [-(x – y)(y – z)(z – x)][-(a – b)(b – c)(c – a)] = (x – y)(y – z)(z – x)(a – b)(b – c)(c – a)

A H G aA + hH + gG aH + hB + gF aG + hF + gC ∆ 0 0
24. (a) ∆ × H B F = hA + bH + fG hH + bF + fF hG + bF + fC = 0 ∆ 0 = ∆3
G F C gA + fH + cG gH + fB + cF gG + fF + cC 0 0 ∆

Therefore, if ∆ ≠ 0, cancel ∆ on both sides, result follows.

if ∆ = 0, both sides = 0 and result follows.
1 H G a 0 0
(b) ∆× 0 B F = h ∆ 0 = a∆2
0 F C g 0 ∆

∴ ∆ (BC – F2) = a∆2 .

Result follows for both ∆≠0.

A 0 G
25. Consider ∆× H 0 F . Similar to 24 (b).
G 1 C

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26. Multiply R1 by a, R2 by b, R3 by c in the given equation, we get
a a 2 + abcx bc a a2 bc a 1 bc
b b + abcx ca = 0
2
⇒ b b 2
ca + abcx b 1 ca = 0
c c 2 + abcx ab c c2 ab c 1 ab

In the second determinant in the last equation, use C3 → C3 – (a + b + c) C1 + (ab + bc + ca)C2 ,

then evaluate by 2(b).
The first determinant can be evaluated by 2(c).
We get (a – b)(b – c)(c – a) (ab + bc + ca) – abcx (a – b)(b – c)(c – a) = 0.
ab + bc + ca
Therefore x=
abc

1 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ 4 sin 2θ

0 1 + sin 2 θ cos 2 θ 4 sin 2θ
27. =0
0 sin 2 θ 1 + cos 2 θ 4 sin 2θ
0 sin 2 θ cos θ 1 + 4 sin 2θ
2

Use Ri → Ri – R1 , i = 2, 3, 4 .

1 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ 4 sin 2θ 1 + sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + 4 sin 2θ sin 2 θ cos 2 θ 4 sin 2θ

4
−1 1 0 0 C →
=0 1
Ci ∑ 0 1 0 0
=0
−1 0 1 0 i =1
0 0 1 0
=
−1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

Therefore 1 + sin2 θ + cos2 θ + 4sin 2θ = 0

2 + 4 sin 2θ = 0 ,2θ = nπ + (-1)n (-π/6)
1  π
θ= nπ + ( −1) n  −  , where n is an integer.
2  12 

28. Method 1
x x2 a3 x x2 x3 x x2 1 1 x x2
b b2 a3 − b b2 b3 = 0 ⇒ a 3 b b 2 1 − xbc 1 b b 2 = 0
c c2 a3 c c2 c3 c c2 1 1 c c2
a3 (x – b)(b – c)(c – x) – xbc (x – b)(b – c)(c – x) = 0
(b – c) (x – b) (c – x)(a3 – xbc) = 0
a3
x = b , c,
bc
Method 2
It can be seen that x = b, x = c are roots of the given equation by Factor Theorem.
Degree of the equation =3 and let α be the third root.
3
From the determinant, Coefficient of x – term = b2c
Coefficient of constant term = - a 3b2c
Product of roots = α bc = - (- a3b2c)/( b2c), solve for α we have:
3
a
x = b , c,
bc

6
29. ∆ = a3 + 2b3 – 3ab2 = (a + 2b)(a – b)2 = 7(x + 1)(x – 2)
Therefore , x = -1 or 2.

2
a b c a b ca c b s p p
30. c a b = c a bb a c = p s p
b c a b c a c b a p p s
2
a b c a b ca b c x z y
c a b = c a bc a b = y x z
b c a b c a b c a z y x

31. OA = x 1i + y1 j + z1k , OB = x 2 i + y 2 j + z 2 k , OC = x 3 i + y 3 j + z 3k

1 x1 y1
1 1
Area of ABC = AB × AC = 1 x2 y2
2 2
1 x3 y3

Area of parallelogram formed by OB and OC as adjacent sides = OB × OC

x1 y1 z1
Volume of parallelepiped = OA • OB × OC = x 2 ( ) y2 z2
x3 y3 z3

32. Area of triangle formed by (x , y) , (x1 , y1) , (x2 , y2) = 0

By no. 31 , result followed.

33. Li : Ai + Bi y + Ci = 0, i = 1, 2, 3 are concurrent

⇒ L3 passes through the intersection point of L1 and L2
⇒ (x, y) = (∆x / ∆ , ∆y / ∆ ) satisfies L3
⇒ Coefficient determinant = 0

The condition is not sufficient,

Consider 3 parallel lines which are not concurrent, the coefficient determinant = 0