Design Study

Jenny Pontoan
Okpri Meila
Fakultas Farmasi, ISTN
Jakarta, Desember 2018
 Study Designs: Types

• Qualitative
• Quantitative
–Experimental
–Observational
Qualitative Designs
 Comparison (I)
Qualitative Quantitative
• Understanding • Prediction
• Interview/observation • Survey/questionnaires
• Discovering frameworks • Existing frameworks
• Textual (words) • Numerical
• Theory generating • Theory testing (experimental)
• Quality of informant more important than • Sample size core issue in reliability of
sample size data
• Subjective • Objective
• Embedded knowledge • Public
• Models of analysis: fidelity to text or words • Model of analysis: parametric, non-
of interviewees parametric
 Comparison (II)
Qualitative Quantitative
 Methods Methods
◦ Focus Groups ◦ Observational
◦ Interviews ◦ Experimental
◦ Surveys ◦ Mixed
◦ Self-reports ◦ Sampling: Random
◦ Observations (simple, stratified,
◦ Document analysis cluster, etc) or purposive
◦ Sampling: Purposive
 Qualitative Research Techniques
• Participant observation (field notes)
• Interviews / Focus group discussions with key
infomants
• Video / Text and Image analysis (documents,
media data)
• Surveys
• User testing
 Involves Skills of

• Observing

• Conversing

• Participating

• Interpreting
Quantitative Designs
 Quantitative designs

• Observational: studies that do not involve

any intervention or experiment.
• Experimental: studies that entail
manipulation of the study factor (exposure)
and randomization of subjects to treatment
(exposure) groups
Observational Designs
 Observation Methods
• Selected Units: individuals, groups
• Study Populations: cross-sectional, longitudinal
• Data collection timing: prospectively, retrospectively,
combination
• Data collection types: primary, secondary
 Study populations
 Cross-sectional: where only ONE set of observations is
collected for every unit in the study, at a certain point in
time, disregarding the length of time of the study as a
whole
 Longitudinal: where TWO or MORE sets of
observations are collected for every unit in the study,
i.e. follow-up is involved in order to allow monitoring of
a certain population (cohort) over a specified period of
time. Such populations are AT RISK (disease-free) at the
start of the study.
Observational Designs (Classification I)

Exploratory: used when the state of knowledge about

the phenomenon is poor: small scale; of limited
duration.
Descriptive: used to formulate a certain hypothesis:
small / large scale. Examples: case-studies; cross-
sectional studies
Analytical: used to test hypotheses: small / large
scale. Examples: case-control, cross-sectional, cohort.
 Observational Designs
(Classification II)
Preliminary (case-reports, case-series)
Basic (cross-sectional, case-control, cohort
[prospective, retrospective] )
Hybrid (two or more of the above, nested case-control
within cohort, etc)
Incomplete (ecological, PMR, etc)
Others (repeated, case cross-over, migrant, twin, etc)
Experimental Designs
 Experimental Study Design
• A study in which a population is selected for a planned trial
of a regimen, whose effects are measured by comparing
the outcome of the regimen in the experimental group
versus the outcome of another regimen in the control
group.
• Such designs are differentiated from observational designs
by the fact that there is manipulation of the study factor
(exposure), and randomization (random allocation) of
subjects to treatment (exposure) groups.
RANDOMIZATION outcome

Intervention
no outcome

Study
population
outcome
Control

no outcome

baseline
future

time
Study begins here (baseline point)
 Types of trials
Diagramtitel

Trial

Controlled Not controlled

Randomised Not randomised

Blinded Not blinded

 RCT Advantages (I)

– Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

– The “gold standard” of research designs. They thus
provide the most convincing evidence of relationship
between exposure and effect. Example:
• trials of hormone replacement therapy in menopausal
women found no protection for heart disease,
contradicting findings of prior observational studies
 RCT Advantages (II)

• Best evidence study design

• No inclusion bias (using blinding)
• Controlling for possible confounders
• Comparable Groups (using randomization)
 Data Collection
• Primer
• Sekunder
Sampling
 Sampling Methods

• Two categories of sampling methods:

- Nonprobability sampling
- Probability sampling
 Nonprobability Sampling Methods
• Convenience Sampling
• Quota Sampling
• Purposive Sampling
 Probability Sampling Methods

• Simple Random Sampling

• Systematic Sampling
• Stratified Sampling
• Cluster Sampling
• Multistage Sampling
 Tugas
(Observational Design)
• Case-series:
Clinical case series
 Characteristics
• Cross-sectional Studies  Merits
(Community health studies,  Limitations
surveys)  Effect measure
• Case - Control Studies  Example
• Cohort Studies

Lengkap dengan literatur

Lanjutan Tugas

Jelaskan dan berikan contoh dalam Artikel !

• Nonprobability Sampling
1. Convenience Sampling
2. Quota Sampling
3. Purposive Sampling
• Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling
2. Systematic Sampling
3. Stratified Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling
5. Multistage Sampling
Lengkap dengan literatur
 Bias Penelitian
• Sebutkan dan Jelaskan jenis-jenis bias penelitian
(lengkap dengan literatur)