Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Problems Related to Hydrology
Quantity of water available from a catchment ?
7
Peak discharge expected in a stream during a storm ?
8
The design of hydraulic structures eg. dams/ reservoirs, bridges
9
Damage caused by peak floods
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Uses of Engineering Hydrology
Engineering Hydrology seeks to answer questions of the following types:
• How does a catchment’s water yield vary from season to season and from year to
year?
• What hydrologic hardware (e.g. rain gauges, stream gauges etc) and software
(computer models) are needed for real-time flood forecasting?
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Hydrologic Measurement and Analysis
• Hydrological Measurements
Deals with the measurement of water in the different phases
of hydrological cycle such as rainfall and stream gauging.
• Hydrological Analysis
Aims to develop a methodology to quantify a certain phase
or phases of hydrologic cycle – for instance, precipitation,
infiltration, or surface runoff.
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HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
• The hydrologic cycle describes the continues re-circulating
transport of the waters of the earth, linking atmosphere, land and
oceans.
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Hydrologic Cycle
• Precipitation
• Interception
• Evaporation
• Transpiration
• Infiltration
• Overland flow
• Sub Surface flow (P-96)
• Groundwater outflow
17
18
Moi s tu re ove r lan39
d
Pre ci pitati on
Pre ci pitati on on oce an
on l an d 385
100
Evapotran s piration
from l an d
61
In fi ltrati on Evaporati on
Sur face from ocean
flow
424
S u rface ou tfl ow
38
Grou n dwate r fl ow
Grou n dwate r
ou tfl ow
1
On land:
P = Evapotranspiration (ET) + Surface runoff (R) +
Groundwater outflow
100 = 61 + 38 + 1
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Table 1. Estimated Distribution of World's Water.
Surface Water
Salt Water in Oceans 1320000 97.2
Salt water in lakes & inland seas 104 0.008
Fresh water in lakes 125 0.009
Fresh water in stream channels 1.25 0.0001
Fresh water in glaciers and icecaps 29000 2.15
Water in the biomass 50 0.004
Subsurface water
Vadose water 67 0.005
G/W within depth of 0.8 km 4200 0.31
G/W between 0.8 and 4 km depth 4200 0.31
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Hydrologic Systems
• Chow, Maidment, and Mays (1988) defined a hydrologic system as a
structure or volume in space, surrounded by a boundary, that accepts
water and other inputs, operates on them internally, and produces them
as outputs.
• The structure (for surface or subsurface flow) or volume in space (for
atmospheric moisture flow) is the totality of the flow paths through
which the water may pass as throughout from the point it enters the
system to the point it leaves.
• The boundary is a continuous surface defined in three dimensions
enclosing the volume or structure.
• A working medium enters the system as input, interacts with the
structure and other media, and leaves as output.
• Physical, chemical and biological processes operate on the working
media within the system; the most common working media involved in
hydrologic analysis are water, air and heat energy.
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Mass Balance in Hydrologic Systems
• General form:
Rate of accumulation of mass in system =
Input rate - output rate ± reaction
• Hydrologists:
Change in storage = Inflow – Outflow
• Assumptions:
– no reaction
– volume, pressure, temperature do not change
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Water Balance Components
Inflow:
1. Precipitation
2. Import defined as water channeled into a given area.
3. Groundwater inflow from adjoining areas.
Outflow:
1. Surface runoff outflow
2. Export defined as water channeled out of the same area.
3. Evaporation
4. Transpiration
5. Interception
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Global Hydrologic Cycle
25
Precipitation Evaporation
Atmospheric Water
Interception
Transpiration
Runoff to streams
Surface
Water
Subsurface Water
Groundwater Groundwater
recharge flow
Surface
runoff (R)
Infiltration (F)
Time t = T
Time t = 0
Change in storage (DS) Surface runoff (R)
Storage (S)
Infiltration (F)
DS = P - (R + F + ET)
DS = +ve if P > (R + F + ET)
DS = -ve if P < (R + F + ET)
DS = 0 if P = (R + F + ET)
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Catchment and Basin
• A catchment is a portion of the earth’s surface that
collects runoff and concentrates it at its furthest
downstream point, referred to as the catchment outlet.
• All of the water that falls on the inside of the divide has the
potential to be shed into the streams of the basin encompassed
by the divide. Water falling outside of the divide is shed to
another basin.
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Stream Order
• A third order stream has first and second order tributaries and
so on.
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Divide
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 1
1 2
2
3 2
1
3
1
3 2 1
1 1
4
1
2
4
Size
Slope Reservoir
Shape Natural
stream
Soil type
Urban
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HYDROLOGICAL DATA
For the analysis and design of any hydrologic project adequate data and length of records are
necessary. A hydrologist is often posed with lack of adequate data. The basic hydrological data
required are:
(i) Climatological data
(ii) Hydrometeorological data like temperature, wind velocity, humidity, etc.
(iii) Precipitation records
(iv) Stream-flow records
(v) Seasonal fluctuation of ground water table or piezometric heads
(vi) Evaporation data
(vii) Cropping pattern, crops and their consumptive use
(viii) Water quality data of surface streams and ground water
(ix) Geomorphologic studies of the basin, like area, shape and slope of the basin, mean and median
elevation, mean temperature (as well as highest and lowest temperature recorded) and other
physiographic characteristics of the basin; stream density and drainage density; tanks and reservoirs
(x) Hydrometeorological characteristics of basin:
i. (Depth-area-duration (DAD) curves for critical storms (station equipped with self-recording
raingauges).
ii. Isohyetal maps—Isohyets may be drawn for long-term average, annual and monthly precipitation
for individual years and months
iii. Cropping pattern—crops and their seasons
iv. Daily, monthly and annual evaporation from water surfaces in the basin
v. Water balance studies of the basin
vi. Soil conservation and methods of flood control 34
Problem #1
(i). How much total river runoff occurred in the year (in m3)?
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Problem #1
Solution
36
Problem #1
(iii). The water balance equation can be arranged to produce:
ET+F= P - R - ΔS
where:
P = (1.3 2500106)
= 3.25109 m3
So,
ET + F = 3.25109 - 9.4608108
= 2.30392109 m3
= (2.30392109) / (2500106)
= 0.92 m 37
Problem #2
In a given year, a catchment with an area of 1750 km2 received 1250
mm of precipitation. The average rate of flow measured in a river
draining the catchment was 25 m3s-1.
(i). Calculate how much total river runoff occurred in the year
(in m3).
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Problem #2
Solution:
40
Problem #3
• DS = I – O + P – E =
= 3,888,000 m3/mo – 3,240,000 m3/mo
+ 159,300 m3/mo – 99,300 m3/mo
• DS = 708,000 m3/mo