G A R F I N Z E I D E N B E RG LLP

- L A W Y E R S S I N C E 1976 -
Yonge-Norton Centre, 5255 Yonge Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M2N 6P4
Tel: (416) 512-8000 ⋅ Fax: (416) 512-9992

To: All Lawyers

From: Jonathan Keslassy
Date: March 11, 2010
Re: Independent Legal Advice vs. Independent Legal
Representation

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this memo is to determine the difference between the

concepts of “independent legal advice” and “independent legal representation”
and outline the circumstances in which one ought to be used over the other.

CONCLUSION

The wording within the Law Society’s Rules of Professional Conduct implies
a distinction between “independent legal advice” and “independent legal
representation”.

Independent legal advice is more appropriately used as a precaution in an

ongoing relationship in any given file between a lawyer and client, for instance,
where:

• A lawyer seeks to obtain a client’s consent to act on their

behalf, despite an actual or potential conflict of interest;
• A joint retainer is contemplated;
• A client wishes to transfer his or her interest in property to the
lawyer as a means to pay his or her legal account; or
• A lawyer arranges for a person to be an investor in a syndicated
mortgage or loan where the lawyer is also an investor.

Alternatively, independent legal representation suggests the requirement for a

client to obtain continued services from another lawyer, for instance, where:

• The opposing party to the transaction or proceeding is

unrepresented; or

1 of 5
 • The lawyer engages in business with the client.

INDEPENDENT LEGAL ADVICE

According to the Law Society’s Rules of Professional Conduct, a lawyer

should recommend independent legal advice in the following scenarios:

1. Avoidance of Conflicts of Interest

2.04 (3) A lawyer shall not act or continue to act in a matter
when there is or is likely to be a conflicting interest unless, after
disclosure adequate to make an informed decision, the client or
prospective client consents.

2. Joint Retainer
2.04 (6) Except as provided in subrule (8.2), where a lawyer
accepts employment from more than one client in a matter or
transaction, the lawyer shall advise the clients that

(a) the lawyer has been asked to act for both or all of
them,

(b) no information received in connection with the matter

from one can be treated as confidential so far as any of
the others are concerned, and

(c) if a conflict develops that cannot be resolved, the

lawyer cannot continue to act for both or all of them and
may have to withdraw completely.

2.04 (7) Except as provided in subrule (8.2), where a lawyer has

a continuing relationship with a client for whom the lawyer acts
regularly, before the lawyer accepts joint employment for that
client and another client in a matter or transaction, the lawyer
shall advise the other client of the continuing relationship and
recommend that the client obtain independent legal advice
about the joint retainer.

3. Transfer of Interest as a Retainer

2.06 (2.1) When a client intends to pay for legal services by
transferring to his, her or its lawyer a share, participation or
other interest in property or in an enterprise, other than a non-
material interest in a publicly traded enterprise, the lawyer shall
recommend but need not require that the client receive
independent legal advice before accepting a retainer.

Although the above subrules do not require that a lawyer advise the client
to obtain independent legal advice, in some cases, especially those in which one
of the clients is less sophisticated or more vulnerable than the other, the lawyer
should recommend such advice to ensure that the client's consent is informed,

2 of 5
genuine, and uncoerced. Conversely, the following subrule requires independent
legal advice:

4. Lawyers in Loan or Mortgage Transactions

2.06 (6) A lawyer engaged in the private practice of law in
Ontario shall not directly, or indirectly through a corporation,
syndicate, partnership, trust, or other entity in which the lawyer
or a related person has a financial interest, other than an
ownership interest of a corporation or other entity offering its
securities to the public of less than five per cent (5%) of any
class of securities

(a) hold a syndicated mortgage or loan in trust for

investor clients unless each investor client receives

(i) a complete reporting letter on the transaction,

(ii) a trust declaration signed by the person in

whose name the mortgage or any security
instrument is registered, and

(iii) a copy of the duplicate registered mortgage or

security instrument,

(b) arrange or recommend the participation of a client or

other person as an investor in a syndicated mortgage or
loan where the lawyer is an investor unless the lawyer can
demonstrate that the client or other person had
independent legal advice in making the investment, or

(c) sell mortgages or loans to, or arrange mortgages or

loans for, clients or other persons except in accordance
with the skill, competence, and integrity usually expected
of a lawyer in dealing with clients.

INDEPENDENT LEGAL REPRESENTATION

Independent legal representation is mandatory in the following

circumstances:

1. Unrepresented Persons
2.04 (14) When a lawyer is dealing on a client's behalf with an
unrepresented person, the lawyer shall

(a) urge the unrepresented person to obtain

independent legal representation,

3 of 5
 (b) take care to see that the unrepresented person is not
proceeding under the impression that his or her interests
will be protected by the lawyer, and

(c) make clear to the unrepresented person that the

lawyer is acting exclusively in the interests of the client
and accordingly his or her comments may be partisan.

2. Investment by Client where Lawyer has an Interest

2.06 (2) Subject to subrule (2.1), where a client intends to enter
into a transaction with his or her lawyer or with a corporation or
other entity in which the lawyer has an interest other than a
corporation or other entity whose securities are publicly traded,
the lawyer, before accepting any retainer

(a) shall disclose and explain the nature of the conflicting

interest to the client or, in the case of a potential conflict,
how and why it might develop later,

(b) shall recommend independent legal

representation and shall require that the client receive
independent legal advice, and

(c) where the client requests the lawyer to act, the lawyer
shall obtain the client's written consent.

3. Borrowing from Clients

2.06 (4) A lawyer shall not borrow money from a client unless

(a) the client is a lending institution, financial institution,

insurance company, trust company or any similar
corporation whose business includes lending money to
members of the public; or

(b) the client is a related person as defined by the Income

Tax Act (Canada) and the lawyer is able to discharge the
onus of proving that the client's interests were fully
protected by the nature of the case and by independent
legal advice or independent legal representation.

2.06 (5) In any transaction, other than a transaction within the

provisions of subrule (4), in which money is borrowed from a
client by a lawyer's spouse or by a corporation, syndicate, or
partnership in which either the lawyer or the lawyer's spouse
has, or both of them together have, directly or indirectly, a
substantial interest, the lawyer shall ensure that the client's
interests are fully protected by the nature of the case and by
independent legal representation.

4. Guarantees by a Lawyer
2.06 (10) A lawyer may give a personal guarantee in the
following circumstances:

4 of 5
 (a) the lender is a lending institution, financial institution,
insurance company, trust company or any similar
corporation whose business includes lending money to
members of the public, and the lender is directly or
indirectly providing funds solely for the lawyer, the
lawyer's spouse, parent, or child,

(b) the transaction is for the benefit of a non-profit or

charitable institution where the lawyer as a member or
supporter of such institution is asked, either individually
or together with other members or supporters of the
institution, to provide a guarantee, or

(c) the lawyer has entered into a business venture with a

client and the lender requires personal guarantees from
all participants in the venture as a matter of course and

(i) the lawyer has complied with rule 2.04

(Avoidance of Conflicts of Interest) and this rule
(Doing Business with a Client), and

(ii) the lender and participants in the venture who

are or were clients of the lawyer have received
independent legal representation.

NOTE

Commentary under Rule 4.07 insists that a lawyer acting as a mediator

should not offer legal advice, but rather should encourage the parties to seek
independent legal representation during the mediation process or independent
legal advice with respect to a draft agreement.

1. Role of Mediator
4.07 A lawyer who acts as a mediator shall, at the outset of the
mediation, ensure that the parties to it understand fully that

(a) the lawyer is not acting as a lawyer for either party

but, as mediator, is acting to assist the parties to resolve
the matters in issue, and

(b) although communications pertaining to and arising out

of the mediation process may be covered by some other
common law privilege, they will not be covered by the
solicitor-client privilege.

5 of 5